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PubMed2006

Knowledge acquisition for computation of semantic distance between WHO-ART terms.

Computation of semantic distance between adverse drug reactions terms may be an efficient way to group related medical conditions in pharmacovigilance case reports. Previous experience with ICD-10 on a semantic distance tool highlighted a bottleneck related to manual description of formal definitions in large terminologies. We propose a method based on acquisition of formal definitions by knowledge extraction from UMLS and morphosemantic analysis. These formal definitions are expressed with SNOMED International terms. We provide formal definitions for 758 WHO-ART terms: 321 terms defined from UMLS, 320 terms defined using morphosemantic analysis and 117 terms defined after expert evaluation. Computation of semantic distance (e.g. k-nearest neighbours) was implemented in J2EE terminology services. Similar WHO-ART terms defined by automated knowledge acquisition and ICD terms defined manually show similar behaviour in the semantic distance tool. Our knowledge acquisition method can help us to generate new formal definitions of medical terms for our semantic distance terminology services.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1977

[Therapy of childhood schizophrenia].

Due to the multifacet genesis and variability of clinical phenomenology, the therapy of childhood schizophrenia must be multidimensional. Formerly applied techniques like electroshock- and insulin-therapy are now replaced by pharmaco-therapy, primarily with phenothiazines, butyrophenones and chlorprothixens. The dosage depends on age, body weight or body surface. Because of extrapyramidal motor side effects, combinations with anticholinergic drugs may be necessary. Psychopharmaco-therapy alone, however, is insufficient. High emphasis must be placed on psychotherapy and educational guidance and counselling of the psychotic child. Participation in play groups, sports, muscial activities, arts and crafts, and acting helps make it possible to improve communication behaviour and to transform aggressive anxiety defense into stabilized control of emotions and impulses. In addition to successive integration of the psychotic child into small groups, play therapy with the single child is meaningful. In this case, a constant and confidential relation between therapist and child is extremely important and only possible if the therapist attempts to place himself into the magic-animistic phantasies of the psychotic child. He has first to learn the psychotic language of his patient in order to support more reality-oriented behaviour processes of the child's thinking, preceiving and performing later on. In this manner, the magic-omnipotent phantasies can be dissolved and an increasing orientation of the child toward reality can be encouraged. This involves strengthening and support of non-pathological ego-functions and initiation of a new level of ego-functioning. Such an integrated developmental concept can best be realized through play therapy.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2005

Tag SNP selection in genotype data for maximizing SNP prediction accuracy.

MOTIVATION: The search for genetic regions associated with complex diseases, such as cancer or Alzheimer's disease, is an important challenge that may lead to better diagnosis and treatment. The existence of millions of DNA variations, primarily single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), may allow the fine dissection of such associations. However, studies seeking disease association are limited by the cost of genotyping SNPs. Therefore, it is essential to find a small subset of informative SNPs (tag SNPs) that may be used as good representatives of the rest of the SNPs. RESULTS: We define a new natural measure for evaluating the prediction accuracy of a set of tag SNPs, and use it to develop a new method for tag SNPs selection. Our method is based on a novel algorithm that predicts the values of the rest of the SNPs given the tag SNPs. In contrast to most previous methods, our prediction algorithm uses the genotype information and not the haplotype information of the tag SNPs. Our method is very efficient, and it does not rely on having a block partition of the genomic region. We compared our method with two state-of-the-art tag SNP selection algorithms on 58 different genotype datasets from four different sources. Our method consistently found tag SNPs with considerably better prediction ability than the other methods. AVAILABILITY: The software is available from the authors on request.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1985

[Albert Müller-Deham--an unjustly forgotten Austrian pioneer in geriatrics].

Albert Mueller-Deham played a role of great importance in the history of American and general geriatrics. He was born in 1881 in Vienna where he studied medicine. After graduation he was an intern, and later assistant professor at the First University Department of Medicine in Vienna. Among his teachers were such famous names as von Nothnagel, von Noorden und Wenckebach. In 1925 he was appointed chief of the medical department in the large, renowned "Versorgungsheim Lainz" in Vienna and became director of the geriatric research unit established by his initiative. With many scientific papers and his most important work, the textbook on geriatrics "Internal Medicine in Old Age" (in three languages) he became one of the pioneers of modern geriatrics. His main interest laid in the importance of the pathology of old age and its connection with clinical diseases. In 1938 he emigrated to the United States for politico-racial reasons and worked as attending physician at the Goldwater Memorial Hospital in New York. There he had the chance to continue his scientific work and pass on his vast experience to colleagues and students until his retirement from clinical practice in 1951. His new interests were philosophy and art, resulting in a book entitled "Human Relations and Power". Mueller-Deham died at the age of 90 in Santa Barbara, California. Albert Mueller-Deham deserves an important place in the history of medicine for recognizing, as one of the first in Austria, the characteristic features of diseases in old age as opposed to younger age groups. His clinical observations in the light of subsequent post-mortem analyses laid the foundation of modern geriatric medicine.

Art↗
PubMed2002

Whither our art? Clinical wisdom and evidence-based medicine.

The relationship between evidence-based medicine (EBM) and clinical judgement is the subject of conceptual and practical dispute. For example, EBM and clinical guidelines are seen to increasingly dominate medical decision-making at the expense of other, human elements, and to threaten the art of medicine. Clinical wisdom always remains open to question. We want to know why particular beliefs are held, and the epistemological status of claims based in wisdom or experience. The paper critically appraises a number of claims and distinctions, and attempts to clarify the connections between EBM, clinical experience and judgement, and the objective and evaluative categories of medicine. I conclude that to demystify clinical wisdom is not to devalue it. EBM ought not be conceived as needing to be limited or balanced by clinical wisdom, since if its language is translatable into terms comprehensible and applicable to individuals, it helps constitute clinical wisdom. Failure to appreciate this constitutive relation will help perpetuate medical paternalism and delay the adoption of properly evidence-based practice, which would be both unethical and unwise.

Australia↗
PubMed1999

[Tranquilizers in the newspaper. An media analysis].

OBJECTIVE: For the public the image of psychopharmacological drugs is identical with that of minor tranquilizers. The way of describing and portraying these drugs in the media therefore is of general interest. METHOD: Ten annual volumes of six German language opinion leading daily and weekly papers which exist on CD-Rom in full text editions are screened for the key word "minor tranquilizer". The articles identified are analyzed formally quantatively and qualitatively. RESULTS: The ten annual volumes analyzed contained 45 articles in which tranquilizers were mentioned (4.5 per annual volume). The key words were found in all sections of the papers, most often, however, in the cultural section, followed by the science section. Regarding the themes medicine and law were in the first position (one third), but society, arts and culture and politics contained even more articles dealing with the key word minor tranquilizer. For fifth of the articles only mentioned the key word. Only once minor tranquilizers are the main topic of the article. Tranquilizers are valued negatively ten times as often as they are valued positively. In two fifth of the articles the term is employed as a metaphor. Even in this context minor tranquilizers are valued negatively (10:1). CONCLUSIONS: Three fourth of the articles, employing the term in the non metaphorical way, deal with abuse and dependency. The public image of minor tranquilizers in the media is mainly characterized by their potency to cause dependency.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed1985

The role of the consumer in quality assurance.

At present, then, consumer-related concerns can be viewed as being in two categories. The first consists of those persons already within the dental care delivery system who, overall, are satisfied with the care they are receiving and tend to hold their dentists, and the profession as a whole, in high esteem. This group does express concern about the technical quality of the services provided to them but also recognizes that their ability to adequately judge this aspect of care without professional assistance is limited. Greater consumer input, however, is being sought in participation in treatment-planning decisions and in choices available to them. Similarly, patients are looking to their dental providers to show greater concern for their needs as individuals: their financial, emotional, language, family, and related health needs. In general, dentists are responding to these demands both out of genuine concern that their patients receive the best care under the most caring circumstances and out of economic necessity. In both traditional practices and in emerging group-practice arrangements, consumer input is being sought, both informally and in more structured arrangements such as the inclusion of consumer representatives in prepaid dental programs. Although there will, understandably, always be tensions in the relationship between consumer expectations and the actual state-of-the-art that determines to which level the provider can actually provide, the dental profession can pride itself in being most demanding on itself to meet the needs of the people we serve. In the latter category, that of persons at present not receiving dental care, we currently find an adversary relationship between professional and consumer groups. Differences exist not only in perceived solutions, but to the actual extent of the problems. Consumer demands that informed choice should include their ability to utilize nondental health providers for dental care, further serve to antagonize and alienate even those leaders of the profession who also seek to expand services to previously unserved or underserved population groups. Is the relationship between the profession and the underserved community and their spokespersons destined to be one of antagonism? If we accept the data that of those persons who do not seek dental care, 65 per cent simply "do not feel a need to do so," there would appear to be a mutuality of interest between the profession and consumer groups to mount a suitable outreach or educational program to reach this particular population group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1988

[Restoration of the idea of contact. Psychopedagogic approach].

Our psychopedagogical work with teenagers having serious problems in the school setting led us to set up a clinical approach giving back to thought the ability to link affects and their representations whereas the thought process had seemed exhausted by a never-ending fight to avoid being swallowed up by the primary processes or through representing unbearable phantasms. In our hypothesis, as long as the imaginary can't be represented, it blocks access to any idea of contact. Having contact with works of art, which can serve as models of metamorphosis that has succeeded, seemed, to us, in the concept of a shared dream, as the best way to allows patients to reconnect lost or avoided parts, but from afar. The metaphor takes the place of the nameless crudity and horror of a very real alienating agent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Structural and functional neural correlates of music perception.

This review article highlights state-of-the-art functional neuroimaging studies and demonstrates the novel use of music as a tool for the study of human auditory brain structure and function. Music is a unique auditory stimulus with properties that make it a compelling tool with which to study both human behavior and, more specifically, the neural elements involved in the processing of sound. Functional neuroimaging techniques represent a modern and powerful method of investigation into neural structure and functional correlates in the living organism. These methods have demonstrated a close relationship between the neural processing of music and language, both syntactically and semantically. Greater neural activity and increased volume of gray matter in Heschl's gyrus has been associated with musical aptitude. Activation of Broca's area, a region traditionally considered to subserve language, is important in interpreting whether a note is on or off key. The planum temporale shows asymmetries that are associated with the phenomenon of perfect pitch. Functional imaging studies have also demonstrated activation of primitive emotional centers such as ventral striatum, midbrain, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex in listeners of moving musical passages. In addition, studies of melody and rhythm perception have elucidated mechanisms of hemispheric specialization. These studies show the power of music and functional neuroimaging to provide singularly useful tools for the study of brain structure and function.

Auditory Cortex↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The basis for using the Internet to support the information needs of primary care.

Synthesizing the state of the art from the published literature, this review assesses the basis for employing the Internet to support the information needs of primary care. The authors survey what has been published about the information needs of clinical practice, including primary care, and discuss currently available information resources potentially relevant to primary care. Potential methods of linking information needs with appropriate information resources are described in the context of previous classifications of clinical information needs. Also described is the role that existing terminology mapping systems, such as the National Library of Medicine's Unified Medical Language System, may play in representing and linking information needs to answers.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2001

[Health care between art and science--experience and problems of professional jargon in nursing and health care].

As health care increasingly focuses its emphasis on the standards of science (objectivization, formulation, standardization and quantification of practical knowledge specific to this profession), the question, whether essential parts of professional experience are adequately included in this process or are rather an implicit part of it, has to be brought up. This article compares the structures of rational propositional knowledge (being the dominant approach within the medical conception of the world) with practical knowledge of health care on an epistemological level. It is further suggested to look for linguistic access to practical knowledge within health care not only via a rational technical terminology--which does not include essential parts of this knowledge--, but also via an aesthetically structured language. Literary texts as to their aesthetic use of language, on the other hand, offer a way to reflect and impart tacit knowledge as well as the opportunity to reflect ethically on beliefs, which are--mostly unconsciously--the driving force behind medical and nursing action.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The subject's propriety, space, and place].

This article deals with the "scenery", "horizons", and perspectives constituting the subject's place and situation from the psychoanalyst's limited perspective. Moving away from the body and its "embodiments" and places, many of which are institutionalized, including language itself, we look into such matters as velocity and other "conjectures" associated with technique. In addition, we also consider the body and nature as a whole as sites of action and presentations, which in several scenes lead to representations of the world in view of the peculiarities in the subject's experiences. All virtualities, together with the "disembodiment of physical presence", add one more variable to our thoughts. Recent endeavors like the feminist and homeless movements have shed new light on our understanding of the desire to possess and govern a territory. Art (and here drama plays an essential role) seems to be the perfect system towards which perceptions and syntheses are directed in search of new concepts and directions for understanding (which, in turn, has recently undergone an unprecedented crisis). Still, we should point out that the latter issue, not dealt with in this article, will be discussed at a suitable opportunity.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

[125th anniversary of the Serbian Medical Society].

Serbian Medical Society was founded on April 22, 1872. Foundation initiators were physicians of the following nationalities: 5 Serbs, 3 Czechs, 2 Poles, 3 Germans, 1 Slovak and 1 Greek. Josip Pancić was one of its founders as well, and the first president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Dr. Aćim Medović was elected its first President at the Inaugural Assembly, and Dr. Vladan Dordević its Secretary. Later, on October 17, 1874 Constitution of the Serbian Medical Society was passed and its was acknowledged by the Serbian Interior Minister. The first professional meeting was held on August 5, 1872, when they started the first medical journal named "Serbian Archives for All Physicians" ("Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo") that is being published regularly even today. At the proposal of SLD a Law on Medical Protection was passed (1881). This Law was translated into two European languages, German and French, and sent to be reconsidered by 400 towns throughout Europe. This Law included, beside the other things, the following: "...penny intended for health cannot be spent either by King, or by the Government or by any political party because it is intended for the health, tratement of the sick and doctors' salaries..." The first Congress of the Serbian physicians and scientists devoted to natural sciences was held in Belgrade from 5th to 7th of September, 1904, and it gahtered about 433 participants, among which over hundred were from abroad. In 1907 SLD organized in Belgrade "The First Scientific Conference of Yugoslav Doctors for Operating Surgery". Red Cross in Serbia was founded upon the initiative of SLD. The first initiative to establish the School of Medicine in Belgrade was given by SLD as well. Members of SLD proved their loyalty and devotion to their people, democracy and liberty during liberation wars in XIX and XX century by putting themselves in service of the sich and wrecked. Today, SLD realizes its professional activity through the work of 76 specialized sections, over 100 branches throughout the Republic of Serbia and the Medical Academy of SLD. Specialized sections publish 11 specialized medical journals. We want to emphasize that the Serbian Medical Society has remained, since its foundation, a non-governmental and apolitical organization.

History, 19th Century↗
PubMed2000

The new architectonics: an invitation to structural biology.

The philosophy of art might offer an epistemological basis for talking about the complexity of biological molecules in a meaningful way. The analysis of artistic compositions requires the resolution of intrinsic tensions between disparate sensory categories-color, line and form-not unlike those encountered in looking at the surfaces of protein molecules, where charge, polarity, hydrophobicity, and shape compete for our attentions. Complex living systems exhibit behaviors such as contraction waves moving along muscle fibers, or shivers passing through the growth cones of migrating neurons, that are easy to describe with common words, but difficult to explain in terms of the language of chemistry. The problem follows from a lack of everyday experience with processes that move towards equilibrium by switching between crystalline order and chain-like disorder, a commonplace occurrence in the submicroscopic world of proteins. Since most of what is understood about protein function comes from studies of isolated macromolecules in solution, a serious gap exists between what we know and what we would like to know about organized biological systems. Closing this gap can be achieved by recognizing that protein molecules reside in gradients of Gibbs free energy, where local forces and movements can be large compared with Brownian motion. Architectonics, a term borrowed from the philosophical literature, symbolizes the eventual union of the structure of theories-how our minds construct the world-with the theory of structures-or how stability is maintained in the chaotic world of microsystems.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed1986

Schizophrenia as a semiotic disorder.

Lanin-Kettering and Harrow (1985) argue the traditional position that schizophrenia is a thought disorder. Chaika and Lambe (1985) counter that it is a speech disorder at the syntactic-discursive level, and not a thought disorder. On the basis of state-of-the-art research in linguistics, it is suggested that the symptoms of schizophrenia are evidence of neither a thought disorder nor a syntactic-discursive disorder but a semiotic disorder. Semiotic structures have the form of saying something about something to someone and involve speech act, reference, pragmatics, and interpretation. Therefore, it appears that schizophrenic disorder is located in this structure.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

Poetry as an aesthetic expression for nursing: a review.

OBJECTIVE: To provide the reader with a basic understanding of the elements of poetry and to review poetry's contribution to nursing. The review will examine the poetry written by nurses, poetry's effect on the profession, and its use in education, patient care, and research. DATA SOURCES: Classic and current sources of poetry, which enhance the understanding of poetry and how poetry has changed over time are reviewed. The review of nursing literature was conducted in works published in the English language using the keywords: poetry, nursing, and aesthetics. The initial search included all nursing literature with the above keywords from 1960 to 2001. Articles from relevant journals and textbooks, which could contribute to the understanding of the use of poetry in the field of nursing, were included. CONCLUSION: The use of poetry in the nursing profession provides us with the opportunity to gain new meaning and understanding about the profession and the clientele served. Poetry is a rich textual medium that can assist in illuminating nursing's core belief about the uniqueness of the nurse-patient relationship, and enhance the 'art' of nursing and 'ways of knowing'.

Education, Nursing↗
PubMed2025

Accurate detection of tandem repeats exposes ubiquitous reuse of biological sequences.

Tandem repetition is one of the major processes underlying genome evolution and phenotypic diversification. While newly formed tandem repeats are often easy to identify, it is more challenging to detect repeat copies as they diverge over evolutionary timescales. Existing programs for finding tandem repeats return markedly different results, and it is unclear which predictions are more correct and how much room remains for improvement. Here, we introduce DetectRepeats, a new method that uses empirical information about structural repeats to improve the accuracy of repeat detection. We show that DetectRepeats advances the state-of-the-art by finding highly divergent repeats with relatively few false positive detections. We apply DetectRepeats to genomes across the tree of life to discover an enrichment of detectable tandem repeats within different genes, genome regions, and taxa. Furthermore, we use phylogenetic reconciliation to determine that some tandem repeats continue to evolve through intra-repeat unit replacement. In this manner, tandem repeats serve as a renewable genetic resource offering a bountiful source of alternative genetic material. Our work unlocks the confident detection of ancient tandem repeats, opening a doorway to future discoveries. DetectRepeats is part of the DECIPHER package for the R programming language and available via Bioconductor.

Tandem Repeat Sequences↗
PubMed2005

Bio-medical entity extraction using support vector machines.

OBJECTIVE: Support vector machines (SVMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in several classification tasks. In this article we apply them to the identification and semantic annotation of scientific and technical terminology in the domain of molecular biology. This illustrates the extensibility of the traditional named entity task to special domains with large-scale terminologies such as those in medicine and related disciplines. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The foundation for the model is a sample of text annotated by a domain expert according to an ontology of concepts, properties and relations. The model then learns to annotate unseen terms in new texts and contexts. The results can be used for a variety of intelligent language processing applications. We illustrate SVMs capabilities using a sample of 100 journal abstracts texts taken from the {human, blood cell, transcription factor} domain of MEDLINE. RESULTS: Approximately 3400 terms are annotated and the model performs at about 74% F-score on cross-validation tests. A detailed analysis based on empirical evidence shows the contribution of various feature sets to performance. CONCLUSION: Our experiments indicate a relationship between feature window size and the amount of training data and that a combination of surface words, orthographic features and head noun features achieve the best performance among the feature sets tested.

Algorithms↗