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Within the numerous possibilities to treat the disseminated mamma carcinoma of formerly operated female patients a comparatively mild treatment schema is presented. To the medication belong Cyclophosphamide i.v., Methotrexate and Prednisolone oral. In view to the desperate long-term prognosis, a drug regimen with mild side-effects is recommended.
For human mammary and ovarian carcinomas and transplantation tumours of rats clear hints found for an enzymatic-lytic effects of infiltrating tumour cells as a premise of the invasive tumour growth. In contrast in malignant melanomas there is no functional sign for a specific enzymatic-lytic effect of the living tumour cells to the surrounding tissue. In the mamma carinomas and ovarian carcinomas infiltratively growing tumour districts were characterized by an increased activity of the NADH-D, LDH, G-6-P-DH, IDH, MDH, SPase, UE, LAP and beta-GD. The transplantation tumours showed a high number of tumour cells with a high leucine amino-peptidase- and beta-glucuronidase-activity in a middle zone that was localized under the tumour edge district. The increased activity of the LAP and beta-GD found in the infiltration zone of the tumours is considered as an demonstration of a strong proteolytic activity of the tumour cells. The findings are discussed in the aspect of the invasive tumour growth.
Pretherapeutic parameters are demanded for the hormonal treatment of metastasing breast cancer. Many methods have proved to be ineffective in the assessment of the hormone sensitivity until now (determination of concentrations of steroid hormones in serum and urine or Barr's sex-chromatin). Investigations carried out hitherto on estradiol receptor content or on hormone sensitivity based on in-vitro cultures were promising. They caused us to compare both methods at the same mamma carcinoma tissue. The results of this study showed that no unequivocal correlation between receptor status and the results of in-vitro cell culture tests for hormone sensitivity could be found. Although all in all the results of both methods are almost identical in percentage, there are however substantial deviations between the results in the directly corresponding comparison of each single tissue sample.
The haptoglobin types were determined by starch gel electrophoresis in 246 women with benigne and malignant gynaecologic neoplasms or breast tumors. There was a higher Hp1-gene frequency in all investigated patients compared with the normal distribution caused by a significant increase of Hp 1-1 type and a lower rate of Hp 2-2 type. The Hp 2-2 type was lower in the cases with benigne and malignant neoplasms of cervix and cervical carcinomas. The Hp 1-1 type was higher in the group of mamma tumors. A connection between these findings and the immune systems is discussed.
A retrospective 2-years' study conducted in 3,563 patients showed that triple diagnostics involving clinic, mammography and puncture cytology occupies a central position in the diagnostics of the female breast, whereas plate thermography represents an additional method to clarify unclear clinical or mammographic findings. 88.9% of tumours were detected by means of a careful clinical examination. Over and above this, mammography enables identification of the occult carcinoma, which is extirpated in a controlled manner by means of preparation radiography. Puncture and cytology enable a nonsurgical clarification and treatment of cysts and are, therefore, an important control indicator of mastopathically changed mammae.
The selection of proper incision is an important problem when removing immense tumors of mammas with immediate or delayed implantation of silicone prosthesis. Transversal incision facilitates - from the technological point of view - the removal of mammary gland. The same goal may be obtained applying incision in submammary furrow. The operation of this type may be done in selected cases of mammary cancers.
"Gynecology" is derived ultimately from the Indo-European root GEN-. Though this gives directly words like progeny and generate, by a less open path come the Latin cognates like nature and native and the English queen and king. "Woman" is explained, and English names like Brewster are explained with reference to the suffix -ster. Latin derivatives of the female/feminine class are traced to an old root DHE, cognate with the Greek derivatives involving thel-. Short stories are told for virago, amazon, mamma, barbarian, abecedarian, elementary, and for many Latin-derived words in mol- and English words in mil-, tying them to the Latin mollis (soft) as related to mulier (woman). These are tied, in turn, to an older root MAR-yielding marasmus, mors, murder, milk, etc. Derivatives from the Latin domina and finally the English lady are discussed.
Definite quality criteria must be observed to achieve optimum diagnostic success in mammography. These criteria refer to the apparatus, film, development of film, method and interpretation of findings. Cooperation with a mamma centre is discussed in case extended diagnosis of breast findings is required, or in case it becomes necessary to mark any non-palpable changes.
On the base of a recent observation of one case of male mamma carcinoma, the authors examine the generalities and the etiopathogenetic factors of this rare tumor, also on the base of the most recent acquisitions on hormonal receptors. Then they stop on the characteristics of clinical picture, and outline the high frequency of unfavourable events, at the first medical examination already. In the end they outline the elective treatment and the therapy for the recovery of the cases with metastasis and they present the results of the most qualified mondial casuistry.
In the context of researches for studying the possibilities of ultrasonic A-mode research for a diagnosis of thyroid, mamma and abdominal organs affections, in this first part the authors make known the results obtained studying nodulary lesions. After a short notice about ultra-sounds, echoscopic apparati and methods for echoscopic research, they outline the semeiologic characters for echoscopic A-mode diagnostic and they stop on echoscopic obtained pictures: liquid crops, nodulary images with homogeneus echostructure scarcely ecogena and nodulary images with not homogeneus echostructure highly ecogena. Then they ended with some considerations about the principles and the indications of this method, in the light of personal experience.
The spectrum of progestin therapy has changed and expanded during the last few years. 1. The drug-therapy of choice in endometriosis is the medication of progestins for at least six months, for instance ethinyl-testosterone. If a patient wants additional children the "more gentle" dydrogesterone should be considered. 2. In the treatment of dysmenorrhea combination pills should be given, sequentials should be avoided. In the case of incompatibility of estrogens or in danger of oversuppression syndrome dydrogesterone should be applicated. 3. Dysfunctional bleedings should lead to an intense search for their cause. The treatment consists in an estrogen-progestin combination for 9 days and in cyclic continuation of this therapy for at least a further three months. In the case of hemorrhagic diathesis progestin treatment should be continued. 4. Cyclic adequate progestins have proofed to be successful in handling of hirsutism. The choice of the preparation depends on the patient's wish for children. 5. The progestin test is still the first step in diagnosis of amenorrhea. 6. Progestin therapy is indicated in progressive endometrial carcinoma. Some medical centres treat carcinoma of the mamma successfully with progestins. 7. Nowadays fast and early hormonal pregnancy tests are available. The progestin-pregnancy-test is limited to cases of premenopause. 8. The so-called short luteum phase has received considerable attention as a possible cause of infertility. In these cases a substitutional therapy of progestins should follow. Clomiphene or HCG-therapy is advisable. In short luteum phase and premenstrual spottings potent progestins should be given. 9. High dosage of progestins are in common use in the treatment of abortus imminens. 10. Combination pills and sequentials are widely used, the possible methods of a pure progestin contraception are: minipills, three-month-injections, implanted silastic capsules with progestional compounds, progestin impregnated intrauterine devices, vaginal silastic rings impregnated with progestional compounds. 11. Carcinogenesis of progestins was not detectable. 12. Some progestins are teratogenic.
This paper analyses the frequency of abscess-forming mastitis and retromammary abscess in evaluating patients of 11712 births from 1972 to 1978. In 69 cases we found an abscess-forming mastitis and in 6 cases a retromammary abscess. In differential diagnosis there are discussed the clinical symptoms of both diseases. Whereas in the case of intramammary abscess a radial incision with contra-incision and drainage is made, the retromammary abscess indicates a curved incision according of the retromammary abscess are not so frequent but must be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory diseases of the mamma during puerperium.
Studies on hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine, the two amino acids characteristic of collagen and related glycoproteins, were undertaken on biopsies of pathologic and clinically normal human skin. No statistically significant differences between clinically normal skin of mamma, thorax, axilla, femur, hip and sacral area were found. A decreased collagen content was seen in chronic pemphigus (bullous pemphigoid), amyloidosis, scleromyxedema and the edge of a leg ulcer. Determination of both amino acids is considered necessary to characterize alterations of collagen.
The causes and localization of chest pain are numerous. They can derive from infections, traumas, or tumors. Possible sites of origin are: skeletal portions vertebral column, ribs, and sternum, as well as mediastinum and pleura. In women, occurrence tends to be cyclic and affect the mamma region. Radiological diagnosis includes radiography, nuclear techniques as well as whole body computer-tomography. Radiation therapy is indicated in cases of mediastinal tumor formation. Radiation of painful osteolytic vertebral metastases and rib destructions proves to be an efficient palliative measure.
In the chemotherapy of malignant solid tumours, also in form of the adjuvant chemotherapy, the results to be yielded are less favourable than in the diseases of the hemopoietic system. By a consequently performed poly-chemotherapy it is, nevertheless, possible to achieve remissions. By polychemotherapy we achieved in 13 metastatasized carcinomas of the mamma 4 partial and one complete remission, in 15 inoperable lung tumours we achieved four times a standstill of the growth and a complete remission over two years, whereas the tumours of the gastro-intestinal tract could be influenced less clearly. Treatments with only one medicament in each case were without any effect in solid epidermic tumours. The therapy is to be used effectfully only then, when indication, dosage and control of the patients are performed critically and exactly.
From a selection of 547 patients with mamma carcinoma stages I and II it is statistically shown that the 5- and 10-year survival rates are significantly improved with postoperative use of Iscador (Viscum album); this in comparison with the conventional treatment on its own. No toxic side effects have been experienced.
The antigen specific rosette test was used for the evaluation of a specific sensibilization of a tumour bearer to TAA. The frequency of the rosettes formed by peripheral blood leucocytes of breast carcinoma patients with antigen-coupled particles is significantly higher than that produced by leucocytes of normal donors. Following operation normally the number of TAA specific rosettes decrease, in 4 cases with recidives we found high numbers of TAA binding cells. In another 11/98 patients following ablatio mammae later than half a year we found positive test results and also in 17/60 patients with mastopathy. The clinical relevance of these results must be proofed in further investigations.
Immunological activities of lymphocytes were studied in patients with cancer of digestive organs and mamma after administration of lentinan. When 11 cancer patients received lentinan i.v. 2 mg, NK activity of lymphocytes was increased in 4 patients on the following day. With the same condition, MLR induced killer activity against Raji cell of lymphocytes was increased in 3/7 patients and PHA response was also increased in 3/7 patients. These activities were returned to values before the administration of lentinan. Then each activity was examined after administration of lentinan twice a week. NK activity, MLR induced killer activity and PHA response were increased in 4/15, 8/12 and 5/11 patients, respectively.