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PubMed1997

Work and nonvocational domains of functioning in persons with severe mental illness: a longitudinal analysis.

In this study we sought to understand the relationship between obtaining competitive employment and changes in nonvocational domains of functioning (symptoms, substance abuse, hospitalizations, self-esteem, quality of life) in persons with severe mental illness. A group of 143 unemployed patients participating in a study of vocational rehabilitation programs were assessed in nonvocational areas of functioning at baseline and 6, 12, and 18 months later. Statistical analyses examined the relationship between work status at the follow-up assessments and nonvocational functioning, controlling for baseline levels of nonvocational variables. Patients who were working at follow-up tended to have lower symptoms (particularly thought disorder and affect on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale), higher Global Assessment Scores, better self-esteem, and more satisfaction with their finances and vocational services than unemployed patients. Employment is associated with better functioning in a range of different nonvocational domains, even after controlling for baseline levels of functioning.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1989

Maternal depression and child adjustment: a longitudinal analysis.

This study examined the relation between maternal depression and child adjustment. Two major issues were addressed. First, to assess the specificity to depression of observed child adjustment difficulties, four groups of female subjects were included: clinically depressed psychiatric patients, nondepressed psychiatric patients, nondepressed medical patients, and nondepressed nonpatients. Second, to assess the stability of the observed effects, data were collected early in the patients' treatment and again approximately 8 weeks later. The results indicated that the depressed mothers described their children as having various behavior problems; interestingly, interviewers also rated these children as demonstrating disturbed behavior. Although the offspring of the depressed mothers were the most impaired children in the sample, the lack of significant differences between children of the depressed and the nondepressed psychiatric patients suggests that child adjustment is more strongly related to the presence of maternal psychopathology than it is to diagnostic status. Finally, children of the psychiatric patients continued to demonstrate problems at the second assessment. Implications of these results for models of depression are discussed, and directions for future research are offered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1985

Longitudinal analysis of the relationship between blood pressure and migration: the Tokelau Island Migrant Study.

The Pacific atoll population of Tokelau has been followed since 1968 to assess the health consequences of migration to a western society. The blood pressure of a cohort of 532 adults who were still living in Tokelau in 1976 (nonmigrants) are compared with those of a cohort of 280 adults who had migrated to New Zealand (migrants). Significant differences between migrants and nonmigrants were detected in the rates of change of both systolic and diastolic pressures in men, and in the rates of change of diastolic pressures in women. The age-, body mass, and blood pressure-corrected rates of change were greater in migrants than in nonmigrants, and greater in men than in women. Blood pressures tend to rise 1 mmHg/year faster among male migrants than among male nonmigrants, and about 0.4 mmHg/year faster among female migrants than among female nonmigrants. These findings have clear implications for the health of migrants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

A longitudinal analysis of mental health mobility in Britain.

This paper is concerned with quantifying the level of mental health mobility in the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). We investigate whether the extent of intertemporal fluctuations in mental health is different across categories of socio-economic group such as income quintiles, educational attainment and social class. Our measure of mental health is the 12-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) that serves as a self-administered screening test aimed at detecting psychiatric disorders. Using 11 waves of the BHPS and a variety of methods we show there is much mobility in mental health from one wave to the next. Further the extent of mobility varies across socio-economic categories with greatest persistence observed in more disadvantaged groups. In general, these groups suffer poorer mental health and experience more periods of ill-health. Our results have implications for the design of appropriate prevention policies targeting mental illness within different risk groups, and also for the measurement of long-term inequalities in mental health across socioeconomic groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A longitudinal analysis of women's attitudes toward the menopause: results from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study.

This paper examines women's attitudes towards menopause in a large representative sample of middle-aged women. Data were derived from the Massachusetts Women's Health Study (MWHS) which is a prospective study of 2565 women aged 45-55, randomly sampled throughout Massachusetts. The paper addressed the following questions: (1) What are women's attitudes towards the menopause and how do attitudes change as a function of menopause? (2) What variables are related to attitudes towards menopause? and (3) Do attitudes towards menopause predict subsequent symptom reporting during menopause? Results showed that the majority of women reported relief or neutral feelings about the cessation of menses and that feelings became more positive as women experienced menopause. Negative attitudes towards menopause were related to general symptom reporting and depression. Additionally, negative attitudes prior to menopause were related to subsequent symptom reporting during menopause. These results suggest that the so-called menopause syndrome may be more related to personal characteristics than to menopause per se.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

Longitudinal analysis of perfusion lung scintigrams of patients with unoperated chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is the result of single or recurrent pulmonary thromboemboli that are thought to develop into organized pulmonary arterial obstructions by recurrent embolism and in situ thrombosis. Radioisotopic ventilation-perfusion scanning (V/Q scan) is a safe and highly sensitive test for pulmonary thromboembolic disease. The aim was to assess the natural history of thrombus expansion. We performed a prospective quantitative evaluation of ventilation/perfusion scintigrams (V/Q scans) in 20 patients with severe unoperated CTEPH. The baseline V/Q scan of each patient served as a reference for the second scan 21.7 +/- 8.2 months later. Planar images with intravenous 99mTc-labeled human albumin macroaggregates were reconstructed in six standard projections. Perfusion scans were analyzed by a semi-quantitative evaluation. In parallel, hemodynamics and clinical condition were prospectively observed. Lung perfusion scintigrams analyzed by a semi-quantitative method in patients with severe unoperated CTEPH show an apparent decrease of segmental flow abnormalities over time, paralleling right ventricular decline.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial adjustment of the family to breast cancer: a longitudinal analysis.

The purpose of the current study was to assess the impact of the mother's breast cancer on her family during rehabilitation and to determine the processes families use to adjust to the illness over time. Data were obtained from 111 child-rearing mothers with breast cancer on three occasions at four-month intervals using standardized measures of psychosocial adjustment. Results revealed that over time the families experienced significantly lower levels of illness-related demands and the marriages became better adjusted. Levels of depressive mood in the women, however, remained stable. This negative mood negatively affected the quality of the marriage, which, in turn, caused the family to cope less frequently with its problems and to function less well. Results strongly suggest the importance of formally assessing the woman's level of depressed mood and channeling women with stable depressive mood and their families into more intensive support services than those typically provided. Evidence from the current study is that, when not attended to, this depressive mood has sustained, deleterious effects on how well the family does during rehabilitation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Reported quality of life of people with spinal cord injuries: a longitudinal analysis of the first 6 months post-discharge.

STUDY DESIGN: A repeated measures design was employed with measures taken on two observational periods during the first 6 months post-discharge from hospital. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the perceived importance of specific needs implicated in the development of quality of life (QOL), and the extent to which these aspects have been achieved, in a group of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) living in the community. SETTING: The National Spinal Injuries Centre, Stoke Mandeville Hospital and the general community. METHODS: The study sample comprised 24 spinal cord injured patients discharged from a national rehabilitation centre following a rehabilitation programme. The Quality of Life and Needs Assessment Questionnaire was completed by participants at 1 and 6 months post discharge. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the importance that participants attributed to specific needs at months 1 and 6 post discharge. Moreover, no significant differences were found between the extent to which these needs were met at 1 and 6 months post discharge. CONCLUSION: The reported quality of life of people who have a spinal cord injury remains stable during the first year following discharge.

Female↗
PubMed2004

A longitudinal analysis of discrete negative emotions and health-services use in elderly individuals.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that everyday, discrete negative emotions-anger, frustration, sadness, and fear-relate to health-service use in later life. METHOD: Community-dwelling adults (n = 345) ages 72 to 99 were interviewed about the frequency of recently experienced emotions. Physician visits and hospital admissions in the subsequent 2 years were outcomes. Covariates included prior use of health services, chronic illness, functional status, and demographics. RESULTS: Age, education, and gender moderated relations between negative emotions and health care use. More frustration was associated with fewer physician visits among older individuals. Sadness was associated with more hospital admissions for women. Among those with more education, frequent anger was associated with more physician visits. Projected effects of negative emotions resulted in increases in health-service use, ranging from 18% to 33%. DISCUSSION: The interactions indicate the importance of negative emotions and the larger social and developmental context in health care services use among elderly individuals.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Media and marijuana: A longitudinal analysis of news media effects on adolescents' marijuana use and related outcomes, 1977-1999.

This study examined how aggregate levels of news coverage about marijuana have impacted adolescents' marijuana behavior generally, and through the intervening variables of personal disapproval and perceived harmfulness of marijuana, two variables that existing research has identified as significant predictors of adolescent marijuana use at the aggregate level. It was hypothesized that news coverage of reasons why people should not use marijuana would cause increase in aggregate marijuana abstinence, perceived harmfulness, and personal disapproval. Conversely, news coverage of positive aspects of marijuana use would cause decreases in marijuana abstinence, perceived harmfulness, and personal disapproval. Results of distributed lagged time-series regression and non-linear modeling offered support for two of the three proposed hypotheses. Aggregate media coverage explained a significant portion of the variation in adolescents' abstinence from marijuana use over time. It also explained a significant portion of the variation in personal disapproval of marijuana. Personal disapproval was found to partially mediate the relationship between media coverage and marijuana abstinence. Implications for the conceptualization of media effects on health behaviors are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Prospective longitudinal analysis of quantitative Epstein-Barr virus polymerase chain reaction in pediatric liver transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) mismatch associated with more prevalent use of split-liver, reduced size, and living-related transplants has increased the risk of primary EBV infection and subsequent PTLD. Early identification of EBV viremia may reduce the risk of PTLD, because it allows for early adjustment of immunosuppression and antiviral therapy. METHODS: EBV viral load was measured monthly by quantitative competitive polymerase chain reactions in three pediatric liver transplant recipients. RESULTS: Onset of EBV viremia was documented in one recipient. Established EBV viremia was followed in the other two recipients (one with chronic rejection and one with PTLD) who were initially tested once monitoring was initiated in our program. CONCLUSIONS: EBV quantitative competitive polymerase chain reactions may represent a promising way to follow EBV viral load and potentially prevent the development of PTLD.

Epstein-Barr Virus Infections↗
PubMed2003

The acquisition of nuclei: a longitudinal analysis of phonological vowel length in three German-speaking children.

Studies of vowel length acquisition indicate an initial stage in which phonological vowel length is random followed by a stage in which either long vowels (without codas) or short vowels and codas are produced. To determine whether this sequence of acquisition applies to a group of German-speaking children (three children aged 1;3-2;6), monosyllabic and disyllabic words were transcribed and acoustically analysed. The results did not support a stage in which vowel length was totally random. At the first time period (onset of word production to 1;7), one child's monosyllabic productions were governed by a bipositional constraint such that either long vowels, or short vowels and codas were produced. At the second (1;10 to 2;0) and third time periods (2;3 to 2;6), all three children produced target long vowels significantly longer than target short vowels. Transcription results indicated that children experienced more difficulty producing target long than short vowels. In the discussion, the findings are interpreted in terms of the representation of vowel length in children's grammars.

Acoustics↗
PubMed2006

Predicting mental health outcomes in female working carers: a longitudinal analysis.

This study investigated the factors contributing to psychological distress and positive affect over time in female working carers of older people. Questionnaires (including measures of work-related, care-related, interpersonal and psychological aspects of working and caring) were distributed to 275 female working carers in the UK, the majority of whom were working as nurses in the National Health Service. In cross-sectional analyses, higher work stress and work demands predicted higher psychological distress among respondents. Better carer health, lower external pressures to care and higher work satisfaction predicted greater positive affect. The combined effects of greater work stress and work demands also predicted higher levels of psychological distress at follow-up (after one year), whereas younger age and lower work stress predicted greater positive affect over time. We conclude that more stressful and demanding work roles appear detrimental to carers' mental health, while lower stress occupational roles may be beneficial, providing satisfaction and fulfilment outside of the caring role. Older female carers may be especially at risk of psychological distress, possibly due in part to increasing health problems of their own.

Affect↗
PubMed1986

Generalization of treatment effects by young language-delayed children: a longitudinal analysis.

This study investigated the generalized effects of a language intervention program on the structural aspects of 8 language-delayed preschool children's productive language. Subjects were observed in preschool free play for periods ranging from 12 to 24 months concurrent with receiving daily didactic language intervention. A total of 57 two-, three-, and four-word syntactic forms were taught to criterion. Generalized usage was determined from (verbatim) language samples collected during free play periods in the subjects' classroom. Forty-two (74%) of the treated forms generalized to the subjects' spontaneous language in free play. There was a relationship between the complexity and potential functions of the treated forms and their generalization to free play. This effect may have been related to the subjects' MLUs. Substantial changes also occurred in the subjects' MLUs, frequency of speaking, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test scores, and Houston Test for Language Development scores over the period of instruction. These measures suggested that 4 of the 8 subjects were functioning near the normal range at the conclusion of treatment. Implications of these and other results are discussed.

Child Language↗
PubMed1994

Six-year longitudinal analysis of adenovirus type 3 genome types isolated in Yamagata, Japan.

Five hundred eighty-seven adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) isolates were established from children with acute respiratory infections (ARI) from 1986 to 1991, in Yamagata, Japan. Ad3 could be found in almost all the months during the 6 years when two epidemics occurred, in 1987 and 1989. A molecular epidemiological study was done on 346 of the 587 isolates, using restriction endonucleases; BamHI, HindIII, SmaI, and BgIII were used. The Ad3 isolates were classified into seven genome types. The genetic differences among the seven genome types were < 0.9%, and their phylogenetic tree, estimated by the neighbor-joining method, correlated highly with their monthly distribution. One genome type predominated for 56 months, while the other six related genome types cocirculated for a short period. These results suggested that the predominant genome type of Ad3 might have been endemically perpetuated in the Yamagata area with minor genomic variations. Furthermore, the outbreaks of Ad3 may have been due not to the appearance of a new genome type but rather to the endemic genome type.

Adenovirus Infections, Human↗
PubMed2005

Longitudinal analysis of heritability for dental caries traits.

The role of genetic and environmental factors on dental caries progression in young children was determined. A detailed caries assessment was performed in 2 examinations on 314 pairs of twins initially 1.5 to 8 years old. Surface-based caries prevalence rates (SBCPR) and lesion severity (LSI) were computed. Heritability estimates were calculated by SOLAR software. Analyses were performed on all ages combined and by age group (1.5-< 4; 4-6; > 6). Overall heritability estimates (H) of net increments SBCPRs were H = 30.0 (p < 0.0001), and were greatest for the youngest (H = 30.0) and oldest groups (H = 46.3). Overall LSI heritability estimates [H = 36.1 (p < 0.0001)] were also greatest for the youngest (H = 51.2) and oldest groups (H = 50.6). Similar findings were found for net increments of occlusal surfaces and deep dentinal lesions SBCPRs (H = 46.4-56.2). These findings are consistent with a significant genetic contribution to dental caries progression and severity in both emerging primary and permanent dentitions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol consumption and marital status of French women in the GAZEL cohort: a longitudinal analysis between 1992 and 1996.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to describe women's consumption of alcoholic beverages as it related to their marital status over a 5-year period (1992 through 1996) and to study alcohol consumption around the time of marriage or divorce. METHOD: The study sample comprised 4,782 women who worked for Electricité de France-Gaz de France and belonged to the GAZEL cohort. The relevant variables collected by five successive annual questionnaires included marital status and alcohol consumption characteristics. Marginal models were used, reflecting the fact that the data were not independent. RESULTS: Divorcees and widows drank less than married women as measured in fewer glasses per day and fewer days per week drinking wine. Women in the oldest generation drank more than the younger women. Getting married was accompanied by an increased level of drinking, especially of wine, beginning a year before the wedding and lasting until 4 years after it. Consumption declined briefly during the year after a divorce. CONCLUSIONS: These results may be useful for designing prevention programs aimed at groups of women in the general population in France.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Social role and birth cohort influences on gender-linked personality traits in women: a 20-year longitudinal analysis.

Growth curve modeling was used to examine the impact of social role experiences (e.g., marital support, occupational prestige) and birth cohort on mean-level differences and age-related changes in positive personality traits indicative of either femininity or masculinity in 758 mothers heterogeneous in age, assessed 4 times over 2 decades. Both femininity and masculinity increased significantly from mean ages 39 through 59; each was predictive of an age change in the other. Low masculinity was associated with a more rapid increase in femininity, whereas high occupational prestige decreased the magnitude of association between masculinity and femininity. Femininity increased with more marital support but decreased with unmarried status, more children at home, and working full or part time; among full-time workers, that effect was modified by marital support. Masculinity increased with full-time work and high occupational prestige. A trend for differing levels of femininity, and contrasting associations of masculinity with femininity and marital conflict in women born after 1944 compared with those born earlier, suggests shifting social norms and gender relations in the marital role.

Adult↗