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PubMed1996

Epidemiology in Japan and future problems.

A brief history of epidemiology in Japan is presented for the sake of convenience in three stages; the period of birth extending to the early 1940s, the period of growth from 1945 to 1964 and the period of development from 1965. The future problems facing epidemiology are also described. Even in the Meiji period, outstanding epidemiological studies were conducted by Dr. Kanehiro Takaki and Dr. Masakiyo Ogata, but it was only in 1938 that the first epidemiological research laboratory was formally established. Epidemiology at that time was confined to studies on epidemics of infectious diseases, but in the period of growth from 1945 there began to appear epidemiolgoical studies on non-infectious diseases such as adult diseases and diseases caused by environmental pollution. From the period of development commencing in 1965, the sphere of epidemiological studies was further expanded to include intractable diseases, and with the introduction of information science, epidemiology became actively involved in health services research. There are a number of problems facing epidemiology in Japan, including refinement of risk factors, improved measurements of exposure doses, emphasis on individual characterization aimed at health prediction, and development of new health indices.

Epidemiology↗
PubMed1996

Activities of the Japan Epidemiological Association.

This article summarizes the scientific activities of the Japan Epidemiological Association (JEA). The association was formally inaugurated in January 1991. The major activities of this association are (1) holding annual scientific meetings (it has held six meetings since its inauguration) and sponsoring epidemiology seminars; (2) publishing the official journals (Journal of Epidemiology), news letters and other publications; and (3) other activities to promote the development of epidemiology. The total membership at present is about 1,000. The field of specialty of the members are epidemiology, public health, statistics, health administration, clinical medicine, information science, infectious diseases, industrial health, environmental health and other related areas. The association closely collaborates with other Japanese and international organizations (especially with the International Epidemiological Association) in the field of epidemiology.

Epidemiology↗
PubMed1992

A survey of videodisc and interactive videodisc projects in North America: Part I.

Selected videodisc (VD) and interactive videodisc (IVD) programs, projects and topics are presented in two articles in this and a subsequent issue of the journal. Part I reviews the impact of Information Science developments on image management. The American Society of Hematology Slide Bank and other specific applications in urology, paediatric neurology, obstetrical nursing, medical decision making, dental diagnosis and treatment (DDT), and paediatric cardiology, are reviewed as educational and informatics research projects. This is followed by a section on three-dimensional reconstructions of the brain which stresses digital images. Multi-purposing and repurposing are reviewed in two prototype programs. A discussion of the multidisciplinary Slice of Life projects completes this first article.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1996

[An AHP analysis of knowledge and skills necessary to become an occupational physician and required under- and post-graduate education and training system].

In order to clarify the knowledge and skills necessary to become occupational physicians and the required under- and post-graduate education and training system, an AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) analysis was conducted in colloboration with 10 occupational physicians who had graduated from UOEH. After classifying the contents of their work and the necessary knowledge and skills necessary to fulfill their duties by the KJ method, the AHP technique was employed in order to determine the relative importance of 5 education and training courses: 'Under-graduate general education', 'Under-graduate medical education', 'The fundamental occupational health course', 'Post-graduate clinical residency', and 'On the job training'. Regarding knowledge and skills to fulfill the duties of an occupational physician, those of 'Social medicine', 'Information science' and 'Clinical medicine', in this order, were regarded as important. For the contents of an Occupational physician's work, 'Medical surveillance of workers' and 'Environmental management of workplaces' were evaluated as important. For the educational setting in order to master the necessary knowledge and skills, 'On the job training' was regarded as the most important, and then 'The fundamental occupational health course', and 'Post-graduate clinical residency' followed in this order.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1996

The new management competencies: a global perspective.

How will tighter controls over health expenditures, an increased supply of qualified doctors, and clinical acumen becoming more critical in allocating health resources under market-driven, capitated payment-type plans affect physicians? Throughout the world, they will play a greater role in the management of health facilities and services. To train doctors to provide leadership in these new, more market driven environments, education should focus more on the integration and coordination of clinical and managerial processes, an approach outside the scope of most curricula now offered. New managerial competencies will be required by the paradigm shift away from simply delivering quality health services to tighter cost containment efforts. Physicians will play an increasing role in how medical facilities and services are organized and financed--the blending of clinical and managerial-financial-information science processes will be paramount in these educational pursuits.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2001

Automatic extraction of acronym-meaning pairs from MEDLINE databases.

Acronyms are widely used in biomedical and other technical texts. Understanding their meaning constitutes an important problem in the automatic extraction and mining of information from text. Here we present a system called ACROMED that is part of a set of Information Extraction tools designed for processing and extracting information from abstracts in the Medline database. In this paper, we present the results of two strategies for finding the long forms for acronyms in biomedical texts. These strategies differ from previous automated acronym extraction methods by being tuned to the complex phrase structures of the biomedical lexicon and by incorporating shallow parsing of the text into the acronym recognition algorithm. The performance of our system was tested with several data sets obtaining a performance of 72 % recall with 97 % precision. These results are found to be better for biomedical texts than the performance of other acronym extraction systems designed for unrestricted text.

Abbreviations as Topic↗
PubMed2000

The UTHSCSA Dental School in the new millennium.

The UTHSCSA Dental School, just short of 30 years in existence, has made great strides to be a leader in dental education. Although increased use of computers has the greatest potential for revolutionizing dental education, there are other components that must constantly be evaluated and improved. A major curriculum review is in progress. The process is a grass roots effort to allow input from faculty, students, alumni and outside consultants. The school's competencies are being reevaluated to assure they are contemporary and the methods to assess them are valid and reliable. The way we evaluate applicants is an ongoing evolution. Our appropriate role in the community (local, national, and international) continues to be a challenge. Success will be measured by how well we continuously evaluate our mission and goals, identify problems and find and implement solutions.

Competency-Based Education↗
PubMed2002

Cancer prevention and early detection program for educators: reducing the cancer burden of among African Americans within the academic arena.

In anticipation of the need for nurses to have a strong base of knowledge and skill relative to cancer prevention and cancer control, academic institutions across the profession are being strongly encouraged by oncology nurse leaders to intensify their efforts to integrate didactic, laboratory and clinical experiences that address cancer prevention and control within nursing curricula. However, minimal attention is given to cancer prevention, risk reduction and screening in most nursing education, training, and professional development programs. The same is true relative to the incorporation of discussions, activities and experiences in clinical settings that facilitate an understanding of issues specific to cancer prevention and control racially/ethnically diverse, in high-risk, and medically underserved population groups. In an attempt to address this gap in nursing education, a Cancer Prevention and Early Detection Program for Nurse Educators was developed. Funded by a grant by the National Institutes of Health National Cancer Institute, the program aimed to provide nurse educators with state-of-the-science information and resources relative to the prevention and control of cancers in African-Americans. This report provides a summary of the programs aims, objectives, impact and outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures.

Benign Familial Neonatal Seizures (BFNS) occur in normal newborns without perinatal neurological damage or metabolic abnormalities in the setting of a positive family history for neonatal seizures. This autosomal dominant disorder has an excellent prognosis, in contrast to most other causes of neonatal convulsions. This paper points out the need to include BFNS in the differential diagnosis of neonatal seizures and to specifically seek a family history to avoid an unnecessarily extensive diagnostic evaluation and poor prognostication. We present a family with one atypical and three classic cases. Further study of BFNS may reveal more definitive basic science information leading to the inclusion of variant forms into the currently narrow clinical definition.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Information literacy skills of occupational therapy graduates: a survey of learning outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to assess whether recent graduates of the Ohio State University's Occupational Therapy division are applying information-seeking skills they learned as undergraduates, and to seek their advice on ways to improve information-literacy instruction for current and future occupational therapy students. METHOD: A survey was sent to a sample of graduates from 1995-2000. The results were entered into an SPSS database, and descriptive and inferential results were calculated to determine the information-seeking patterns of these recent graduates. RESULTS: A majority of the occupational therapy graduates who responded to the survey prefer to use information resources that are readily available to them, such as advice from their colleagues or supervisors (79%) and the Internet (69%), rather than the evidence available in the journal literature. Twenty-six percent (26%) of the graduates have searched MEDLINE or CINAHL at least once since they graduated. Formal library instruction sessions were considered useful by 42% of the graduates, and 22% of the graduates found informal contacts with librarians to be useful. CONCLUSIONS: Librarians and occupational therapy faculty must intensify their efforts to convey the importance of applying research information to patient care and inform students of ways to access this information after they graduate. In addition to teaching searching skills for MEDLINE and CINAHL, they must provide instruction on how to assess the quality of information they find on the Internet. Other findings suggest that occupational therapy practitioners need access to information systems in the clinical setting that synthesize the research in a way that is readily applicable to patient-care issues.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed2003

Dental informatics: an emerging biomedical informatics discipline.

Biomedical informatics is a maturing discipline. During the last forty years, it has developed into a research discipline of significant scale and scope. One of its subdisciplines, dental informatics, is beginning to emerge as its own entity. While there is a growing cadre of trained dental informaticians, dental faculty and administrators in general are not very familiar with dental informatics as an area of scientific inquiry. Many confuse informatics with information technology (IT), are unaware of its scientific methods and principles, and cannot relate dental informatics to biomedical informatics as a whole. This article delineates informatics from information technology and explains the types of scientific questions that dental and other informaticians typically explore. Scientific investigation in informatics centers primarily on model formulation, system development, system implementation, and the study of effects. Informatics draws its scientific methods mainly from information science, computer science, cognitive science, and telecommunications. Dental informatics shares many types of research questions and methods with its parent discipline, biomedical informatics. However, there are indications that certain research questions in dental informatics require novel solutions that have not yet been developed in other informatics fields.

Dental Research↗
PubMed2003

Hypertension and medical informatics.

BACKGROUND: Only about 27% of Americans with hypertension have their disease under control. Hypertension in the African-American population has a higher prevalence (32%) and is less likely to be treated or controlled compared with that in the caucasian population. Hypertension places a significant burden on patients and health care systems. Applications of medical informatics can facilitate the management of hypertension. Examples that illustrate the utility, status, and future potential of medical informatics applications in the treatment of hypertension are presented. METHODS: Relevant studies and review articles were accessed through a PubMed search of the English-language literature and for current Internet-based information for the time period of 1993-2002. Search terms included, but were not limited to, hypertension, medical informatics, medical information science, electronic medical records, Internet, and managed care. RESULTS: There is evidence that medical informatics has a favorable impact on health care issues as it relates to patients and physicians. Although the use of computers to assist in managing hypertension is in its infancy, there are examples where informatics applications have a demonstrated clinical value. CONCLUSIONS: Management of hypertension needs much improvement. The use of computers and the Internet in health care is expanding and expected to have a positive impact on the management of chronic diseases, such as hypertension.

Black People↗
PubMed2004

Readiness for evidence-based practice: information literacy needs of nurses in the United States.

In this paper U.S. nurses' readiness to provide Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) as measured by their information literacy knowledge and skills is described. The Institute of Medicine directed health care providers to use EBP as a means to improve patient safety, efficiency and effectiveness of health care services. Information literacy has been identified as a nursing informatics competency for the basic nurse. As such, information literacy is an essential component in the application of EBP. The importance of developing information literacy skills is enhancement of the nurse's ability to use current best available research literature in the conduct of EBP with subsequent improvement in nursing sensitive patient outcomes. This study describes the level of nurses' information literacy knowledge and gaps in their skills for identifying, accessing, retrieving, evaluating and utilizing research evidence to provide best care for patients. The value of this study is to increase awareness among nurse administrators, educators, and clinicians of the need for information literacy education to enable evidence-based nursing practice and to guide development of supportive curricula and professional continuing education.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2002

Webmastering in academic institutions: a new job opportunity.

In cyberspace, the health webmaster could be regarded as a virtual editor-in-chief, in charge of content and design. In this circumstance, he/she must follow quality criteria when building any resource. At the Rouen University Hospital (RUH), we have chosen "Net Scoring" as an effective tool to aid the design of a quality Web site. "Net Scoring" contains a list of 49 criteria which fall into eight categories: credibility, content, links, design, interactivity, quantitative aspects, ethics, and accessibility. The webmaster is the key element of the editorial board process. He/she must regularly monitor the Web site in order to retrieve information about whether the site is used and by whom: the method most commonly used is log analysis. At the RUH, an average of 9,000 unique machines visit our Web site each working day. Webmaster is a new job opportunity in academic institutions, in particular for medical informaticians and medical librarians both whom are information science professionals.

France↗
PubMed1972

Preparation for medical librarianship: status and potential.

The educational programs for the preparation of health sciences information personnel are described and the lack of evaluative criteria or studies in relation to these programs is noted. The author recommends an extension of MLA's role in four areas of the educational process: curriculum design, teacher development, development of learning materials, and evaluation of the educational effort. Preconditions for the fulfillment of the projected MLA role are identified as unity of purpose, leadership by the headquarters staff, and money.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive performance and communications in a network-centric battle laboratory.

Many of the technological advances in the information sciences that make the network-centric battlefield possible will also foster methodologies that enable the study of the warfighter in this environment. Specifically, the tactical events and computer networks in a battle laboratory can be designed with capabilities to facilitate capture and analysis of embedded operational performance metrics. This paper refers to the Air Maneuver Battle Laboratory environment, its command and control components, its synthetic battle environment, and its basic communications structure as an example. This paper also introduces two papers. In the first paper, O'Donnell, Moise, and Schmidt describe their generalized methodology to evaluate personnel during performance of operational tasks. They discuss a cognitive taxonomy, test generator, and synthetic cognitive and motor tests with applicability to military or civilian tasks. Personnel are evaluated with these synthetic tests for those very cognitive skills and capabilities most required to successfully perform the actual operational task of interest. Perhaps the illustrative and innovative measurement methodologies described will encourage others to consider how new approaches can be used to leverage the study of cognitive performance of the future warfighter in a network-centric environment. The second paper by Whitmore discusses how communications and embedded operational performance metrics may be acquired in teams. Whitmore highlights some critical aspects leading to the successful measurement of team performance in realistic console operations; discusses the idea of process and outcome measures; presents two types of team data collection systems; and provides an example of team performance assessment.

Cognition↗