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PubMed1975

The pathogenesis of simian varicella virus in cynomolgus monkeys.

The MLM herpesvirus is infectious for cynomolgus monkeys. The disease in this species, possibly modulated by preinoculation antibody resembles human varicella. Virus has been recovered from blood during the early incubation period, and from liver, lymph nodes, kidney, bladder and urine during the eruptive period of infection. The major target organs were skin and liver; specific pathological changes developed in both. Appropriate antibody responses, including those to Herpesvirus varicellae followed infections mounted by parenteral inoculation of cynomolgus monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Natural killer cells in relation to Herpesvirus saimiri-induced disease course and manifestations in owl monkeys.

Infection of owl monkeys with Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) results in disease courses ranging from chronic infections to fatal cancers. Malignant disease manifestations include the appearance of transformed T-cells, suppressor T-cells, and virus-carrying cells in the peripheral circulation. The reasons for the variability in disease course remain unknown. This study examined natural killer (NK) functions in relation to disease manifestations following HVS infection. The results from lymphocyte fractionation studies indicated that the owl monkey NK cell was of T-cell lineage and had receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG. Following virus infection, NK activity was enhanced in parallel with the appearance of transformed and suppressor cells in monkeys that developed malignant disease. Further studies on the relationship of these three disease characteristics indicated that they involved at least partially different T-cell subpopulations. The results further indicated that the different disease manifestations induced by HVS were polyclonal and at least partially independent events.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Prevalence of antibodies to five selected zoonosis agents in monkeys.

The prevalence of antibodies against 5 zoonosis agents was determined in serum samples of 443 breeding monkeys. Of the monkeys, 296 were bred or kept for a long time at R institute, and the remaining 147 were newly imported from the Philippines and kept at S institute for quarantine. Antibodies to simian virus 40 were highly prevalent at 89.1% among monkeys of R institute, whereas no antibody could be detected in those of S institute. Antibodies to Chlamydia psittaci and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis were detected in 14.4 and 11.6% at R institute, and in 9.0 and 3.5% at S institute, respectively, evidencing a significant difference (P less than 0.05) between those of the two institutes for both agents. Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Leptospira interrogans were found in 3.6 and 2.9% of the overall, respectively, showing no difference in positive rates in relation to breeding place. Even in cases positive to the latter 4 zoonosis agents, the antibody titers were low. The results obtained suggest that all zoonoses tested do not seem to be so serious diseases among monkeys at the present time except simian virus 40 infection, which is highly prevalent among breeding monkeys in Japan.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) as an animal model for viral diseases and oncologic studies.

The owl monkey (Aotus trivirgatus) has been shown to be an excellent model for studies of oncogenic and non-oncogenic viruses. Studies at this institution have been primarily concerned with Herpesvirus saimiri, the Epstein-Barr virus, H tamarinus, and H simplex. These studies have shown that H saimiri is oncogenic when inoculated into primates, that the malignancy induced by H saimiri can be naturally transmitted from the squirrel monkey to the owl monkey, that in vitro pathogenicity of H saimiri can be modified by passing the virus in a nonpermissive cellular host, that the owl monkey is a useful model for studying the oncogenicity of the Epstein-Barr virus, and the fatal disease induced in owl monkeys by H tamarinus and H simplex can be prevented by vaccination with nonpathogenic variants of these viruses.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Macular disease in related rhesus monkeys.

During (January) 1986-(May) 1988, we examined 272 eyes in 136 rhesus monkeys in the closed Cayo Santiago colony of the Caribbean Primate Research Center of the University of Puerto Rico. Seventy-eight eyes were less than 10 years of age. One hundred and ninety-four were aged 10-28 years. The fundi were examined and photographed. Fluorescein angiography was performed in some eyes. Selected cases were evaluated for 'acuity' loss by recording of pattern-evoked retinal and cortical signals. Light and electron microscopy were used to evaluate the pigment epithelium of some animals. Thirty-eight percent of all eyes had posterior pole drusen. Incidence was highly age-related. When late-stage lesions were found, we did not see neovascularization, but late hyperfluorescence was consistent with degenerative scarring and atrophy. Electrophysiology demonstrated moderately reduced acuity in the presence of numerous macular drusen. Electrooculograms were low normal. Histopathology showed changes identical to those reported in human age-related macular degeneration. No eyes less than 10 years of age had confluent drusen or disciform-like lesions. The incidence of drusen in samples of some social groups was much higher than others.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

[Monkey-pox, a model of emergent then reemergent disease].

The recent emergence of monkey pox in the United States of America highlights the problem (known for other infectious agents) of dissemination of pathogens outside their endemic area, and of subsequent global threats of variable gravity according to agents. It is a real emergency since monkey pox had been confined to Africa for several decades, where small epidemics occurred from time to time, monkey pox is a "miniature smallpox" which, in Africa, evolves on an endemic (zoonotic) mode with, as reservoirs, several species of wild rodents (mainly squirrels) and some monkey species. It can be accidentally transmitted to man then develops as epidemics, sometimes leading to death. The virus was imported in 2003 in the United States of America, via Gambia rats and wild squirrels (all African species), and infected prairie dogs (which are now in fashion as pets), then crossed the species barrier to man. In the United States of America, screening campaigns, epidemiological investigations, and subsequent treatments led to a rapid control of the epidemic, which is a model of emergent disease for this country. Therapeutic and preventive measures directly applicable to monkey pox are discussed. They can also be applied against other pox virus infections (including smallpox). The risk of criminal introduction of pox viruses is discussed since it is, more than ever, a real worldwide threat.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Establishment of graded spinal cord injury model in a nonhuman primate: the common marmoset.

Most previous studies on spinal cord injury (SCI) have used rodent models. Direct extrapolation of the results obtained in rodents to clinical cases is difficult, however, because of neurofunctional and anatomic differences between rodents and primates. In the present study, the development of histopathologic changes and functional deficits were assessed quantitatively after mild, moderate, and severe spinal cord contusive injuries in common marmosets. Contusive SCI was induced by dropping one of three different weights (15, 17, or 20 g) at the C5 level from a height of 50 mm. Serial magnetic resonance images showed significant differences in the intramedullary T1 low signal and T2 high signal areas among the three groups. Quantitative histologic analyses revealed that the number of motor neurons, the myelinated areas, and the amounts of corticospinal tract fibers decreased significantly as the injury increased in severity. Motor functions were evaluated using the following tests: original behavioral scoring scale, measurements of spontaneous motor activity, bar grip test, and cage-climbing test. Significant differences in all test results were observed among the three groups. Spontaneous motor activities at 10 weeks after injury were closely correlated with the residual myelinated area at the lesion epicenter. The establishment of a reliable nonhuman primate model for SCI with objective functional evaluation methods should become an essential tool for future SCI treatment studies. Quantitative behavioral and histopathologic analyses enabled three distinct grades of injury severity (15-g, 17-g, and 20-g groups) to be characterized with heavier weights producing more serious injuries, and relatively constant behavioral and histopathologic outcomes.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Kyasanur forest disease: an epidemiological view in India.

Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) was first recognised as a febrile illness in the Shimoga district of Karnataka state of India. The causative agent, KFD virus (KFDV), is a highly pathogenic member in the family Flaviviridae, producing a haemorrhagic disease in infected human beings. KFD is a zoonotic disease and has so far been localised only in a southern part of India. The exact cause of its emergence in the mid 1950s is not known. A variant of KFDV, characterised serologically and genetically as Alkhurma haemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV), has been recently identified in Saudi Arabia. KFDV and AHFV share 89% sequence homology, suggesting common ancestral origin. Homology modelling of KFDV envelope (E) protein exhibited a structure similar to those of other flaviviruses, suggesting a common mechanism of virus-cell fusion. The possible mechanism of receptor-ligand interaction involved in infection by KFDV may resemble that of other flavivirses. Present understanding is that KFDV may be persisting silently in several regions of India and that antigenic and structural differences from other tick borne viruses may be related to the unique host specificity and pathogenicity of KFDV. From January 1999 through January 2005, an increasing number of KFD cases have been detected in Karnataka state of Indian subcontinent despite routine vaccination, suggesting insufficient efficacy of the current vaccine protocol. However, the exact cause of the increase of KFD cases needs further investigation. Considering the requirement of safer and more effective vaccines in general, there is clearly a need for developing an alternative vaccine as well as a rapid diagnostic system for KFD. The changing ecology of the prime focus of the KFD also warrants attention, as it may lead to establishment of the disease in newer localities, never reported before.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Prevalence and intensity of intestinal helminths found in free-ranging golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia, Primates, Callitrichidae) from Brazilian Atlantic forest.

Helminth identification and egg counts were performed in 316 fecal samples during 4 years in 199 golden lion tamarins (GLTs), Leontopithecus rosalia, from two Brazilian conservation units. Tamarin sex and age, area of occurrence and helminth co-infection were tested as potential factors that could affect helminth prevalence and egg shedding in host individuals. Three nematodes species were found at low prevalences but not in both conservation units: Ancylostomatidae (12%), Ascarididae (1%) and Tripanoxyuris minutus, an Oxyuridae (4%). Three other species had high prevalences and were found in both conservation units: one acanthocephalan, Oncicola sp. (30%), and two nematodes, Spiruridae (24%), and Trichostrongylidae (31%). These three latter helminths had distinct prevalences between the conservation units, probably due to differences in availability of helminth infective stages in each area. Prevalences were greater in females for all helminth species; this was especially the case for Oncicola sp. Sex and age differences in helminth prevalence may be associated with changes in sexual steroid levels that accompany age and reproductive status. Frequency of simultaneous infections by the two helminths considered most pathogenic (Oncicola and Trichostrongylidae) were statistically lower than expected; this may be related to: (i) higher tamarin death rate caused by the association; (ii) differences in exposure to helminth infective stages in the various areas of occurrence; (iii) and competition between these helminth species. All helminth species followed a negative binomial distribution, with stronger clumping occurring in Trichostrongylidae and in female GLTs. Distinct transmission strategies of Oncicola sp. and Spiruridae, in contrast with Trichostrongylidae, may partially explain the different clumping levels of these helminths in GLTs. Mean fecal egg counts of all helminths were not different between GLT sexes, ages or areas of occurrence. The three most common helminth species may be a threat to isolated or dense GLT populations.

Aging↗
PubMed1967

Studies on the transmission of human viral hepatitis to marmoset monkeys. I. Transmission of disease, serial passages, and description of liver lesions.

Inoculation of human serums or plasmas obtained during the early acute phase of viral hepatitis induced chemical and morphological hepatic disease in marmosets in two out of five experimental series. The disease was transmissible in series from marmoset to marmoset with an apparent increased virulence of the causative agent in later marmoset passages. The chemical evidence for the disease was elevation of the activity of SGOT and SICD and of serum bilirubin. In serial liver biopsy specimens interpreted under code, a hepatitis, exhibiting some of the characteristics of human viral hepatitis, was readily distinguishable from nonspecific changes. The morphological changes preceded the biochemical alterations and persisted after them. The data reported in these studies indicate that marmosets may be susceptible to human hepatitis. If these observations are confirmed, these animals may provide good experimental models for this disease. Final proof that the hepatitis observed in marmosets is caused by agents of human viral hepatitis is still lacking.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Epidemiology of herpesvirus papio infection in a large captive baboon colony: similarities to Epstein-Barr virus infection in humans.

The epidemiology of herpesvirus papio, a lymphocryptovirus similar to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), was studied in a captive colony of >1900 baboons. Herpesvirus papio IgG antibody titers were measured by IFA. In total, 438 specimens from 296 baboons were assessed, including 116 serial specimens from 52 juveniles and 6 infants studied monthly for 1 year following birth and at age 18 months. Maternally derived antibody reached a nadir at 4 months of age. About 75% of animals at 12 months of age and >95% of animals after age 24 months demonstrated serologic evidence of herpesvirus papio infection. After age 3 years, the geometric mean titer was 1:60-75. The epidemiology of herpesvirus papio infection in baboons closely parallels that of EBV infection in humans. An animal model of lymphocryptovirus infection will facilitate investigations of human lymphocryptovirus biology.

Animals↗