SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “LEGISLATION”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Why current UK legislation on embryo research is immoral. How the argument from lack of qualities and the argument from potentiality have been applied and why they should be rejected.

On 22 January 2001, the UK became the first country to approve of embryonic stem cell research by passing the Human Fertilisation (Research Purposes) Regulations 2001, which legislated new research purposes for which early embryos can be used, in addition to those approved by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. Legal advisory committees, most notably the Chief Medical Officer's Expert Group and the House of Lords' Select Committee, have offered various reasons, which can also be found in the ethics literature, to justify this change. Those examined here are the views that: 1. Early embryos lack relevant qualities (or 'the argument from lack of qualities') and 2. Early embryos only have a potentiality to become humans with moral status (or 'the argument from potentiality'). The validity of these arguments is questioned and a case is made for egalitarian speciesism. Embryos have moral status (used here in the restricted sense of the status possessed by all members of the class of beings which deserve the greatest moral significance in equal measure). They have more value than the value that should be assigned to non-human beings from the start of fertilisation. Current UK legislation on embryo research is immoral.

Advisory Committees↗

PubMed1975

Legislation on prevention of occupational dermatoses.

Legislation is one way to eliminate sensitizers and irritants. Purity requirements, declaration and labelling, industrial health codes and pre-employment occupational aptitude examinations are useful in combating occupational and contact dermatitis by drugs and products of daily use. Chromium compounds, turpentine, balsam of Peru, benzocaine and other can be eliminated by administration and legislation.

Balsams↗

PubMed2002

Attitudes of suburban Western Australians to proposed cat control legislation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of cat-owners and non-owners in suburban Perth, Western Australia, on issues relating to proposed local government regulation of cat-ownership. DESIGN: The 1,261 respondents to a mailed survey were ranked on issues regarding restrictions on cat-ownership and cat roaming (control scale), attitudes to wildlife in suburbia and putative impacts of cats on wildlife (wildlife scale), knowledge of cat behaviour and husbandry (knowledge scale) and attitudes and practices regarding cat sterilisation (sterilisation scale). Age, gender and cat-ownership status of the survey respondents were explored to see if any of these factors influenced the position of respondents on the scales. RESULTS: Cat-owners, particularly female owners, scored significantly higher on the knowledge scale than non-owners, whilst non-owners scored significantly higher than cat-owners on the control and wildlife scales. Women were more likely to favour compulsory sterilisation of pet cats than men, but men were more willing to implement controls on cat-ownership. Age was also a significant factor, with older people more willing to implement controls. Analysis of specific questions showed that both cat-owners and non-owners agreed that there was a need for cat control legislation and supported measures such as compulsory sterilisation, registering of cats, restricting cats' ability to roam and stipulating a maximum number of cats per property. Nevertheless, both groups rejected the idea that local governments should enforce cat-free zones. CONCLUSION: Cat legislation that avoids or educates about the contentious issue of cat-free zones should receive solid community support.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Legislation for smoking control in Western Australia.

This historical analysis of public issues relating to smoking control in Western Australia examines relevant Western Australian state and Australian federal laws, their introduction, and their consequences. Public and political support and opinion led by the health professions resulted in two attempts to legislate against all forms of cigarette advertising in 1982 and 1983. Both attempts failed, and public support for such measures has been seen to be affected by the campaigns mounted in opposition by the tobacco and advertising industries. Other smoking control measures which have been successfully introduced in 1983 and 1984 are higher tobacco taxes and a comprehensive coordinated public education and information programme. The activities associated with the legislative initiatives resulted in a greatly increased level of community awareness of the dangers of smoking and acceptance of the need for some action on this major health problem.

Advertising↗

PubMed1989

The benefit of seat belt legislation in the United Kingdom.

Legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts by car drivers and front seat passengers has been acclaimed as a major public health advance. Reports from other countries, and two recent evaluative studies in the United Kingdom, have suggested that legislation reduces both deaths and injuries. To assess the effect of the UK law 5 years after its implementation, trends in routine data for 1976-1987 have been reviewed. There were two sources of data: mortality statistics, published by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in the quarterly Monitor DH4, and road accident statistics, recorded by the police and published by the Department of Transport. There is a downward trend in deaths over the period, but the data show little impact from the law. One explanation for this lack of effect is the risk compensation hypothesis, which suggests that "safety" improvements are transferred by drivers into increased performance--the amount and speed of travel. Public health policies need to take into account the complex behavioural interactions between travel and safety choices if they are to affect underlying trends.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMed1990

Guns and suicide: possible effects of some specific legislation.

The authors describe suicide rates in Toronto and Ontario and methods used for suicide in Toronto for 5 years before and after enactment of Canadian gun control legislation in 1978. They also present data from San Diego, Calif., where state laws attempt to limit access to guns by certain psychiatric patients. Both sets of data indicate that gun control legislation may have led to decreased use of guns by suicidal men, but the difference was apparently offset by an increase in suicide by leaping. In the case of men using guns for suicide, these data support a hypothesis of substitution of suicide method.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Consumer attitudes toward health policy and knowledge about health legislation.

Consumer attitudes toward key issues affecting health policy decisions in the local community have been ignored both by local health policy makers and by medical sociologists. The authors report an empirical analysis of: (1) consumer attitudes towards federal intervention in health care; (2) consumer perceptions of the free market philosophy of health providers; (3) consumer perceptions of their involvement in health policy making; (4) consumer confidence in present systems of health services delivery; and (5) consumer awareness of recent major health legislation. It was found that consumers are poorly informed about recent health care legislation. The authors compared the attitudes of consumers with those held by local hospital board members toward health policy issues. The differences for all comparisons were statistically significant. The authors argue that hospital board members attribute problems in health services delivery to demand dysfunctions while consumers perceive the problems to be a result of supply dysfunctions. Thus, failure to include consumers on health policy boards guarantees the absence of a solution-oriented dialogue and promotes the continuing predominance of a provider-biased ideology.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1995

[Legislation related to mental health: a review of various international experiences].

The main areas dealt with by current mental health legislation, worldwide, are reviewed. These areas concern mainly: (i) rights of the mentally ill (right to care and human rights), (ii) quality of care, (iii) the use of administrative and budget control measures, and (iv) consumer participation and involvement in the organization and management of mental health care services. The evolution of international legislation (particularly United Nations Declarations, Covenants and Resolutions) relative to people with mental disorders are described on the basis of up-to-date examples of legal models from different jurisdictions throughout the world. The main current trends are identified and alternatives are advanced for the respect of the human rights of these people and for the improvement of their care. The basis for these proposed alternatives is to be found in the recently approved United Nations General Assembly Resolution on "The protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement and the improvement of mental health care". This Resolution is described and discussed in some detail.

Community Participation↗

PubMed2001

Legislative requirements for the identification and traceability of farm animals within the European Union.

European Community (EC) legislation requires identification and registration of bovine, ovine, caprine and porcine animals. For intra-Community trade, bovine animals must be accompanied by a passport and the required health certificate, and identified by a tag on each ear. The principles of active identification of bovine animals (by ear tags) and of ovine, caprine and porcine animals (by ear tags or tattoos) are harmonised within the EC. International passports are issued and recognised only for registered Equidae. The life-number was introduced as an instrument to allow uninterrupted identification of Equidae using passports. The principles of issuing and recording such numbers have been outlined by the affected industries, but require official approval. Active identification of Equidae using electronic devices is not regulated by EC legislation, but research in livestock is underway.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1987

The role of public opinion polling in health legislation.

Two public opinion polls, in Los Angeles and Michigan, on smoking in public places contradicted findings from other major surveys. Both were commissioned by the tobacco interests during consideration of non-smoking legislation to measure opinion and influence the outcome. Analysis reveals the two polls to be remarkably similar and in violation of basic principles of survey research. Response categories lacked objective or parallel phrasing, response lists were not rotated, and the ordering of items appeared prejudicial. Both polls were effectively countered and the legislation passed.

California↗

PubMed1984

Symbolic solutions for deadly dilemmas: an analysis of federal coal mine health and safety legislation.

Numerous studies of coal mine laws have argued that the passage of all significant health and safety legislation can be attributed to a succession of catastrophic disasters which heightened awareness and propelled lawmakers into action. This paper takes issue with this "disaster-law" argument because it obscures the intricacies of law creation by focusing on a single factor. More accurately, mining disasters represent one dimension of a process aimed at resolving conflicts occurring within a specific social context. Historically, legislation has been utilized to avert economic crises by addressing the demands of protesting miners. Unfortunately, while the "written law" assured improvements, the "law in action" did not meet these guarantees and the deaths in the mines continued. A case study of the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 demonstrates how a law with apparently progressive standards can fail to effect change because of its dualistic nature and incomplete implementation.

Coal Mining↗

PubMed1980

Bottle-feeding legislation in Papua New Guinea.

Research in Papua New Guinea and elsewhere in the developing world has indicted the dangers of bottle feeding infants. Following a failure to obtain the voluntary agreement of shopkeepers to restrict sales of infant-feeding bottles and teats, legislation was passed which placed these items on prescription. In order to obtain a prescription certain conditions have to be satisfied. A follow-up survey which was carried out in Port Moresby two years after the introduction of legislation indicated a significant decline in the extent of bottle feeding.

Advertising↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A conceptual framework for the roles of legislation and education in reducing exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

More and more legislation regulating smoking in public places is being enacted. A conceptual model is proposed incorporating a large number of factors that may affect smokers' compliance with resulting restrictions. The model stems from findings in our own research and from a consideration of the literature. It includes individual variables such as personality characteristics and attitudes, as well as population variables such as social norms and political and economic factors. Education about the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke and attitudes toward legislative measures regulating smoking, in the context of a supportive environment, are postulated to directly affect personal compliance with regulations. Some directions for future research and implications for public policy are presented.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1979

Vechile-occupant fatalities after legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts in Australia: different trends between the sexes.

The protective value of legislation for compulsory wearing of seat belts has been supported by Australian and overseas experience. An evaluation of changes during the period from 1957 to 1977 in the incidence of road crash fatalities for male and female vehicle occupants in Victoria and the rest of Australia (that is, in Australia minus Victoria) is presented. Reduction in the number of fatalities and the fatality rate in the number of fatalities per 10,000 vehicles) for vehicle occupants has resulted largely from statistically significant decreases for male drivers and adult passengers, especially females. However, the fatality rates have remained within the 95% confidence limits of expected post-legislation values for female drivers in Victoria and the rest of Australia, and for male adult passengers in the rest of Australia. There has been virtually no reduction in road crash fatalities for passengers less than 17 years of age. Hypotheses are advanced to explain these findings and further countermeasures are suggested.

Accidents, Traffic↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Non-prescription medicines: prescribing legislation.

This article discusses developments in prescribing legislation in relation to non-prescription medicines. The three supply categories are outlined: prescription only, general sale list, and pharmacy medicines. Changes in legislation towards increased availability of medicines that do not require prescription are covered and the implications for at-risk groups are discussed. A table of minor ailments and their principal treatments is provided.

Complementary Therapies↗

PubMed1997

States reject 'body part' legislation.

Early indications suggest that state legislatures across the country are rejecting "body part by body part" legislation that would have imposed restrictions on the clinical care for individual patients. Particularly unsuccessful have been bills mandating minimum lengths of stay for certain patients with certain procedures and bills allowing patients direct access to specialists. In light of the patchwork quilt of health care legislation at the state level, one consumer advocacy group is now pushing for broader-based federal mandates.

Community Participation↗

PubMed1996

The European legislation on medical devices.

The protection of health and safety of patients and users, is the main objective of the comprehensive, harmonised legislation created in the EU, in the area of medical devices. In this paper, a brief description of the legislative programme is presented,-giving details on the three medical device directives, as well as their transposition. A detailed analysis of the directives context follows, with the steps and actions that all involved parties have followed or need to follow to ensure their uniform application.

Equipment Safety↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Alternative imporisonment measures in the penal legislation of the Socialist Republic of Poland].

On April 19th, 1969 the People's Poland Parliament adopted a new penal legislation consisting of a Penal Code, a Code of Criminal Procedure and an executory Penal Code, which all came into force January 1st, 1970. The distinctive peculiarity of the above mentioned Codes, as the Authors have pointed out, is that they conform to the recent political, social and economic democratization of Poland and to the structure and dynamics of delinquency in this country. In examining the measures concerning educational rehabilitation provided for by the penal law in question, the Authors have started discussing questions like restriction on personal freedom, conditional suspension of criminal procedings, supervision of the convict who has been given the benefice of conditional suspension of the execution of sentence or of conditional release and supervision of the recidivist as well as points related to warranty and postjail care. Though these measures show some similarity to those provided for by bourgeois penal legislations, they result from a quite anthithetic ideology according to which punishment has to perform a double function of defence of working-class achievements as well as of an effective rehabilitation of the convict. A detailed analysis of the theoretical premises and of the actual carrying out of these measures shows, the Authors say, that though they represent only a further stage in the development of socio-juridical progress, they are put in conformity with the criminal policy's trends and the politico-ideological contents of a socialist government. They testify therefore an actual effort to make social rehabilitation of the convict possible in that they prevent the exertion of all negative psycho-pathogenic influences of jail environment on the convict, especially in case of slight crimes. The ultimate importance of these measures is that they can be considered an articulate attempt to promote actual social rehabilitation of the convict and therefore they are a real contribution in the resolution of delinquency which is viewed in Poland, where a process of socio-political trnasformation has been recently taking place, as part of the heritage from the past bourgeois government.

Crime↗