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PubMed2004

Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide induces dynamic migration of Gr-1high polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the murine abdominal cavity.

Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 100 microg) in mice resulted in the disappearance of almost all proteose peptone-induced polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) with high-level fluorescence for the cell surface marker Gr-1 (Gr-1(high)) at 15 min postinjection, followed by doubling of their proportion at 30 min postinjection. High staining levels of 3'-acetyl-2'-carboxyl-6',7'-(dihyropyran-2'-one)-5 or 6-carboxyfluorescein diacethoxylmethyl ester-labeled PMNs injected into the peritoneal cavity were detected in mesenteric lymph nodes 15 min postinjection of LPS. Therefore, the time of decrease of Gr-1(high) PMNs coincided with that of the increase in cell accumulation in mesenteric lymph nodes. Since milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 (MFG-E8), which is secreted by macrophages, bound many PMNs exhibiting Gr-1(high) and Gr-1(medium) at 30 min postinjection of LPS, the staining level of annexin V on those cells was very low because its binding site is the same as the receptor for MFG-E8. At 60 min postinjection of LPS, the proportion of Gr-1(high) PMNs decreased, and almost all Gr-1(medium) PMNs tended to shift to the right compared with those at 30 min postinjection. The geomeans of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression on PMNs at 15, 30, and 60 min postinjection of LPS were 63, 66, and 24%, respectively, compared with that on normal PMNs, indicating that the expression of TLR4 decreases in response to exposure to LPS. Our results suggest that LPS induced PMN death and that many PMNs expressing Gr-1(high) undergo apoptosis 180 min postinjection of LPS.

Abdominal Cavity↗
PubMed1990

Intraperitoneal injection induces prostaglandin-mediated protection from bile acid intestinal mucosal injury in rats in vivo.

The production of endogenous prostaglandins by the gastrointestinal mucosa can be induced by many processes. Whether the commonly used technique of intraperitoneal injection alone can also induce significant endogenous prostaglandin-mediated mucosal injury induced in vivo by perfusion for 45 min with 5 mM chenodeoxycholic acid. 10 control rats received 1 ml/kg of normal saline subcutaneously on abdomen tree hours before exposure to chenodeoxycholic acid. Another group of 10 rats received 1 ml/kg of saline intraperitoneally before injury. Mucosal injury was assessed histologically by measuring villus tip epithelial cell denudation by computerized quantitative morphology. Injury was assessed functionally by measuring water and mannitol absorption from the lumen. To examine the role of endogenous prostaglandins in this phenomenon, the above experiment was repeated with 10 and 12 rats respectively by replacing the saline with 10 mg/kg injections of indomethacin. Intraperitoneal injection of saline reduced the average denudation/villus caused by chenodeoxycholic acid: Subcutaneous = 100.8 microns +/- 14.7 (SEM). Intraperitoneal = 65.1 +/- 6.4 (p less than 0.5). Parallel reductions were noted in the increase in water secretion and mannitol absorption caused by chenodeoxycholic acid. All of these differences were reversed by exchanging indomethacin for saline. This study suggests there exists a mechanism by which the simple act of performing an intraperitoneal injection induces endogenous intestinal mucosal protection. That this protection is negated by pretreatment with indomethacin suggests it is prostaglandin mediated.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanism of the pressor response to intraperitoneal injection of bradykinin in guinea pigs.

Single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of bradykinin (BK) in anesthetized guinea pigs caused concentration-related pressor effects and slight, not significant tachycardia. Intravenous injections of BK in the same animal model evoked hypotension and a marked tachycardia. IP injection of des-Arg9-BK, a selective B1 receptor agonist, caused no changes of blood pressure or heart rate. The pressor response to IP BK was reduced by concomitant IP injection of lidocaine or of D-Arg[Hyp3,D-Phe7,Leu8]BK, a B2 receptor antagonist. It was also inhibited by acute animal pretreatment with sympatholytic drugs, by chronic animal exposure to capsaicin, or acute spinalization, but it was not affected by atropine, propranolol, indomethacin, [Leu8]des-Arg9-BK, a B1 receptor antagonist, or by acute cervical vagotomy. These results suggest that pressor responses to IP BK in anesthetized guinea pigs are reflex in nature, involving abdominal, capsaicin-sensitive, nonvagal visceral afferents, efferent components of the sympathetic nervous system and possibly supraspinal centers, and likely to be mediated by B2 receptors of kinins presumably located on abdominal visceral afferents.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Electronmicroscopic studies on the peritoneal resorption of intraperitoneally injected latex particles via the diaphragmatic lymphatics.

Intraperitoneally injected latex particles with a diameter of 1,1 mu are resorbed via the subperitoneal diaphragmatic lymphatics. The latex particles enter the lymphatics by stomata. These are formed by simultaneous intracellular gaps between neighbouring mesothelial and endothelial cells in the tissue barrier, between the lumen of the lymph vessels and the peritoneal cavity. A transcellular passage (cytopempsis) does not occur. Stomata occur where collagenous fibres and a submesothelial basement membrane are absent. Due to the complete absence of collagenous fibres in the area of the stomata particles smaller than the diameter of the stomata may be resorbed easily.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of intraperitoneal injection of topical thrombin on the coagulation and fibrinolysis of rabbits with experimental liver damages].

Topically applied thrombin was known to be effective in hemostasis of local bleeding, but complications of shock, anaphylaxis or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) have been reported recently in rare cases. In this experiment, the possibility of DIC was examined by intraperitoneal injection of topical thrombin (Parke-Davis) to rabbits with liver cirrhosis or acute liver damages induced by CCl4. No significant changes in the coagulation parameters were found in the groups of liver cirrhosis or the untreated control, but the injection of thrombin induced decreases of platelet count and fibrinogen and prolongation of prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time in the groups of acute liver damages, 24 or 48 hr after CCl4 injection. When the "junk" prepared from the topical thrombin was injected to the 48 hr-damage group, no change was noted in these parameters. It was concluded that DIC could be induced by the intraperitoneal injection of topical thrombin only in cases of acute liver damages, where the increased permeability of peritoneum was postulated. However, such an immediate or marked change in coagulation was not found in our experiment as encountered in the clinical cases, which suggested the involvement of the anaphylactic reaction to the topical application of thrombin in the development of DIC in these clinical cases.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1992

Clinical evaluation of radioimmunoimaging with 131I-C0C183B2 monoclonal antibody against ovarian carcinoma by intraperitoneal injection.

Forty-eight cases subjected to radioimmunoimaging (RII) by intraperitoneal injection with 131I-C0C183B2 monoclonal antibody (MAb) prepared in our laboratory were studied. Thirteen of 14 cases of proved primary ovarian carcinoma were positive. In 11 follow-up cases of ovarian carcinoma after initial surgery and chemotherapy, 5 recurrences were positive and 6 cases without recurrence were negative; all were confirmed histopathologically after a second operation. One false negative was ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma, which also negatively stained with C0C183B2 by the peroxidase anti-peroxidase method. Twenty of 23 cases of nonepithelial or metastatic carcinoma of the ovary, benign tumors, and benign diseases were negative. The sensitivity and specificity were 94.7 and 89.7%, respectively. If patients had complications with ascites, the MAb which positively stained with the cancer cells in the ascites was chosen for RII. For follow-up cases PAP staining with the tumor tissue from the initial surgery and the MAb should be done before RII. These are the principal factors that increase the positive rate and accuracy of RII. The intraperitoneal route seems to be a valuable method for clinical staging and tumor localization as well as for follow-up use.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Uptake of gentamicin in foetal and newborn rats after a single intraperitoneal injection.

The aim of the present investigation has been to examine 1) the placental passage and uptake of gentamicin in foetal rat tissues and 2) uptake and organ distribution of this drug in neonatal rats with special reference to the kidney. After a single intraperitoneal injection of tritium-labelled gentamicin to the mother, we found a rapid passage of radioactivity across the rat placenta, but no pronounced tendency to accumulation in the foetus. After administration of 10 micrograms or 100 mg gentamicin per kg body weight to pregnant rats at day 11 or 13, respectively, of gestation, the maximal concentrations of the drug recovered in individual foetuses were 0.05 and 300 ng per mg wet weight. Ten and 90 min. after administration the uptake of gentamicin in the kidney cortex of the mother was 25 and 118 fold higher, respectively, than the corresponding uptake in the foetal kidney after 19 days of gestation. After a single intraperitoneal injection, gentamicin uptake in the kidney cortex of neonatal rats resembled that seen in adult animals, with a rapid initial phase followed by a relatively stable plateau, although the maximal uptake was only about 10% as large in the neonates.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Effects of benzo(a)pyrene on the humoral immunity of mice exposed by single intraperitoneal injection].

Mice were exposed to benzo(a)pyrene at a dosage of 50, 100 and 200 micrograms/g by single intraperitoneal injection route. The control mice were given vehicle alone (olive oil). The mice were killed 5 days later. At above dosage, it was found the body weight, thymus and spleen weights, and the leukocyte count in peripheral blood were significantly reduced as compared to control. In the plaque forming cell (PFC) assay, it was also found the IgM antibody forming response to the thymus independent antigen (TNP-Ficoll) and the thymus dependent antigen (TNP-KLH) were inhibited about 57-94% and 58-80%, respectively, (P less than 0.05). The serum anti-TNP-Ficoll antibody titer was suppressed 46-98% and parallelled to the corresponding spleen PFC response. The results suggested the benzo(a)pyrene or its metabolites may directly affect the more matured B lymphocyte's function.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Dose-dependent testicular toxicity of propylene oxide in rats induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections.

The dose-dependent testicular toxicity of propylene oxide (PO) was evaluated in male Wistar rats when administered by intraperitoneal injections. In 23 mg/kg, 47 mg/kg, and 93 mg/kg groups, PO was given three days a week for six weeks, while PO was given three days a week for two weeks plus once a week after the third week in a 186 mg/kg group. In the 186 mg/kg group, the epididymal weight and sperm count in the body plus tail of the epididymis decreased, while the rate of sperm with morphological abnormalities increased significantly. The number of sperm with an immature head increased slightly, although significantly, even in the 47 mg/kg group and a dose-dependent effect could be seen. The serum testosterone concentration did not change significantly and there were no apparent histopathological changes in Leydig cells in any of the treatment groups. This is the first detailed study concerning the dose-dependent testicular toxicity of PO.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effect of intraperitoneal injection of mitomycin C adsorbed on activated carbon particles on induction of cytolytic peritoneal macrophages of mice.

The effects of the intraperitoneal injection of mitomycin C adsorbed onto activated carbon particles (MMC-CH) were assessed on the host immune status and the induction of cytolytic peritoneal macrophages (PM) in mice in comparison with an aqueous MMC solution (MMC-AQ). PM from inbred C57BL/6 mice and syngeneic B16 melanoma cells were used as the effector and target cells for the PM-mediated cytotoxicity assay. After a single injection of MMC-AQ (at the dose of 1/2 LD50), the weights of thymus and spleen and the 3H-thymidine uptake of spleen cells stimulated by concanavalin A were markedly decreased compared to those following injection of MMC-CH containing the same dose of MMC. A significant difference was found in the chronological changes of peritoneal exudate cell (PEC) numbers and PM cytolytic activity between the MMC-AQ- and MMC-CH-treated mice. One day after MMC-AQ injection, the PEC numbers were decreased markedly. However, they increased ten-fold after MMC-CH injection and the PM cytolytic activity was significantly higher after MMC-CH injection than after MMC-AQ injection during the first 3 days. The present results suggest the possible superiority of MMC-coated charcoal over free MMC both because of a lessening of the effects on host immunity due to prolonged slow drug release and because of the increase in cytolytic macrophages that was induced.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1994

[Induction of arthritis in the ankles of rat immunized by intraperitoneally-injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipid A].

The histological changes in the ankle joints were investigated in Sprague Dawley (SD) rat immunized through intraperitoneal injection of 10 micrograms or 100 micrograms of lipopolysaccharide(LPS; extracted from Escherichia coli), or Lipid A, for 10 or 15 weeks (short term) or for 30 weeks (long term). The serum anti-IgM rheumatoid factor-like substance (RFLS) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The macroscopic arthritic changes in the rat ankles, showing redness or swelling, were observed in 17 of 64 rats immunized by LPS and in 9 of 62 rats immunized by Lipid A. Rats immunized by 10 micrograms of LPS in the long term developed synovial lining cell hyperplasia in 12 of 28 ankles (12/28), lymphoid cell infiltration in 8/28, and pannus formation in 2/28. Rats immunized by 100 micrograms of Lipid A in the long term developed synovial lining cell hyperplasia in 8/18, lymphoid cell infiltration in 7/18, and pannus formation in 2/18. SD rats immunized by LPS or Lipid A developed a significantly higher incidence rate of hyperplasia in the synovial lining cells, than controls. In each case of immunization by LPS or Lipid A, the serum RFLS levels at sacrifice were significantly higher than before immunization (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that LPS and Lipid A played important roles as trigger substances causing arthritis with RFLS elevation in rats immunized with E. coli.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

No increase in blood-brain barrier permeability after intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin in the rat.

Reactions mediated by the brain are part of the response to intraperitoneal administration of endotoxin, a model of gram-negative bacterial infection. To test the hypothesis that a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) may contribute to these reactions, the integrity of the BBB was measured following lipopolysaccharide administration. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of 50 microg/kg or 2 mg/kg of endotoxin. Brain uptake of a macromolecular vascular marker, 3H-labelled rat serum albumin, and of a poorly permeable low molecular weight substance, [14C]sucrose, was then measured with the intravenous bolus injection method. Compared to controls, neither dose of endotoxin affected the BBB permeability for these tracers. This was true when brain uptake was measured 5 min or 2 h after lipopolysaccharide injection. It is concluded that intraperitoneal endotoxin even at a high dose does not acutely disrupt the BBB.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Plasma and brain pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its demethylated and hydroxylated metabolites after acute intraperitoneal injection in mice.

The fate of amitriptyline (AMI) and its demethylated and hydroxylated metabolites was studied in Swiss CD1 mice, after acute intraperitoneal injection of AMI (20 mg/kg). Levels of each compound were determined to establish pharmacokinetic parameters in plasma and brain. Absorption and elimination of AMI were rapid (tmax = 0.37 h and 0.42 h, and t1/2 = 3.2 h and 3.6 h in plasma and brain, respectively). In plasma, 10-OH-nortriptyline was the main metabolite (46% of AUC) and 10-OH-amitriptyline reached significant levels but only during the first hour. In brain, AMI (43% of total AUC), nortriptyline (NOR) (29%) and demethylnortriptyline (DM-NOR) (11%) were the most abundant compounds, possibly through high blood-brain barrier transfer and/or marked intracerebral demethylation. Brain OH-metabolite levels were much lower. Knowledge of kinetic parameters and metabolism of AMI can help in the evaluation of pharmacological activity.

Amitriptyline↗
PubMed1993

Distribution of glass fibers in the peritoneal cavity of the rat following administration by intraperitoneal injection.

The distribution of glass fibers in the peritoneal cavity of the rat was investigated at 2, 24, and 48 h following intraperitoneal injection of 1 mg of material using a radioactive tracer technique. At each time point the peritoneal cavities of the rats killed were lavaged with 20 ml of physiological saline to recover fibers not yet attached to tissue surfaces. At 2 h, 35% of the administered fiber could be recovered by lavage, but at 48 h this was reduced to 2%. At 48 h, the amount of fiber associated with the abdominal organs and the abdominal wall was roughly in proportion to their surface areas. The weight of fiber associated with the various tissues was in the following order: gastrointestinal tract > liver > carcass (abdominal wall) > diaphragm > urogenital tract > spleen > kidneys. Differential counts on cells recovered by lavage were made both on cytocentrifuge slides and by flow cytometry. Compared with controls, the numbers of cells recovered from treated rats at 24 and 48 h were increased by a factor of about 2, due mainly to an influx of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity. There was a marked reduction in the proportion of mast cells compared to controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Effects of p,p'-DDE on male reproductive organs in peripubertal Wistar rats following a single intraperitoneal injection.

The effects of p,p'-DDE on male reproductive organs were investigated in detail in peripubertal Wistar rats following a single intraperitoneal injection. 220 mg/kg of p,p'-DDE (1/4 of LD50) were injected once into prepubertal and postpubertal Wistar rats and its effects were observed until 20 weeks of age. Weights of the body and reproductive organs in p,p'-DDE-injected rats were similar to those in control rats, who were injected with corn oil only. Sperm profile parameters such as spermatid number within the testis, sperm number within the epididymis, sperm motility and its morphology were not different between the prepubertal or postpubertal p,p'-DDE-exposed group and the control group. Like-wise, the histopathological examination at stage VII of the seminiferous epithelium cycle, when the germ cells are sensitive to testosterone, was similar in all three groups during the observation period. Serum levels of testosterone also showed no significant changes by exposure to p,p'-DDE under the conditions of this study. From these results, the antiandrogenic or estrogenic activity attributed to p,p'-DDE was not confirmed in male reproductive organs and no impairment of sperm profile was observed. This study confirmed that the reproductive functions of matured animals are scarcely affected by p,p'-DDE exposure during the peripubertal period and revealed that they might be relatively resistant to exogenous endocrine-disrupting chemicals. p,p'-DDE may threaten the hormonal equilibrium required for normal gonadal development during the organogenesis period, at an earlier stage of life. Further studies are necessary to fully reveal all the effects of p,p'-DDE on male reproductive organs and sperm profile.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Lung changes resulting from intraperitoneal injections of porcine pancreatic elastase in suckling rats.

We administered 1 mg of purified porcine elastase per 100 g body weight intraperitoneally twice weekly to male rats during the first 4 wk of life. This altered the structure of the lungs so that the proportion of alveolar duct air (the "core" of air internal to the mouths of alveoli in alveolar ducts) increased and the proportion of alveolar air decreased. The alveolar surface-to-volume ratio was decreased, and the lungs had too few alveoli. The lungs were also hyperexpandable, containing more air and saline per gram of lung tissue. No biochemical alterations were noted in elastin or collagen content in elastase-treated animals. In a separate experiment, we showed that elastaselike activity appears in the blood 1 h after intraperitoneal injection of elastase and, although low, was still significantly raised 24 h after injection. We feel that elastase has interfered with lung growth and alveolar development by altering mainly the elastin in the collagen-elastin network. Intraperitoneal elastase injection at the time of active elastin synthesis and alveolar multiplication may be a suitable model to test the hypothesis that lungs injured in infancy may be more susceptible to damage in later life.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1978

[Proteasic polyseritis: effects of intraperitoneal injections of collagenase, alone or together with the administration of trypsin].

The authors showed previously that the effusions of the experimental polyseritis after intraperitoneal injections of trypsin and elastase, go from peritoneum to the pleural cavities and never from thorax to the peritoneum. The intraperitoneal injections of collagenase or of collagenase and trypsin can also cause polyseritis in the rat; but more often they provoke heavy hemorrhagic lesions of the wall of the abdomen and the diaphragm. Perforations of the diaphragm were observed in 8 rats of 32, with in 6, a intrathoracic hernia of the liver or the stomach. After the intrapleural injection of collagenase or of collagenase and trypsin, hemorrhagic lesions were seen in the thorax, but not in the abdomen. These facts are a new proof for the transdiaphragmatic propagation of the proteasic solutions injected in the peritoneum.

Abdominal Muscles↗
PubMed1989

Micronucleus test with cyclophosphamide administered by intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage.

The effect of route of administration on the micronucleus test was examined in 2 laboratories: cyclophosphamide (CYP) was administered by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) or oral gavage (p.o.) to 2 strains of mice. MS/Ae and CD-1. On the basis of a small-scale acute toxicity study and a pilot micronucleus experiment, the final micronucleus test was performed with a 48-h sampling time at doses of 25-200 mg/kg i.p. and 50-400 mg/kg p.o. CYP via the i.p. route was more toxic and induced more micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in MS/Ae mice than in CD-1 mice. Administration-route-related differences were not distinctly shown in the MS/Ae strain. In CD-1, however, higher doses were required for the p.o. route than for the i.p. route to induce about equal amounts of clastogenic damage.

Administration, Oral↗