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PubMed1987

Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from insectivores. III. Seven new species in shrews (Soricidae: Soricinae) from Canada, Japan, and the United States.

Since May 1979, 458 shrews (Blarina sp. and Sorex spp.) representing 20 species collected in Canada, Japan, and the United States were examined for coccidia; 110 (24%) had oocysts in their feces, including 8 of 21 (38%) B. brevicauda from Massachusetts, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Vermont; 2 of 7 (29%) S. caecutiens from Hokkaido and Honshu; 14 of 63 (22%) S. cinereus from Colorado, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Manitoba, and Ontario; 3 of 7 (43%) S. fontinalis from Pennsylvania; 11 of 16 (69%) S. fumeus from Massachusetts, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Ontario; 1 of 4 (25%) S. haydeni from Minnesota; 6 of 8 (75%) S. longirostris from Florida and Virginia; 1 of 2 (50%) S. ornatus from California; 5 of 12 (42%) S. pacificus from California and Oregon; 13 of 41 (32%) S. palustris from California, Colorado, and New Mexico; 1 of 2 (50%) S. tenellus from California; 11 of 105 (10%) S. trowbridgii from California, Oregon, and Washington; 10 of 48 (21%) S. unguiculatus from Hokkaido; and 24 of 112 (21%) S. vagrans from Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, and Washington. The following coccidians were identified from infected shrews: Eimeria brevicauda n. sp. from B. brevicauda; Eimeria fumeus n. sp. from S. fumeus, S. pacificus, S. unguiculatus, and S. vagrans; Eimeria inyoni n. sp. from S. tenellus; Eimeria palustris n. sp. from S. cinereus, S. fontinalis, S. fumeus, S. haydeni, S. longirostris, S. ornatus, S. pacificus, S. palustris, S. tenellus, S. trowbridgii, and S. vagrans; Eimeria vagrantis n. sp. from S. fumeus, S. trowbridgii, and S. vagrans; Isospora brevicauda n. sp. from B. brevicauda; and Isospora palustris n. sp. from S. pacificus, S. palustris, S. trowbridgii, S. unguiculatus, and S. vagrans. The world literature on coccidian parasites of shrews (16 eimerians and 3 isosporans exclusive of the 7 new species described here) is reviewed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Acute human isosporiasis in Thailand: a case report.

A case of acute human isosporiasis in Thailand was reported. A 57-year-old man developed diarrhoea after prednisolone administration for the management of nephrotic syndrome. Stool examination revealed numerous Isospora oocysts. On the basis of parasite morphology and sporulation time, it was identified as Isospora belli Wenyon, 1923. The patient recovered for the diarrhoea without specific treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Coccidian parasites (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of Microtus spp. (Rodentia: Arvicolidae) from the United States, Mexico, and Japan, with descriptions of five new species.

Beginning in July 1980, 149 voles (Microtus spp.) representing 9 species and 14 subspecies collected in Japan, Mexico and the United States were examined for coccidia; 67 (45%) had oocysts in their feces. These included 1 of 3 (33%) M. californicus sactidiegi; 0 of 1 M. longicaudus longicaudus; 0 of 1 M. l. macrurus; 48 of 111 (43%) M. mexicanus including 11 of 26 (42%) M. m. fulviventer, 1 of 2 (50%) M. m. fundatus, 13 of 31 (42%) M. m. mexicanus, 1 of 4 (25%) M. m. mogollonensis and 22 of 48 (46%) M. m. subsimus; 5 of 8 (63%) M. montanus arizonensis; 6 of 6 M. montebelli montebelli; 2 of 4 (50%) M. oregoni oregoni; 5 of 13 (38%) M. pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus; 0 of 1 M. quasiater and 0 of 1 M. townsendii townsendii. The following coccidians were identified from infected voles: Eimeria saxei n. sp. (syn. E. wenrichi "B") from M. c. sactidiegi; E. ochrogasteri, E. saxei, E. wenrichi (syn. E. wenrichi "A"), and Eimeria sp. from M. m. fulviventer, Eimeria sp. from M. m. fundatus; E. ochrogasteri, E. saxei, Eimeria tolucadensis n. sp., E. wenrichi, and Eimeria sp. from M. m. mexicanus; E. wenrichi from M. m. mogollonensis; Eimeria coahuiliensis n. sp., E. saxei, Eimeria subsimi n. sp., E. wenrichi, Eimeria sp., and Isospora mexicanasubsimi n. sp. from M. m. subsimus; E. tamiasciuri and E. wenrichi from M. m. arizonensis; Eimeria spp. from M. m. montebelli; E. saxei and E. wenrichi from M. o. oregoni; and E. ochrogasteri and E. wenrichi from M. p. pennsylvanicus. Sporulated oocytsts of Eimeria coahuiliensis n. sp. were ellipsoid, 29.6 X 19.6 (27-34 X 18-22) micron with ovoid sporocysts 14.4 X 8.9 (13-18 X 8-10) microns. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria saxei n. sp. were subspheroid, 13.0 X 11.0 (11-14 X 10-12) micron with ovoid sporocysts 7.5 X 4.0 (6-9 X 4-5) micron. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria subsimi n. sp. were ovoid/subspheroid, 25.1 X 18.7 (22-28 X 17-21) micron with ellipsoid sporocysts 13.9 X 7.4 (13-15 X 6-8) micron. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tolucadensis n. sp. were subspheroid, 25.4 X 20.3 (23-26 X 19-23) micron with ellipsoid sporocysts 11.3 X 7.8 (10-13 X 7-9) micron. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora mexicanasubsimi n. sp. were subspheroid, 23.7 X 23.1 (21-26 X 21-26) micron with ovoid sporocysts 14.9 X 10.8 (12-16 X 10-12) micron.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Four new coccidia (Apicomplexia: Eimeriidae) from anoles (Lacertilia: Polychrotidae) in the Dominican Republic.

Fecal samples from 25 Anolis armouri, 2 Anolis bahorucoensis, 48 Anolis cybotes, and 21 Anolis olssoni (Lacertilia: Polychrotidae) from southern Hispaniola were examined for coccidian oocysts. Two eimerians and 2 isosporans are herein described as new species. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria schwartzi n. sp. from A. armouri are ellipsoidal, 22.7 (20.8-25.0) x 15.7 (14.6-17.7) microns, with spherical to subspherical sporocysts, 7.9 (6.2-9.4) x 7.4 (6.2-8.3) microns. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora reui n. sp. from A. bahorucoensis are spherical to subspherical, 18.2 (15.6-20.0) x 17.8 (15.6-19.8) microns, with ovoid sporocysts, 11.9 (10.4-12.7) x 8.5 (7.5-9.4) microns. Sporulated oocysts of Isospora hendersoni n. sp. from A. armouri and A. cybotes are spherical to subspherical, 23.2 (20.8-26.0) x 21.1 (18.4-23.9) microns, with ellipsoidal sporocysts, 14.7 (12.5-15.6) x 10.0 (9.2-11.4) microns. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria avilae n. sp. from A. olssoni are cylindrical, 29.3 (26.0-33.3) x 15.9 (13.5-18.9) microns, with ellipsoidal sporocysts 10.2 (9.4-11.4) x 6.8 (5.2-8.0) microns.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Human isosporiasis in an AIDS patient--report of first case in Malaysia.

An AIDS patient with multiple opportunistic infections (Candida, Pneumocystis carinii and Isospora belli) was identified at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur. The patient presented with profuse diarrhoea associated with lethargy, anorexia and weight loss. Routine stool examination showed Isospora belli oocysts. The infection responded to treatment with trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole but relapse occurred 8 weeks later. This represents the first documented case of isosporiasis to occur in an AIDS patient in Malaysia.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukaemia virus, Toxoplasma gondii, and intestinal parasitic infections in Taiwanese cats.

A population consisting of 70 breeder cats, 43 clinical cases, and 16 feral cats was examined for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). No oocysts of T. gondii were observed in 96 faecal samples; faecal samples were not available from the feral cats. Other intestinal parasites identified included Isospora felis (three cats), Isospora rivolta (five), Dipylidium canium (two), Toxocara cati (four), Toxascaris leonina (one), and Ancylostoma sp. (two). Using a kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on 117 sera including all the feral cats, nine had antibody to T. gondii antigen, three for antigens to FIV, and seven to the p27 antigen of FeLV. Of the nine cats with antibody to T. gondii, only one was also infected with FIV.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

An epidemiological study of gastrointestinal parasites of dogs from Southern Greater Buenos Aires (Argentina): age, gender, breed, mixed infections, and seasonal and spatial patterns.

A total of 2193 fecal samples from owned dogs were collected during the 2003-2004 period in Southern Greater Buenos Aires, and were evaluated for the presence of intestinal parasites by a flotation-centrifugation method. The overall prevalence was 52.4%, and the 11 species found were: Ancylostoma caninum (13%), Isospora ohioensis complex (12%), Toxocara canis (11%), Trichuris vulpis (10%), Sarcocystis sp. (10%), Giardia duodenalis (9%), Isospora canis (3%), Hammondia-Neospora complex (3%), Dipilydium caninum (18 cases), Cryptosporidium sp. (5 cases), and Toxascaris leonina (1 case). There was no significant difference in the overall prevalence between genders (female = 50.4%, male = 54.6%), and breeds (pure = 52.3%, mixed = 53%), but prevalence in puppies (<1 year) was higher than in adult dogs (62.7% versus 40.8%, respectively). Only the prevalence of A. caninum differed between genders, with higher values for males. The prevalences of six of the parasite species showed a decreasing trend with increasing host age, and an inverse pattern was found for two other species. The prevalences of three protozoa were significantly higher in pure-breed dogs, and those of two nematodes were significantly higher in mixed-breed dogs. The prevalences of T. canis, A. caninum, and T. vulpis were spatially heterogeneous with a clear Southwest-Northeast gradient. Only prevalences of Sarcocystis sp. and G. duodenalis showed seasonal variation. The frequency distribution of the number of species per fecal sample did not differ from a random distribution. Results obtained throughout the world were discussed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Estimation of canine intestinal parasites in Córdoba (Spain) and their risk to public health.

The prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs was studied in the province of Córdoba (southern Spain), with special attention to those parasites that can be transmitted to man. The experiment was completed with the examination of soil samples from public parks and city gardens. The study was carried out over a population of 1800 animals entered in the Control Animal Centre (CECA) by coprological methods, and within this group, 300 dogs were sacrificed and necropsied. The prevalence of any intestinal parasitic infection was 71.33%. The following parasites of the gastrointestinal tract were recorded: Isospora canis (22%), Isospora (Cystoisospora) spp. (10.22%), Sarcocystis (2.5%), Hammondia/Neospora (1.94%), Giardia canis (1%), Dipylidium caninum (13.2%), Taenia hydatigena (7.66%), Taenia pisiformis (4%), Uncinaria stenocephala (33.27%), Toxascaris leonina (14.94%), Toxocara canis (17.72%) and Trichuris vulpis (1.66%). Related to public health, it is important to point out the presence of T. canis only in puppies younger than one year and Uncinaria, more frequent in adult dogs. Soil samples of parks revealed the presence of eggs of Toxocara, and it suggests the existence of real risk for human infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Intestinal protozoa infections.

This article reviews important intestinal protozoal infections in cats. Among intestinal protozoa, Giardia and coccidia are the most important infections. Giardiasis is a common problem in catteries, especially where young kittens run free on the floor. Overcrowding and high humidity favour the survival and transmission of Giardia. Diagnosis is made by fecal examination by direct or concentration methods. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treating giardiasis. Among the coccidial parasites, Isospora felis and Cryptosporidium sp. are the common infections. Virtually all cats become infected with Isospora felis. The pathogenicity of I. felis is controversial. Cryptosporidium parvum infection is a zoonosis. Cryptosporidium is transmitted by direct fecal-oral cycle. Cryptosporidial infections appear to be clinical in immunosuppressed cats. No drug has been found satisfactory for treatment of cryptosporidiosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and to investigate the possible associations of clinical status and laboratory findings with the different parasites found in stool samples. METHODS: Each patient was provided with one standard fecal collection vial containing 10% formalin for detecting ova, larvae, and cysts. To detect Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli, the acid-fast Kinyoun stain and fluorescent auramine-rhodamine stain were used. RESULTS: A total of 200 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome participated in this study; 40% were infected with at least one pathogenic species. The total prevalence of parasites was 16% for Giardia lamblia, 13% for Entamoeba coli, 7% for Cryptosporidium parvum, 3.5% for Endolimax nana, 2.5% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 2.5% for Strongyloides stercoralis, 2% for Isospora belli, and 0.5% for Blastocystis hominis. Results showed that diarrhea was significantly associated with cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and isosporiasis. However, no association was observed between the CD4+ cell counts and the manifestation of any particular parasite. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the value of standard fecal examinations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, even in the absence of diarrhea, since these examinations easily can be performed, with low costs, and frequently disclose treatable conditions.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1981

Protozoan and viral infections of feral cats.

Identification of protozoan oocysts and serological tests were used to determine the prevalence of infections among 300 mainly adult feral cats in three different habitat types in south-eastern Australia. Oocysts of Isospora rivolta and Isospora felis were recovered from 3% and 4% respectively of 300 feral cat samples. Haemagglutination inhibition antibody to Toxoplasma gondii was detected in 20% of 75 cat sera tested. A high prevalence of specific antibody to feline panleukopaenia virus (79%) and feline calici virus (77%) was demonstrated but the prevalence of antibody to feline herpes virus was low (11%). 15 strains of feline calici virus were isolated from pharyngeal swabs. There were no other virus isolations from the 60 pharyngeal and rectal swabs taken. These viral and protozoan infections could not be linked with any obvious pathological conditions. Most cats were in good condition with light to moderate fat stores in depot areas. Limb fractures and other skeletal abnormalities occurred infrequently. Major tooth damage or absence of important teeth was evident in about 20% of 164 animals examined. There was no correlation between major tooth damage and poor body condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Detection of intestinal parasites from main-land raccoon dogs, Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus, in southeastern Kanagawa Prefecture].

To obtain the basic data on the route of infection of intestinal parasites as zoonosis, we examined the feces from 87 main-land raccoon dogs, all of which were kept in the Yokohama Kanazawa Zoo (Kanagawa) between 1994-1996, for detection of intestinal parasites and evaluated the detection rates. Intestinal parasites were detected from 72 of the 87 raccoon dogs (82.8%). Among the parasites, Ancylostoma spp., Trichuris vulpis, Ascaridoidea and Isospora spp. were most commonly detected. Of the 72 raccoon dogs with parasites, 43 (59.7%) had mixed infection of more than two species of parasites. Since Ancylostoma spp., Ascaridoidea and Isospora spp., which are important causes of human diseases, were detected at relatively high rates, it was suggested that the raccoon dog could be a source of human infection of intestinal parasites.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Diarrhoea and malabsorption in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a study of four cases with special emphasis on opportunistic protozoan infestations.

Chronic diarrhoea is frequent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) but has been poorly investigated so far. We report four patients with AIDS in whom diarrhoea and malabsorption were outstanding features, and who underwent extensive digestive investigations. Diarrhoea was a presenting symptom in all subjects and was of secretory type in three of them. D-xylose and vitamin B12 were malabsorbed in all cases; steatorrhea was found in the two patients who could ingest significant amounts of fat. Faecal alpha 1-antitrypsin clearance was increased in all subjects. Search for digestive pathogens showed unusual protozoans in all patients: in case 1, optical and electron microscopy revealed the presence in the cytoplasm of villous enterocytes of Microsporidia protozoans still unreported in AIDS. Stool and jejunal fluid examination showed Isospora belli in case 2 and Cryptosporidium in cases 3 and 4. On histological and ultrastructural study the former was localised in the cytoplasm of a few enterocytes and the latter was scattered throughout the villus and crypt brush border. Otherwise small intestinal histology only showed minor non-specific changes and the enterocytes were ultrastructurally normal. In patient 3 the slow marker intestinal perfusion technique showed a profuse fluid secretion in the duodenum and proximal jejunum. All patients needed prolonged total parenteral nutrition. Cryptosporidium and Microsporidia could not be eradicated despite multiple drug trials. Isospora belli was transiently cured by pyrimethamine-sulphadiazine. Only patient 2 is presently at home, and patients 1, 3, and 4 died after two, six, and nine months of total parenteral nutrition, respectively.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

Persistent diarrhoea in Zairian AIDS patients: an endoscopic and histological study.

To determine the aetiology of persistent diarrhoea in African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 42 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and persistent diarrhoea were enrolled in a microbiological, endoscopic, and histological study. Cryptosporidium was the intestinal parasite most often identified (30%); Isospora belli was found in 12% of the patients. Histological examination of the duodenal mucosa showed a non-specific inflammatory reaction in a significantly higher number of HIV-seropositive patients (82%) than HIV-seronegative controls without diarrhoea (52%) (p = 0.02). Lymphocytes were more likely to be found in inflammatory reactions in HIV-seropositive patients than in controls (p less than 0.0001). Pathogens were observed in histological sections of the duodenum of HIV-seropositive patients only (p = 0.002) and included cryptosporidia (four patients) Isospora belli (one), Strongyloides stercoralis (one), and Cryptococcus neoformans (one). On histological examination the rectal mucosa of HIV-seropositive patients and controls was similar, except eosinophils were more likely to be present in inflammatory reaction in HIV-seropositive patients (p = 0.05) and enteric pathogens were observed only in HIV-seropositive patients (cytomegalovirus inclusion bodies (one) and Schistosoma mansoni (two). The aetiology of persistent diarrhoea in most African AIDS patients remains unclear.

Democratic Republic of the Congo↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The relevance of laboratory diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis and other coccidia.

Human infection by Cryptosporidium spp and other coccidia are due to opportunist non-host specific microorganisms. In HIV seropositive patients, the gastrointestinal symptoms accompanying such infections may be serious and prolonged and may include nausea, low-grade fever, abdominal cramps, anorexia and watery diarrhoea. We studied 188 stool samples from 111 patients (84 men and 27 women) with diarrhoea. A modified Ziehl-Nielsen technique for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp and Isospora belli was employed. The mean age of the patients was 31 years. Cryptosporidium spp was seen in 18% (n = 20) of the patients, 90% (n = 18) of whom were HIV seropositive. Isospora belli was recorded only from HIV seropositive patients (5.4% of all the patients studied and 6.5% of those who were HIV seropositive). These data confirm the good results obtained with this technique for the identification of Cryptosporidium spp and other coccidia and also reaffirm the clinical importance of correctly diagnosing the cause of diarrhoea, particularly in HIV seropositive patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Molecular phylogeny of the other tissue coccidia: Lankesterella and Caryospora.

Nearly complete sequences were obtained from the 18S rDNA genes of Eimeria falciformis (the type species of the genus), Caryospora bigenetica, and Lankesterella minima. Two clones of the rDNA gene from C. higenetica varied slightly in primary structure. Parsimony-based and maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions with a number of other apicomplexan taxa support 2 major clades within the Eucoccidiorida, i.e., the isosporoid coccidia (consisting of Toxoplasma, Neospora, Isospora [in part], and Sarcocystis spp.) and a second clade containing Lankesterella and Caryospora spp., as well as the eimeriid coccidia (Cyclospora, Isospora [in part], and Eimeria spp.). Our observations suggest that Caryospora spp. may not belong in the family Eimeriidae but rather may be allied with the family Lankesterellidae with which they share molecular and life history similarities. This may be a third lineage of coccidian parasites that has independently evolved a unique heteroxenous transmission strategy.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Identification of enteric pathogens in HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea in northern India.

Enteric pathogens associated with chronic diarrhoea in HIV-positive patients were studied. The study was conducted during January 1995-December 1998. Stool specimens from all diarrhoea patients (n = 26) were examined microscopically for ova and parasites using wet preparations and stained smears. Stool samples from diarrhoea patients were also cultured on appropriate media to isolate enteric bacterial pathogens. Of the 59 patients, 26 (44%) had prolonged diarrhoea for more than 4 weeks. Enteric pathogens were detected in 19 (73%) of the 26 patients: 17 patients harboured a single pathogen, and 2 patients had mixed pathogens. The detection rate of emerging parasites, including Isospora, Cryptosporidium, Blastocystis hominis, and Strongyloides stercoralis as a single agent, was significantly higher than conventional pathogens (50% vs 19.2%; p < 0.05). Only one patient harboured both conventional and emerging pathogens (Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium). Isospora belli was detected in 8 (31%) of the 26 diarrhoea patients: in 7 (27%) patients as a single agent and in one patient with S. stercoralis. Cryptosporidium was identified in 3 (11%) diarrhoea patients: in 2 (8%) patients as a single agent and in one patient with E. histolytica, followed by B. hominis in 2 (8%) patients. E. histolytica was most commonly isolated (3/26; 11.5%), followed by Giardia lamblia, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter jejuni (one patient each). Parasitic pathogens were frequently associated with HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea in northern India. I. belli was the most frequent parasite isolated, followed by Cryptosporidium. Stools of all HIV-positive patients with diarrhoea should thoroughly be investigated to identify aetiologic agents for proper management.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed2001

Protozoan enteric infection in AIDS related diarrhea in Thailand.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteric protozoa and other pathogens in AIDS patients with diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand. Of 288 consecutive patients screened in the 10 month period between November 1999-August 2000 inclusive, 55 (19.2%) had Cryptosporidium spp, 13 (4.5%) had Isospora oocyst, 11 (3.8%) had Giardia lamblia, 3 (0.9%) had Entamoeba histolytica, and 1 (0.3%) had Iodamoeba butschlii infection. The prevalence of microsporidia was 11% in this study. Of 251 patients for whom stool culture for bacteria was performed, enteric bacterial pathogens isolated were Campylobacter spp in 18 (7.1%), Salmonella spp in 11 (4.3%), and Shigella spp in 1 (0.5%). Other pathogens found in these patients were Clostridium difficile in 16/102 (15.6%). Mycobacterium spp in 18/287 (6.2%), and Strongyloides stercoralis in 23/288 (8.0%). Overall, parasitic and bacterial pathogens were identified in 140 (48.6%) patients. These pathogens were identified by the routine simple wet smear technique in 32, formalin-ether concentration method in 46, culture for S. stercoralis in 5, and culture for bacteria in 30. Additional test, using modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, identified cryptosporidial oocyst, isospora oocyst, and Mycobacterium spp in 72. The microsporidia, initially identified by modified trichrome blue staining, all were then determined to be Enterocytozoon bieneusi by thin sectioning electron microscopy. Protozoan and bacterial pathogens were confirmed to be important etiologic agents in diarrhea in AIDS in Thailand. They were all associated with increased mortality. Routine stool examination by simple wet smear detected only one-fourth of these pathogens. Therefore all diagnostic techniques for these organisms should be made more widely available in Thailand.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗