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PubMed1992

Medical school libraries' handling of articles that report invalid science.

In 1989-90 the authors conducted a nationwide study to examine how academic medical libraries handled articles that report invalid science and to determine the effectiveness of any policies implemented to limit the use of such articles. Ninety-five of the 127 medical school libraries the authors surveyed completed questionnaires analyzing policy and attitude issues. Eighty-four of these libraries manually reviewed the available copies they held of ten retracted articles. Of the 811 copies of the retracted, invalid articles reviewed, 742 (91.5%) were not tagged as being invalid. Seventy-nine percent of the libraries had tagged none of the retracted studies and only 16% had policies for managing articles that report invalid science. Academic librarians reflected a common attitude against perceived library censorship and emphasized the user's role in assuring validity. The nation's medical libraries, at least in part by intent, do not commonly identify or have policies to handle the invalid articles they hold. The authors conclude that biomedical researchers, clinicians, and teachers should not assume published studies held in libraries are inherently valid. The lack of stated policy and the disparate assumptions about the role libraries play in this area may perpetuate the use of invalid articles.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2001

Financing North American medical libraries in the nineteenth century.

Culture not only justifies the existence of libraries but also determines the level of funding libraries receive for development. Cultural appreciation of the importance of libraries encourages their funding; lack of such appreciation discourages it. Medical library development is driven by culture in general and the culture of physicians in particular. Nineteenth-century North American medical library funding reflected the impact of physician culture in three phases: (1) Before the dawn of anesthesia (1840s) and antisepsis (1860s), when the wisdom of elders contained in books was venerated, libraries were well supported. (2) In the last third of the nineteenth century, as modern medicine grew and as physicians emphasized the practical and the present, rather than books, support for medical libraries declined. (3) By the 1890s, this attitude had changed because physicians had come to realize that, without both old and new medical literature readily available, they could not keep up with rapidly changing current clinical practice or research. Thus, "The Medical Library Movement" heralded the turn of the century.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Use of focus groups in a library's strategic planning process.

The use of focus groups to determine patron satisfaction with library resources and services is extensive and well established. This article demonstrates how focus groups can also be used to help shape the future direction of a library as part of the strategic planning process. By responding to questions about their long-term library and information needs, focus group participants at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Library contributed an abundance of qualitative patron data that was previously lacking from this process. The selection and recruitment of these patrons is discussed along with the line of questioning used in the various focus group sessions. Of special interest is the way the authors utilized these sessions to mobilize and involve the staff in creating the library's strategic plan. This was accomplished not only by having staff members participate in one of the sessions but also by sharing the project's major findings with them and instructing them in how these findings related to the library's future. The authors' experience demonstrates that focus groups are an effective strategic planning tool for libraries and emphasizes the need to share information broadly, if active involvement of the staff is desired in both the development and implementation of the library's strategic plan.

Consumer Behavior↗
PubMed1991

Remote access to electronic library services through a campus network.

The Health Science Library at University of Tennessee (UT), Memphis has taken advantage of a campuswide network for the purpose of providing enhanced access to library services. With a terminal or microcomputer, members of the UT Memphis community can use an electronic menu system to complete photocopy, interlibrary loan, and computer literature search request forms; leave messages or sign up for library workshops; use electronic mail to receive citations and abstracts from computer literature searches; use an electronic bulletin board to scan the library's new acquisitions lists, library hours, services, and policies; and use bibliographic retrieval software to search the library's locally mounted databases. Remote access to library services and electronic resources, which is available twenty-four hours a day, could potentially save users time and the institution money. Remote access, however, is intended to supplement, not to supplant or discourage, in-house library use.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1986

The National Health Service and medical libraries in England.

This paper provides an overview of the National Health Service in England, including its history, its present structure, and factors that make it different from the U.S. health care system. The NHS libraries and librarians are discussed. The NHS is divided into fourteen regions in England. Three specific NHS libraries in the Wessex region are described--a hospital library, an administrative library, and a patient education library. The problems and accomplishments of NHS librarians are discussed, as well as some similarities between NHS libraries and U.S. medical libraries. Medical librarians are urged to try to understand the medical library scene in England, so that they can Learn from the unique strengths of their counterparts there.

England↗
PubMed1966

Extramural programs of theNational Library of Medicine: program objectives and present status.

The National Library of Medicine Extramural Program, utilizing the authorities of the Medical Library Assistance Act of 1965 and the Public Health Service Act, includes support for library construction, improving and expanding basic library resources, research and development, man-power development, publications, and support for the operation of regional health sciences libraries. The program objectives relating to these various activities have been outlined. A $4,000,000 supplement has been appropriated by the Congress for fiscal year 1966 to implement the authorities of the Act. With the construction provision available in fiscal year 1967, over $13,000,000 has been requested for the second year of the program. The Medical Library Assistance Act is intended to catalyze and stimulate expanded support of medical libraries by their host institutions. Bold and imaginative plans by the medical library community are essential to the full success of the endeavor.

Legislation, Medical↗
PubMed1982

A self-supporting library service in a rural region: a new look at hospital consortia.

To meet the informational needs of health care practitioners and trainees in a four-county rural area of northwestern North Carolina, the eleven-member UNIFOUR Consortium was founded as a two-year experimental project from 1978 to 1980. The consortium has several unique features: (1) it is an organization of institutions, not libraries; (2) it employs its own professional librarian who manages a central library, coordinates consortium programs, and makes regular circuit visits to all affiliated institutions; (3) the central library, where the circuit is based, is a developing community hospital library, not an established academic medical center library; and (4) it is ultimately tied to the Northwest Area Health Education Center and that organization's emerging learning resources network, which includes the Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Library, two other subregional libraries, and the libraries of all member institutions. At the end of the experimental period in 1980, member institutions voted unanimously to continue the program and assume their share of the costs.

Libraries, Hospital↗
PubMed1993

Recent health sciences library building projects.

The Medical Library Association's third annual survey of recent health sciences library building projects identified fourteen libraries planning, expanding, or constructing new library facilities. Three of five new library buildings are freestanding structures where the library occupies all or a major portion of the space. The two other new facilities are for separately administered units where the library is a major tenant. Nine projects involve additions to or renovations of existing space. Six projects are in projected, predesign, or design stages or are awaiting funding approval. This paper describes four projects that illustrate technology's growing effect on librarians and libraries. They are designed to accommodate change, a plethora of electronic gear, and easy use of technology. Outwardly, they do not look much different than many other modern buildings. But, inside, the changes have been dramatic although they have evolved slowly as the building structure has been adapted to new conditions.

Architecture↗
PubMed1977

Area health education centers and health science library services.

A study to determine the impact that the Area Health Education Center type of programs may have on health science libraries was conducted by the Extramural Programs, National Library of Medicine, in conjunction with a contract awarded by the Bureau of Health Manpower, Health Resources Administration, to develop an inventory of the AHEC type of projects in the United States. Specific study tasks included a review of these programs as they relate to library and information activities, on-site surveys on the programs to define their needs for library services and information, and a categorization of library activities. A major finding was that health science libraries and information services are generally not included in AHEC program planning and development, although information and information exchange is a fundamental part of the AHEC type of programs. This study suggests that library inadequacies are basically the result of this planning failure and of a lack of financial resources; however, many other factors may be contributory. The design and value of library activities for these programs needs explication.

Area Health Education Centers↗
PubMed1996

Library services for people with disabilities: results of a survey.

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), enacted in 1990, has had a significant impact on the way many institutions, including libraries, do business. The Association of Research Libraries surveyed its members in 1991 to determine the effect of this legislation, and the author conducted a similar survey in 1995 to learn what progress academic health sciences libraries have made in serving the needs of people with disablities. A questionnaire was mailed to 131 members of the Association of Academic Health Sciences Library Directors. Nearly three-quarters of respondents reported elimination of physical barriers. The most common services provided are retrieval of materials from the stacks and photocopy assistance. Much less attention has been paid to the use of adaptive technology that allows disabled users to search a library's online catalog and databases; special technology is often provided by another unit on campus but there seems to be little coordination with library services Few libraries have assigned responsibility for disability services to a specific staff member and even fewer have done a formal assessment of the need for special services. The issues identified by the survey should challenge academic health sciences libraries to examine their status regarding compliance with ADA legislation.

Architectural Accessibility↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Synthesis and screening of an indexed motif-library containing non-proteinogenic amino acids.

In an effort to increase the probability of finding novel peptides in resin-bound combinatorial libraries displaying affinity to various macromolecular targets, we increased the diversity of a solid-phase library considerably by synthesizing multiple structures on each bead - a motif-library - including 45 building blocks. The building blocks consist of L-aa, D-aa and eight hydrophobic non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acids. A library with the format O-Z0-1-O-Z0-1-O-XX-resin was synthesized giving the four motifs OOOXX, OZOOXX, OOZOXX, OZOZOXX corresponding to 364.500 different motifs (45(3) x 4 theoretical combinations). The positions O are defined amino acids while Z represents three mixtures pi, omega, phi, where pi is a mixture of polar and charged residues, omega is a mixture of aliphatic residues and phi is a mixture of aromatic residues. X represents a mixture of all 45 residues. The library was screened with the macromolecular target streptavidin which served as a model receptor. Binding peptides were sequenced by microsequencing. We included small amounts of norvaline and norleucine in the library, which served as index residues to be able to distinguish between LD-amino acids and other residues with the same retention time in the HPLC system. Beads that interact with the receptor were found, and the binding motifs that appeared had no homology to known binding motifs found in either L-aa or D-aa libraries, instead motifs with the non-proteinogenic residues L-phenylglycine, O-benzyl-L-hydroxyproline and O-benzyl-L-tyrosine dominated. The novel peptides inhibit binding of biotin to streptavidin but do not bind to avidin, and the affinity is higher than the peptides found in linear all L-aa peptide libraries.

Amino Acids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Systematic hybrid LOH: a new method to reduce false positives and negatives during screening of yeast gene deletion libraries.

We have developed a new method, systematic hybrid loss of heterozygosity, to facilitate genomic screens utilizing the yeast gene deletion library. Screening is performed using hybrid diploid strains produced through mating the library haploids with strains from a different genetic background, to minimize the contribution of unpredicted recessive genetic factors present in the individual library strains. We utilize a set of strains where each contains a conditional centromere construct on one of the 16 yeast chromosomes that allows the destabilization and selectable loss of that chromosome. After mating a library gene deletion haploid to such a conditional centromere strain, which corresponds to the chromosome carrying the gene deletion, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the gene deletion locus can be generated in these otherwise hybrid diploids. The use of hybrid diploid strains permits complementation of any spurious recessive mutations in the library strain, facilitating attribution of the observed phenotype to the documented gene deletion and dramatically reducing false positive results commonly obtained in library screens. The systematic hybrid LOH method can be applied to virtually any screen utilizing the yeast non-essential gene deletion library and is particularly useful for screens requiring the introduction of a genetic assay into the library strains.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1993

A chromosome 11 YAC library.

A targeted yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library for chromosome 11 has been constructed from the J1 cell line that carries a single human chromosome 11 within a hamster DNA background. Interspecies chimeric clones generated during construction of the library were detected during the screening process and eliminated from the library. Contig assembly becomes much less difficult using such a library as the complexity is decreased and the ends of the clone inserts can be rescued for walking to neighboring clones. The library contains > 1824 clones with an average insert length of 337 kb. This represents a fourfold coverage of chromosome 11 or a > 95% chance of recovering a unique single-copy sequence from the library. Two hundred YAC clones were localized by fluorescence in situ hybridization and found to be randomly distributed along the chromosome. The library has been screened with probes for the chromosome 11 markers HBB, GLUR4, H19, and D11S193. Corresponding YAC clones have been isolated for each locus. This analysis has indicated that the library is unbiased, that cognate YAC clones can be recovered with chromosome 11 markers, and that extensive contig assembly should be feasible.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Construction and characterization of a 10-genome equivalent yeast artificial chromosome library for the laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus.

Increasing attention has been focused in recent years on the rat as a model organism for genetic studies, in particular for the investigation of complex traits, but progress has been limited by the lack of availability of large-insert genomic libraries. Here, we report the construction and characterization of an arrayed yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) library for the rat genome containing approximately 40,000 clones in the AB1380 host using the pCGS966 vector. An average size of 736 kb was estimated from 166 randomly chosen clones; thus the library provides 10-fold coverage of the genome, with a 99.99% probability of containing a unique sequence. Eight of 39 YACs analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization were found to be chimeric, indicating a proportion of about 20-30% of chimeric clones. The library was spotted on high-density filters to allow the identification of YAC clones by hybridization and was pooled using a 3-dimensional scheme for screening by PCR. Among 48 probes used to screen the library, an average of 9.3 positive clones were found, consistent with the calculated 10-fold genomic coverage of the library. This YAC library represents the first large-insert genomic library for the rat. It will be made available to the research community at large as an important new resource for complex genome analysis in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A small-insert bovine genomic library highly enriched for microsatellite repeat sequences.

A bovine genomic phagemid library was constructed with randomly sheared DNA. Enrichment of this single-stranded DNA library with CA or GT primers resulted in 45% positive clones. The 14% of positive clones with (CA.GT) > 12, and not containing flanking repetitive elements, were sequenced, and the efficiency of marker production was compared with random M13 bacteriophage libraries. Primer sequences and genotyping information are presented for 390 informative bovine microsatellite markers. The genomic frequency for 11 tri- and tetranucleotide repeats was estimated by hybridization to a lambda genomic library. Only GCT, GGT, and GGAT were estimated to have a frequency of > 100 per genome. Enrichment of the phagemid library for these repeats failed to provide a viable source of microsatellite markers in the bovine. Comparison of map interval lengths between 100 markers from the enriched library prepared from randomly sheared DNA and M13 bacteriophage libraries prepared from Mbo1 restriction digests suggested no bias in skeletal genomic coverage based on source of small insert DNA. In conclusion, enrichment of the bovine phagemid library provides a sufficient source of microsatellites so that small repeat lengths and flanking repetitive sequences common in the bovine can be eliminated, resulting in a high percentage of informative markers.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

A plant-transformation-competent BIBAC library from the Arabidopsis thaliana Landsberg ecotype for functional and comparative genomics.

The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has been sequenced to near completion. To facilitate experimental determination of the function of every gene in the species, we constructed a large-insert library from the Landsberg ecotype using a plant-transformation-competent binary BAC vector, BIBAC2. The library contains 11,520 clones with an estimated average insert size of 162 kb. Of a sample of 102 clones, 17.6% had no inserts; further, in the library as a whole, 287 clones contained chloroplast DNA, and 25 contained mitochondrial DNA. Thus it is estimated that 9,295 clones originated from the nuclear genome, representing a 11.5 x coverage. The library was further characterized by screening with probes corresponding to 180-bp repeats, 5S rDNA, 18S-25S rDNA and 23 single-copy RFLP markers. The results showed that 92 clones contained 180-bp centromeric repeats, 78 contained 5S rDNA and 95 contained 18S-25S rDNA, approximately 1%, 0.8% and 1%, respectively, of the nuclear clones in the library. Screening the library with the 23 RFLP markers showed that each one hybridized to an average of seven clones. This library is the first large-insert DNA library for the widely studied Landsberg erecta strain. It will greatly facilitate gene identification by complementation screening, and will enhance analysis of the structure, organization and evolution of the A. thaliana genome.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2006

Subtractive cDNA libraries identify differentially expressed genes in dormant and growing buds of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula).

Two subtractive cDNA libraries were developed to study genes associated with bud dormancy (reverse library) and initiation of shoot growth (forward library) in leafy spurge. To identify unique sequences represented in each library, 15744 clones were screened to reduce the level of redundancy within both libraries. A total of 516 unique sequences were obtained from 2304 minimally redundant clones. Radioactive probes developed from RNAs extracted from crown buds of either intact (para-dormant control) or a series of growth-induced (2 h, 2, and 4 d after decapitation) plants were used to identify differentially expressed genes by macroarray analysis. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to confirm results obtained by macroarray analysis and to determine the expression profiles for other transcripts identified within the subtractive libraries. Selected clones were also used to examine gene expression in crown buds after growth induction and/or during normal seasonal growth. In this study, four distinct patterns of gene expression were observed during the transition from para-dormancy to growth-induction. Many of the differentially regulated genes identified have unknown or hypothetical functions while others are known to play important roles in molecular functions. Gene ontology analysis identified a greater proportion of genes involved with catalytic activity in the forward library while the reverse library had a greater proportion of genes involved in DNA/RNA binding.

Cluster Analysis↗
PubMed1992

Simplified methods for construction, assessment and rapid screening of peptide libraries in bacteriophage.

An efficient strategy has been devised for the construction of diverse peptide libraries in bacteriophage vectors. This strategy was used to generate a library of 4 x 10(8) random decapeptide inserts in the pIII protein of bacteriophage fd. A novel method for evaluating the genetic diversity of bacteriophage libraries based on colony hybridization with partially degenerate oligonucleotides has been developed. The decapeptide library was affinity-selected with a previously characterized monoclonal antibody specific for the V3 loop of the gp120 protein of HIV-1. Immunological screening, an efficient technique for the rapid identification of putative binding bacteriophage, is described. Hexapeptide sequences similar to those obtained from affinity selection of a hexapeptide bacteriophage library were obtained from the decapeptide library in all five frames. Immunological screening of 20,000 clones from the two libraries after two rounds of affinity selection rapidly identified antibody-binding sequences; 93% and 86% of the sequences obtained from the hexapeptide and decapeptide libraries, respectively, had IC50 values < or = 10 mM as free peptides.

Amino Acid Sequence↗