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PubMed1989

The P-A-I-N MMPI classification system: a critical review.

The Costello et al. (Pain, 30 (1987) 199-209) literature-based MMPI clustering algorithm was compared to a standard clustering procedure of chronic pain patients' MMPI profiles. Results indicated that the Costello algorithm was too restrictive, failing to classify 69% of the MMPI profiles of the local sample. It was suggested that it may be premature to adopt a literature based clustering method until the validity of empirically derived clusters has been more thoroughly determined. The utility of a given set of clusters may best be determined by using locally derived clusters to predict treatment response. Once the predictive validity of the local clusters has been demonstrated, the Costello approach may prove more useful.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

MMPI subtypes for chronic phencyclidine (PCP) abusers.

The present study applied empirical clustering procedures to the MMPI protocols of 196 chronic phencyclidine (PCP) abusers. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, and two methods of cluster analysis, the average linkage method and Ward's hierarchical procedure, were performed. Both cluster methods produced highly comparable results within each group, and the MMPI profiles found in each group were quite similar. Cluster analytic studies of other substance abuse populations are needed in order to replicate the MMPI profile types found in the present study. These investigations would lead to an empirical typology across various substance abuse populations that would depict developmental stages.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of chronic back pain patient characteristics using factor analysis of the MMPI-2: which dimensions are actually assessed?

Guided by the study of Deardorff et al. (Pain, 54 (1993) 153-158), the MMPI-2 data from 240 chronic back pain patients were factor-analyzed in an attempt to discern the most important dimensions for this patient population. Principal components analysis with an oblique rotation revealed four underlying factors: Psychological disturbances, Extraversion-introversion, Passivity, and Somatic complaints. The factor structure reported by Deardorff et al. was thus successfully replicated. The stability of the factors was also supported using random split subsamples. External measures relevant to pain were used to investigate the external validity of Somatic complaints in a subsample of patients (n=93). Relations were found to number of painful sites, Waddell signs, fear of movement (maximal isometric flexion and extension performance by dynamometry, and cardiovascular fitness (VO2-max). Substantial differences emerged across genders. The derived MMPI-2 dimensions appear to constitute important characteristics associated with chronic pain. It is concluded that MMPI-2 research into chronic pain may become more productive when the instrument and its clinical correlates are examined within a clear conceptual framework of distress and personality relevant for chronic pain and its treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Relations between coercive strategies and MMPI-2 scale elevations among women survivors of childhood sexual abuse.

The relationship between coercion strategies used by perpetrators of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and elevations of CSA survivors on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) was investigated. Participants were 151 women survivors of CSA in outpatient treatment at a university-based community mental health center. Scores on the MMPI-2 clinical scales and the Keane posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scale were examined. Main effects were found for promised or received rewards on several clinical scales and the PTSD scale of the MMPI-2, independent of the presence of force. Specifically, the presence of such rewards was associated with significantly higher levels of symptomatology on Paranoia (Pa), Psychasthenia (Pt), Schizophrenia (Sc), and PTSD (Pk). There were no main or interaction effects noted for the presence of actual or threatened force on any of the scales.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

MMPI-2 data for Australian Vietnam Veterans with combat-related PTSD.

Considerable attention has been devoted to the MMPI in the assessment of combat-related PTSD. To date, published data have focused almost exclusively on American Vietnam veterans. This study investigated MMPI-2 profiles of 100 Australian Vietnam veterans admitted to an intensive PTSD treatment program. Comparisons with United States (U.S.) data suggested strong similarities between the American and Australian populations in terms of F-scale elevations and typical 3-point code types (8-7-2). However, the American samples showed relatively higher elevations of Scales 4 and 6, suggesting social alienation and a tendency to externalize, while a subgroup of Australian veterans showed a greater propensity for somatization (Scale 1). The results provide overall support for the generalizability of American MMPI data to an alternative cultural group of combat veterans.

Australia↗
PubMed1996

Heritability of MMPI personality indicators of psychopathology in twins reared apart.

This report presents Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) findings from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Data from 65 unique pairs of monozygotic twins reared apart (MZA) and 54 unique pairs of dizygotic twins reared apart (DZA) were analyzed. As in other results from this sample, MZA twins evidenced substantial similarity, highlighting the influence of shared genes. Biometric modeling yielded estimates of heritability for the MMPI's standard validity and clinical scales and for the Wiggins content scales ranging from .26 to .62 (M = .44), echoing previous findings from the twin and adoption literature on personality. The pattern of MZA and DZA correlations suggested nonadditive genetic effects for 3 MMPI scales. Multivariate profile analyses also suggested genetic influence on both profile elevation and shape.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Genetic and environmental variance in content dimensions of the MMPI.

To evaluate genetic and environmental variance in the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), I studied nine factor scales identified in the first item factor analysis of normal adult MMPIs in a sample of 820 adolescent and young adult co-twins. Conventional twin comparisons documented heritable variance in six of the nine MMPI factors (Neuroticism, Psychoticism, Extraversion, Somatic Complaints, Inadequacy, and Cynicism), whereas significant influence from shared environmental experience was found for four factors (Masculinity versus Femininity, Extraversion, Religious Orthodoxy, and Intellectual Interests). Genetic variance in the nine factors was more evident in results from twin sisters than those of twin brothers, and a developmental-genetic analysis, using hierarchical multiple regressions of double-entry matrixes of the twins' raw data, revealed that in four MMPI factor scales, genetic effects were significantly modulated by age or gender or their interaction during the developmental period from early adolescence to early adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Pain-related correlates of MMPI profile subgroups among back pain patients.

The MMPI profiles of 96 male and 218 female patients attending a back pain clinic in a private university-affiliated, orthopedic hospital were analyzed by a hierarchical clustering procedure. The clustering procedure produced four male and four female profile subgroups. The subgroups were compared with one another on the basis of patients' responses to the Cornell Medical Index and revised McGill Pain Assessment Questionnaire. Within the male and female patient cohorts it was found that profile subgroups featuring elevated clinical scales showed greater disruptions of daily activities than did subgroups with relatively unelevated profiles. However, profile subgroups with elevations primarily on the neurotic triad scales reported greater affective disturbance and disruption of daily activities than did subgroups with elevations on both the neurotic triad and relatively psychotic scales. In addition, profile subgroups with subclinical elevations on the neurotic triad scales appeared to have adjusted to their pain experience more poorly than did subgroups that featured scores on nearly all clinical scales that were within one standard deviation of the mean. Suggestions are provided for the use of the MMPI in assessing chronic pain patients and future research regarding cluster analyses of patients' MMPI profiles.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

MMPI-2 typology of pregnant drug-dependent women in treatment.

The present study examined the validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) typology for pregnant drug-dependent women. A 3-cluster solution based on 7 MMPI-2 clinical scales emerged as the best model and was replicated across split-half samples and different primary substance-use diagnoses and treatment modalities. The 3 subtypes identified included Type I (n = 40, 24%) with no clinical elevation, Type II (n = 72, 42%) with elevated psychopathic deviate scale, and Type III (n = 58, 34%) with elevations on all 7 scales. Analyses with interview and self-report measures showed good concurrent validity. Type II had higher retention than Type I and Type III across methadone and medication-free treatments, showing some predictive validity. An a priori method for classifying new cases on the basis of the proposed typology was developed and validated. Study findings support MMPI-2's use with pregnant drug-dependent women for assessment and possibly treatment planning.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Screening for feigned psychiatric symptoms in a forensic sample by using the MMPI-2 and the structured inventory of malingered symptomatology.

Fifty-five men undergoing pretrial psychological evaluations for competency to stand trial or criminal responsibility in the federal justice system were administered the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2), and the Structured Inventory of Malingered Symptomatology (SIMS). On the basis of results from the SIRS, 31 were classified as honest responders and 24 as feigning. Significant differences between the 2 groups were found on all SIMS scales as well as on all tested MMPI-2 fake bad validity scales. The SIMS total score and the MMPI-2 Backpage Infrequency (Fb) scale had relatively high negative predictive power (100% and 92%, respectively). On the basis of this clinically relevant methodology, both tests have potential usefulness as screens for malingering.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Detection of back random responding: effectiveness of MMPI-2 and Personality Assessment Inventory validity indices.

Two experiments examined the detection and effects of back random responding (BRR) on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Experiment 1 revealed that MMPI-2 Clinical and Content scales were relatively resistant to the effects of BRR. Fb--F > or = 20T was the most effective index for identifying invalid protocols. Experiment 2 revealed greater susceptibility of the PAI interpretive scales to the effects of BRR and less successful detection of BRR. The most effective PAI validity index was the combined indicator, ICN > or = 73T or INF > or = 75T. Clinical and empirical implications of these findings are discussed, and tentative modifications to the MMPI-2 interpretative guidelines are provided.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Use of the MMPI-2 with Asian populations.

Psychological tests developed in the United States are being widely adapted into other languages and cultures around the world. This article examines the generalizability and utility of personality assessment instruments across cultures and addresses methodological issues related to using personality questionnaires in countries different from the one in which they were developed. This article specifically highlights the application of objective psychological tests in Asia with special emphasis on the most widely used and internationally adapted personality instrument, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2). Effective strategies for translating, adapting, and standardizing questionnaires in languages and cultures different from their country of origin are reviewed. The history of several successful adaptations of the original MMPI and MMPI-2 is surveyed to illustrate the extensive research base for the test in Asia. Current research is summarized, and recommendations for future research are provided.

Asia↗
PubMed2000

Assessing bilingual and monolingual Latino students with translations of the MMPI-2: initial data.

This article presents the results of 2 studies conducted with Spanish versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with Latino students. Study 1 compared the results of 2 administrations of the MMPI-2, one in English and the other in Spanish. Study 2 compared the results of administrations of 2 Spanish versions of the MMPI-2, the official Mexican adaptation and the Version Hispana. In both cases, scale score differences were not found. Comparability, as operationally defined by test-retest reliability, was found to be higher for the group that was administered the English and Spanish versions than the group administered the 2 Spanish versions. Overall, the results were found to suggest correspondence. Yet, the authors warn against concluding "perfect" correspondence because other key groups need to be studied, including psychiatric patients and persons from the Latino community. Also, the determination of linguistic equivalence needs further refinement.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

MMPI patterns in chronic muscle pain, tension headache, and migraine.

MMPI personality profiles were obtained from three clinical groups (n = 79). One group consisted of men and women with chronic muscle pain (MP; n = 34), a second group of male and female chronic tension headache patients (TH; n = 12), and a third group of female migraine patients (M; n = 33). The M group was subdivided on the basis of source of referral and into groups of classic versus common migraine. Elevation of the MMPI subscales usually interpreted as neuroticism scales were found in all groups. A "psychosomatic V" pattern was found on these scales in the M group but not in female TH patients. The difference in scale configuration between groups was caused primarily by different elevations on the depression scale. A relationship between severity of headache and elevation of the "psychosomatic V" was found in migraine patients. Male MP and TH patients showed a descending slope on the neuroticism scales, not observed in females. There was a tendency for common migraine patients to show a more elevated and psychosomatic configuration on the MMPI, as compared with classic migraine patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

MMPI personality profiles in patients with primary headache syndromes.

The role of psychological factors in the course of primary headache syndromes is still controversial. Using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) we investigated the personality profiles of 434 headache patients (160 migraineurs, 95 with tension type headache, 30 with cluster headache and 149 with combination headache) in accordance with the IHS criteria. In the first three MMPI scales (hypochondria, depression, hysteria) there was a slight increase in T mean values to over 60, but still in the range of two standard deviations of the normal population. There were no statistically significant differences between the four headache groups and between patients with and without analgesic abuse. It was impossible to distinguish headache groups on the basis of their personality profiles by means of reclassification with discriminant analysis. In a cluster analysis, patients with cluster headache showed the highest number (20%) of abnormalities, but also the highest percentage (13%) of completely normal results. Our findings--a cross section analysis of personality profiles--contradict many other MMPI-based studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of premorbid and postinjury mmpi-2 profiles in late postconcussion claimants.

A comparison of premorbid and postinjury MMPI-2 profiles was performed in 23 patients with mild cranial/cervical injuries. All claimants attributed major personality change to their injuries during the course of compensation-related neuropsychological examinations. Their premorbid MMPI-2 profiles were all abnormal and the modal code-type indicated somatoform psychopathology. The post-accident MMPI profiles showed continuous somatization trends, but they unexpectedly showed (a) increased defensiveness and (b) a general decrease in global psychopathology. The findings did not support an 'eggshell plaintiff' theory of chronic postconcussive complaints. The view that chronic postconcussive complaints require a wider focus on non-neuropsychological factors is enhanced.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed2003

A comparison of MMPI-2 decision rules in the diagnosis of nonepileptic seizures.

The differential diagnosis of epileptic seizures (ES) and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) continues to be a common concern in epilepsy treatment centers. The MMPI/MMPI-2 is the most commonly studied psychological measure in the differential diagnosis of ES and PNES. Wilkus, Dodrill, and Thompson (1984) and Derry and McLachlan (1996) both developed decision rules for use with the MMPI and MMPI-2 to assist in this diagnostic discrimination. Both sets of decision rules were evaluated in a sample of ES (n=58), PNES ( n=29) and epilepsy plus PNES (n=19) patients. Validity of the epilepsy diagnosis was established with 24-hr video-EEG monitoring in all cases. The two sets of decision rules applied to the MMPI-2 showed sensitivities of 68% and 48% and specificity values of 55% and 58%. Calculation of positive and negative predictive power for both sets of rules at three different base rates suggests that use of these rules can result in a large number of false positive diagnoses of PNES.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Can the MMPI-2 discriminate between mild-moderate TBI and other neurologic and psychiatric populations?

MMPI-2 maintains an extensive empirical base with psychiatric populations, although more recently, neurologically compromised patients have documented unique elevation patterns. This study examined mild-moderate TBI patients, Alzheimer's Dementia patients, and Psychiatric controls on MMPI-2 scales. Participants included 160 outpatients (TBI n = 26, AD n = 74, Psychiatric n = 60). Controlling for family-wise-error, five ANCOVAs were conducted on five MMPI-2 scales, correcting for age and education. TBI and Psychiatric group means were significantly higher than AD group means for scales Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria at an alpha of .01. Results support previous research with mild TBI patients, and further document a unique pattern of elevations in this population.

Adult↗