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PubMed1997

Survey of microsatellite DNA in pine.

A large insert genomic library from eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) was probed for the microsatellite motifs (AC)n and (AG)n, all 10 trinucleotide motifs, and 22 of the 33 possible tetranucleotide motifs. For comparison with a species from a different subgenus, a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) genomic library was also probed with the same set of di- and tri-nucleotide repeats and 11 of the tetranucleotide repeats. The four most abundant microsatellite motifs in both species were (AC)n, (AG)n, (AAT)n, and (ATC)n, which as a group accounted for over half the microsatellite sites investigated. The two dinucleotide repeats were the most abundant microsatellite motifs tested in both species, each at 2-4.5 sites/megabase pair (Mbp), but the two trinucleotide motifs were nearly as abundant and are considered good candidates for pine microsatellite marker development efforts. Eastern white pine had more than twice as many (AC)n as (AG)n loci, in contrast with loblolly pine and most other plant species in which (AG)n is more abundant. In both pine species the minimum estimated genome density for all microsatellites, excluding (AT)n repeats, was 16 sites/Mbp.

DNA, Plant↗

PubMed2005

Books, printing and medicine in the Renaissance.

The history of the medical book in the Renaissance is only just beginning: there still are enormous gaps in our knowledge. Some general points may be emphasised: doctors, surgeons and apothecaries were often literate; the culture of the doctor was founded at least as much upon the book as upon practical experience. Much is known about the history of the printing press: but in focusing on expensive, luxury books such as Vesalius' Fabrica we often leave out average products such as the many other anatomy books printed in the 16th century. The most significant feature of printing is perhaps the increase of the amount and variety of what was available and accessible to readers. Looking specifically at one type of book, the plague treatise, the amalgamation of public and private allowed by the printing press becomes apparent. Knowledge was disseminated from universities to the general public: plague texts are scattered in many different private and public libraries, and any attempt at a general survey is bound to be provisional.

Books↗

PubMed1989

Multiple cDNA sequences and the evolution of bovine stomach lysozyme.

To investigate the origin of stomach expression of lysozyme in ruminants; we surveyed clones from a cow stomach cDNA library with a lysozyme cDNA probe. Ten percent of the clones in this library were lysozyme-specific. Thirty of the lysozyme clones were sequenced, and seven types of lysozyme mRNA sequence were found. They encode the three previously identified stomach isozymes of lysozyme. The seven sequences are closely related to one another and represent the products of a minimum of 4 of the approximately 10 cow lysozyme genes detected by genomic blotting. The most abundant form of stomach lysozyme (form 2) is encoded by at least two genes, whereas forms 1 and 3 are possibly each encoded by only one gene. The number of genes encoding each isozyme appears to contribute the largest factor in the relative abundance of each isozyme. The multiple lysozyme genes expressed in the cow stomach are the result of gene duplications that occurred during ruminant evolution. The recruitment of lysozyme as a major enzyme in the stomach may thus have involved an early regulatory event and a later 4-7-fold increase in expression allowed by gene amplification. During this period, the amino acid sequences of these lysozymes have been evolving more slowly than those of nonruminant lysozymes.

Abomasum↗

PubMed2002

Students and overdue books in a medical library.

At the University of Ilorin Medical Library, sixty-one randomly selected medical students with overdue books were surveyed using a questionnaire with a view to (1) finding out why they had not returned the library books in their possession, (2) determining their perceptions of eight given overdue measures, and (3) seeking suggestions on how else to reduce overdue books. Most of the overdue books were as a result of (1) the students not finishing with the books and (2) the students being forgetful. Providing for renewals was the most favored overdue measure, while the need for increased multiple copies and extended loan periods for students were also stressed. Thus, a notice urging readers to return or renew borrowed library books was mounted on the issue desk as a reminder to all readers borrowing books. The library is being automated, which will facilitate timely generation and sending of overdue notices. More copies of some titles were purchased, while a copy each of others was transferred to the reserve collection. The need for an extended loan period will require further investigation, while the judicious use of other overdue measures to complement providing for renewals is recommended.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

EVINCE: The value of information in developing nursing knowledge and competence.

The aims of the EVINCE research project included examination of the impact of information on the clinical knowledge and practice of nurses, midwives and health visitors. EVINCE (Establishing the Value of Information to Nursing Continuing Education) was funded by the British Library R&D Department for 1 year, from 1 November 1995 to 31 October 1996. The methods employed (based on those used in the Value project) included a critical incident type study to establish patterns of information need and use among a random sample of nursing professionals. The nature of the impact of information obtained on present and future competencies was assessed from a survey of the searches and requests presented to library and information services. Nurses, midwives and health visitors did value the information (96% of respondents agreed that there was, or would be an effect on future practice through enhanced competence in one or more areas). The impact findings can be used to guide a more precise assessment of information needs.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1997

Assessing the impact of information on evidence-based nursing practice: the EVINCE (Establishing the Value of Information to Nursing Continuing Education) project.

One of the aims of the EVINCE study (Establishing the Value of Information to Nursing Continuing Education) was to assess the impact of information obtained from information and library services about nursing knowledge, competencies, and practice. Survey methods included a critical incident type survey of the patterns of information need and use among a random sample of more than 200 nursing, midwifery, and health visiting staff at five sites and a survey of 776 searches and requests presented to 13 different information services. Questionnaire surveys were followed by selected interviews. Results indicated that information seeking in practice was often prompted by a combination of purposes, with 41 percent of information-seeking incidents involving patient care purposes combined with informal or formal education. The profile of information requests seen by the information service differed, there being more emphasis on formal education and research. Nursing professionals value highly the information obtained from information and library services, and information that helps in evidence-based practice is a priority. Information skills are varied, suggesting that much support for critical appraisal is necessary.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed2004

A survey of RNA editing in human brain.

We have conducted a survey of RNA editing in human brain by comparing sequences of clones from a human brain cDNA library to the reference human genome sequence and to genomic DNA from the same individual. In the RNA sample from which the library was constructed, approximately 1:2000 nucleotides were edited out of >3 Mb surveyed. All edits were adenosine to inosine (A-->I) and were predominantly in intronic and in intergenic RNAs. No edits were found in translated exons and few in untranslated exons. Most edits were in high-copy-number repeats, usually Alus. Analysis of the genome in the vicinity of edited sequences strongly supports the idea that formation of intramolecular double-stranded RNA with an inverted copy underlies most A-->I editing. The likelihood of editing is increased by the presence of two inverted copies of a sequence within the same intron, proximity of the two sequences to each other (preferably within 2 kb), and by a high density of inverted copies in the vicinity. Editing exhibits sequence preferences and is less likely at an adenosine 3' to a guanosine and more likely at an adenosine 5' to a guanosine. Simulation by BLAST alignment of the double-stranded RNA molecules that underlie known edits indicates that there is a greater likelihood of A-->I editing at A:C mismatches than editing at other mismatches or at A:U matches. However, because A:U matches in double-stranded RNA are more common than all mismatches, overall the likely effect of editing is to increase the number of mismatches in double-stranded RNA.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Library use and information-seeking behavior of veterinary medical students revisited in the electronic environment.

Veterinary medical students at Iowa State University were surveyed in January of 1997 to determine their general use of the Veterinary Medical Library and how they sought information in an electronic environment. Comparisons were made between this study and one conducted a decade ago to determine the effect of the growth in electronic resources on student library use and information-seeking behavior. The basic patterns of student activities in the library, resources used to find current information, and resources anticipated for future education needs remained unchanged. The 1997 students used the library most frequently for photocopying, office supplies, and studying coursework; they preferred textbooks and handouts as sources of current information. However, when these students went beyond textbooks and handouts to seek current information, a major shift was seen from the use of print indexes and abstracts in 1987 towards the use of computerized indexes and other electronic resources in 1997. Almost 60% of the students reported using the Internet for locating current information. Overall use of electronic materials was highest among a group of students receiving the problem-based learning method of instruction. Most of the students surveyed in 1997 indicated that electronic resources would have some degree of importance to them for future education needs. The electronic environment has provided new opportunities for information professionals to help prepare future veterinarians, some of whom will be practicing in remote geographical locations, to access the wealth of information and services available on the Internet and Web.

Computer Literacy↗

PubMed2003

Access to the online evidence base in general practice: a survey of the Northern and Yorkshire Region.

AIMS: To assess the awareness and use of NHSnet within general practice. To investigate the presence of skills necessary to maximize the benefits of NHSnet connections. METHODS: Postal survey of general practice staff in the Northern and Yorkshire Region. RESULTS: At least one completed questionnaire was obtained from 65% of the general practices surveyed, and the individual response rate to the general practice survey was 44%. Ninety per cent of all respondents reported that their practice was connected to the NHSnet, with 59% of respondents reporting that they use NHSnet at least once a week. Although NHSnet was used to search for research information or guidance, all respondents in this survey still reported greater access to and use of paper-based information resources. Respondents indicated that they still needed further training on how to use NHSnet (42%), how to search the Internet (31%) and how to search electronic databases such as medline (49%). CONCLUSIONS: Since our 1999 survey, reported NHSnet connectivity has increased greatly, with a majority of respondents reporting that they use NHSnet at least once a week. Although encouraging, this level of usage suggests that using the Internet/NHSnet to find research has yet to become a core activity in general practice.

Computer User Training↗

PubMed1995

Physical therapists in private practice: information sources and information needs.

Increasing numbers of physical therapists are providing evaluation and therapy in their own private-practice clinics. Their move out of the hospital setting has reduced their access to the sources of information designed to support clinical and practice-management decision making. The author designed a survey to determine how often physical therapists in private practice in Vermont use seven sources of information for clinical and practice-management decision making. Survey respondents also were asked to rate the anticipated usefulness of a variety of health sciences library information and research services not currently available to them and to rank access paths to information according to their preferences. The therapists' responses show frequent reliance on personal and office collections of professional literature for clinical decision making but virtually no use of bibliographic databases. Respondents ranked document-delivery services and mediated searches as having the greatest anticipated usefulness for clinical decision making. The limitations of their current information-seeking behavior and their high level of interest in increased access to a wide range of information and research services make physical therapists in private practice of special interest to health sciences librarians who are planning outreach programs.

Information Services↗

PubMed2001

A rural virtual health sciences library project: research findings with implications for next generation library services.

PURPOSE: The Shared Hospital Electronic Library of Southern Indiana (SHELSI) research project was designed to determine whether access to a virtual health sciences library and training in its use would support medical decision making in rural southern Indiana and achieve the same level of impact seen by targeted information services provided by health sciences librarians in urban hospitals. METHODS: Based on the results of a needs assessment, a virtual medical library was created; various levels of training were provided. Virtual library users were asked to complete a Likert-type survey, which included questions on intent of use and impact of use. At the conclusion of the project period, structured interviews were conducted. RESULTS: Impact of the virtual health sciences library showed a strong correlation with the impact of information provided by health sciences librarians. Both interventions resulted in avoidance of adverse health events. Data collected from the structured interviews confirmed the perceived value of the virtual library. CONCLUSION: While librarians continue to hold a strong position in supporting information access for health care providers, their roles in the information age must begin to move away from providing information toward selecting and organizing knowledge resources and instruction in their use.

Computer User Training↗

PubMed1970

An investigation of the educational needs of health sciences library manpower. I. Definition of the manpower problem and research design.

In order to plan adequately for education in health science librarianship and to be able to project future demands and needs we need to know a great deal more about existing manpower in health science libraries. This paper, the first in a series of reports on an investigation to gather this data, discusses the research methodology and the development of an inventory of the institution-program population upon which the survey is based. An analysis in terms of geographic location, type (educational, research, etc.), administrative control, and primary cognate area of these institutions is presented, and their distribution through the various Regional Medical Library areas is noted. Preliminary estimates are made, based on a questionnaire to the libraries, on the size of the library population, their relationship to reporting programs or institutions, exclusive of the hospital population which is being covered in an independent survey. A questionnaire to library personnel is underway which will establish, along with the other questionnaires, a basis for exploring the relationships which exist between institutions or programs, libraries and manpower.

Libraries, Medical↗

PubMed2004

[Resources of information in the field of bioethics in Italy: survey of the present state and perspectives].

The research project "Collection and dissemination of bioethical information through an integrated electronic system", started in 2001 by the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), had among its objectives, the realization of an integrated system for data collection and exchange of documents related to bioethics. The system should act as a reference tool for those research activities impacting on citizens' health and welfare. This paper aims at presenting some initiatives, developed in the project framework, in order to establish an Italian documentation network, among which: a) exchange of ISS publications with Italian institutions active in this field; b) survey through a questionnaire aimed at assessing Italian informative resources, state-of-the-art and holdings of documentation centres and ethical committees; c) Italian Internet resources analysis. The results of the survey, together with the analysis of web sites, show that at present in Italy there are many interesting initiatives for collecting and spreading of documentation in the bioethical fields, but there is an urgent need for an integration of such resources. Ethical committees generally speaking need a larger availability of documents, while there are good potentialities for the establishment of an electronic network for document retrieval and delivery.

Academies and Institutes↗

PubMed2004

[Scientific communication at the beginning of the 21st century--Hungarian survey and international outlook in medicine and the life sciences].

INTRODUCTION: Rapid developments take place in communication technology. It is a hard task to keep pace with them, but unavoidable. The scene of electronic communication and publication, the Internet has originally been constructed for scientific communication and publication of scientists. Nowadays, the electronic communication has spread all over the world. Though the share of sciences has been diminished, the progress in the scientific electronic communication has not been broken. AIM: The authors delineate the present situation in electronic communication in general and in Hungary. METHODS: The authors asked by questionnaire survey the medical scientists and professionals about their knowledge and usage of modern publication possibilities. For comparison's sake, the authors referred to some foreign surveys as well. RESULTS: In Hungary, the communication possibilities on the Internet--and the electronically accessible publications--are at the readers' disposal at the universities and academic institutions. The opinions about the popularity and effects of electronic publication are generally positive. Concerns were expressed in connection with the possible weaker professional control in case of certain types of publication. In the opinion of the majority of questioned people the electronic form of publication will never replace the traditional one completely, it will be, however, dominant.

Biological Science Disciplines↗

PubMed1980

Nursing research information: are nurse educators and practitioners seeking it out?

This paper is concerned with if and how nurses are obtaining information on research into nursing. It is based on the results of a wider survey conducted in Northern Ireland in 1979, the aim of which was to assess the degree to which those most concerned with administering, managing, and teaching patient care were managing to obtain and implement information on nursing research. The main sources examined were nursing journals, nurse education curricula, and libraries relevant to nursing. For the purpose of the survey the writer took the view that, in terms of the relationship between nursing and practice, any dichotomy of opinion as to what nursing research is, or is not, is largely semantic. It was decided, therefore, to adopt the holistic approach to the term 'nursing research' as supported by Treece & Treece (1977) who claimed that 'Nursing Research includes the breadth and depth of the discipline of nursing, the rehabilitive, therapeutic and preventive aspects of nursing, as well as the preparation of practitioners and personnel involved in the total nursing sphere.

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗

PubMed1995

Reading for the CSiG examination: a survey of current journals.

Preparing for the new Clinical Surgery in General (CSiG) section of the Fellowship examination requires the reading of textbooks and surgical journals, the taking of mock clinicals and practice vivas. The increasing number of journals in the different branches of surgery makes it difficult for trainees to keep abreast of the current literature. A survey of surgical journals currently available in most postgraduate libraries was performed over a six-month period in order to try and identify those journals, or sections of journals, which offered most educational benefit for the CSiG candidate. We found that certain journals consistently provide excellent reviews and teaching articles and we recommend a personal reading list based on this survey.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗

PubMed1990

New waves, new problems--use of CD-ROM MEDLINE in the Medical Library of the National University of Singapore.

In the rapid development of optical disc technology, compact disc read-only-memory (CD-ROM) is gaining popularity as a reference tool. The National University of Singapore Medical Library (NUSML) is the first special library of the University Library System to introduce CD-ROM technology by setting up of the MEDLINE on CD-ROM system to complement its reference and information services since February 1989. The experiences of the Library is setting up the system and feedback obtained from end users through a questionnaire survey are presented in this paper. The success of the implementation of the new services has also given rise to new problems which have implications on library user education programmes, manpower planning, collection development and system security.

Attitude to Computers↗

PubMed1987

A systematic survey of repetitive sequences abundantly expressed in rat tumors.

A cDNA library made from poly(A)+ RNA of a rat ascites hepatoma cell line, AH60C, was screened with respect to transcribed repetitive sequences by probing with AH60C genomic DNA. Thirty clones, comprising 1.2% of the library, were found to contain repetitive elements. The sequences of 12 clones among them were abundantly expressed in poly(A)+ RNA of AH60C, yet sparse in that of rat normal liver. This differential expression was also noted in case of other tumors and normal tissues tested. These 12 clones could be divided into two classes, depending on whether their sequences were expressed in cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA (class I) or not (class II). Rat Alu-like type II (B2) repeats and an unknown repetitive sequence were found in the clones of class I. Adjacent to each of them, we detected two non-repeated sequences, the expressions of which were also activated. The presence of another unknown repetitive sequence was observed in the clones of class II. It is noted that more than one-third of the transcribed repetitive sequences were involved in the predominant expression in tumor cells, whereas the majority of overall transcripts have been found to be common to both transformed cells and their normal counterparts.

Animals↗