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PubMed1998

[Reproduction techniques and infectious risks: study of practices in French centers in 1997].

In the absence of specific legislation or consensual recommendations in France regarding the routine screening of infectious transmissibility risk before intra-couple medically assisted procreation (MAP), an inquiry about the practice of screening management in France has been performed. 500 questionnaires were sent, and 104 answers were received. The results of such inquiry coming from 62 private and 42 public centers are the subject of this paper.

Female↗
PubMed1993

[Techniques, interrogations and results of medically assisted procreation].

In vitro fertilization has obtained a foreground position in therapeutics proposed to infertile couples. Technical developments could be improved in the obstetrical and pediatric field through a better understanding of events occurring in embryos implantation, and through a specific management of the subsequent pregnancies.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Abortion traditions in rural Jamaica.

Abortion is not condoned in Jamaica. Its meaning is linked to the meanings of kinship and parenthood, which are expressed through procreation and involve altruism and the assumption of responsibility for the well-being of others. Abortion subverts these ideals but indigenous methods for it are known and are secretly used. The inconsistencies between abortion talk and abortion practice are examined, and the structural functions of abortion (and of its culturally constructed, ideological meaning) are discussed. The distinction--and the overlap--between abortion as such and menstrual regulation is explored. The use of the culturally constructed 'witchcraft baby' syndrome to justify abortion is also investigated. Traditional abortion techniques follow from (and can illuminate) general health practices, which focus on inducing the ejection of 'blockages' and toxins, and from ethnophysiological beliefs about procreation and reproductive health, which easily allow for menstrual delays not caused by conception. The latter understanding and the similarity between abortifacients, emmenagogues and general purgatives allows women flexibility in interpreting the meanings of their missed periods and the physical effects of the remedy.

Abortion, Illegal↗
PubMed2005

[Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and spontaneous pregnancies: an unexpected acting out].

OBJECTIVES: To understand the psychological motives that led these couples to take risks involved in genetic transmission and the possibility of another spontaneous pregnancy. To report our psychoanalytic experience to explain why after a request of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), some women prefer to be spontaneously pregnant. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Between 2000 and 2004, out of 643 requests of PGD, 541 have been admitted, among which 123 spontaneous pregnancies appeared during the process of PGD. RESULTS: Some encounters with the patients have shown some reasons to these spontaneous pregnancies - denial of IVF, ambivalence of this desire for a child, denial of the risk, control of the procreation, family loyalty and fertility affirmation. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The resort to PGD is more ambivalent than the thought of it because it means, beyond the request, conflict with transmission, culture, and history origins.

Female↗
PubMed1982

Ethics of a predictive test for Huntington's chorea.

"Index Medicus" and 18 other publications have been consulted in an attempt to provide an easily assimilated selection of the recently published and widely dispersed material relevant to the ethical debate the editors of the "BMJ" called for on 4 March 1978. The medical profession is shown to be deeply divided on the ethics of a predictive test for Huntington's chorea. Some members are already using the prospect of a reliable test as an inducement to potential transmitters of this incurable hereditary disease to postpone procreation. Other members would prefer to see any future test withheld from every applicant until such time as radically improved means of treatment or a cure is discovered. The evolution of generally acceptable professional guidelines requires further informed debate.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Incidentally found small pituitary adenomas may have no effect on fertility.

Histological examination of the pituitary glands from 486 unselected autopsies revealed 97 clinically unsuspected adenomas in 78 glands (16%). Prolactinomas numbered 48; no hormone was found in 30, LH in 8, ACTH in 7, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin in 3, and GH alone in 1. Eleven of 194 female subjects and 37 out of 292 males had one or more prolactinoma. Clinical case notes, available for 57 of 78 subjects with adenomas, were reviewed to obtain data on fertility. Of the 25 women with case notes, 6 of the 11 with prolactinomas and 11 of the 14 with adenomas of other types had conceived. For the 32 males, 10 of the 23 with prolactinomas and 5 of the 9 with other types had procreated. These findings show that pituitary tumours not identified in life may have no major anti-fertility effect, and suggest that treatment of small intrasellar lesions discovered clinically by chance may not be necessary.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1994

Safer sex now and then.

That longstanding aid to non-procreative sex, the condom, may have come into its golden age in the time of the AIDS epidemic. Di Tibbits sheds some light on the condom's dark past, and looks at the history of other methods of safer sex.

Australia↗
PubMed2001

[Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and analysis of specific immunoglobulins concentration in serum of women during the reproductive period in a sample of Włocławek population].

The aim of the study, from 1996 to 1999, was to investigate the serological course of prevalence Toxoplasma gondii in 985 women of procreation period. In non - pregnant women the incidence of Toxoplasma gondii specific IgG was significantly higher (59.0 +/- 1.9%) than in pregnant women (43.4 +/- 2.8%). Specific IgM was less frequent (from 1.47 +/- 1.02% to 1.76 +/- 0.66%).

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1997

Seasonality of births in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a review of the literature.

More than 250 studies, covering 29 Northern and five Southern Hemisphere countries, have been published on the birth seasonality of individuals who develop schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder. Despite methodological problems, the studies are remarkably consistent in showing a 5-8% winter-spring excess of births for both schizophrenia and mania/bipolar disorder. This seasonal birth excess is also found in schizoaffective disorder (December-March), major depression (March-May), and autism (March) but not in other psychiatric conditions with the possible exceptions of eating disorders and antisocial personality disorder. The seasonal birth pattern also may shift over time. Attempts to correlate the seasonal birth excess with specific features of schizophrenia suggest that winter-spring births are probably related to urban births and to a negative family history. Possible correlations include lesser severity of illness and neurophysiological measures. There appears to be no correlation with gender, social class, race, measurable pregnancy and birth complications, clinical subtypes, or neurological, neuropsychological, or neuroimaging measures. Virtually no correlation studies have been done for bipolar disorder. Regarding the cause of the birth seasonality, statistical artifact and parental procreational habits are unlikely explanations. Seasonal effects of genes, subtle pregnancy and birth complications, light and internal chemistry, toxins, nutrition, temperature/weather, and infectious agents or a combination of these are all viable possibilities.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Assisted reproductive practice: religious perspectives.

It is important to those who practise reproductive techniques to learn about different religious perspectives related to reproductive health problems. Religious groups are active in influencing the public regarding bioethical positions, and this is particularly evident with issues concerning procreation, abortion and infertility therapy. The Jewish attitude towards procreation is derived from the first commandment of God to Adam to 'Be fruitful and multiply'. Judaism allows the practice of all techniques of assisted reproduction when the oocyte and spermatozoon originate from the wife and husband respectively. The attitude toward reproductive practice varies among Christian groups. While assisted reproduction is not accepted by the Vatican, it may be practised by Protestant, Anglican and other denominations. According to traditional Christian views, beginning at conception, the embryo has moral status as a human being, and thus most assisted reproductive technologies are forbidden. According to Islam, the procedures of IVF and embryo transfer are acceptable, although they can be performed only for husband and wife. Developments in science and technology and corresponding clinical applications raise new religious questions, often without clear answers. The role of theology in bioethics is integral to clarify perceived attitudes toward these developments for different religious communities. This paper presents the attitude of monotheistic religions to therapeutic procedures, such as IVF-embryo transfer, spermatozoa, oocytes, embryo donation, cryopreservation of genetic material, surrogacy, posthumous reproduction, gender preselection, reproductive and therapeutic cloning.

Attitude↗
PubMed2003

Possible functional implications of aquaporin water channels in reproductive physiology and medically assisted procreation.

Spermatogenesis, the maturation of spermatozoa and their concentration and storage in the seminiferous vessels are associated with considerable fluid secretion or absorption in the male reproductive tract. These fluid movements are in total agreement with the presence of multiple aquaporin (AQP) water channel proteins in germ cells and other tissues within the male reproductive tract. A series of functions of prime importance have already been hypothesized for aquaporins in the physiology of male reproduction. Aquaporins could be involved in the early stages of spermatogenesis, in the secretion of tubular liquid and in the concentration and storage of spermatozoa in the epididymis. In the male reproductive tract, alterations in the expression and functionality and/or regulation of aquaporins have already been demonstrated to be at the basis of forms of male infertility. Indeed, rats with reduced reabsorption of seminiferous fluid in the efferent ducts have been shown to be sub-fertile or infertile. Functions have also been suggested in the fertilization process, where aquaporins may play a role in maintaining osmotic homeostasis in gametes during fertilization. Aquaporins have also been suggested to mediate water movement into antral follicles and to be the pathway for transtrophectodermal water movement during cavitation. Aquaporins are the subject of considerable technological interest for cryopreservation used in medically assisted procreation, as they could be the molecular pathway by which water and/or solutes move across the plasma membrane during the process of freezing/thawing gametes and embryos. Indeed, artificial expression ofAQP3 has been showed to improve the survival of mouse oocytes after cryopreservation.

Aquaporins↗
PubMed1991

[Other indications: tubal sterilization, medically assisted procreation, salpingitis, fibromas].

Tubal sterilization is now commonly performed by laparoscopy. Among the available techniques, clips are easy to install and have a low failure rate. Laparoscopy is of considerable value in salpingitis for the diagnosis and treatment of tubo-ovarian abscesses. In medically assisted procreation, laparoscopy is less and less necessary. GIFT and, chiefly, ZIFT are still performed by laparoscopy in case of infertility with normal Fallopian tubes. Laparoscopic myomectomy is a more recent technique, but further experience is needed to assess its value compared with laparotomy.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Cancer is a hybrid produced by a relationship between a plant bacterium and a mammalian cell: an original concept.

Facts presented in previously published articles (1-7) support the conclusion that the malignant cell, although of animal origin, metabolizes and respires anaerobically. Facts also support the conclusion that plant bacterial conidia (spores) derived, under duress, from one of the several groups belonging to the Ascomycete family or from the Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive micro-organism are present intracellularly. It is this group of conidia, when formed, that survives as a primitive oval, spheroidal type of a unicell. They are identical in all respects to the various carbohydrate, protein, and fat molecules. Although these conidia have lost their original outside cell wall and all their enzymes and metabolites, they survive none the less as bacteria by retaining within their cytoplasm a genetically viable anion acceptor complex (oxidant), and their asexual procreative unit. It is this oxidant factor that survives within a sac or cell, as long as it is free of the atmospheric environment. Ultimately, with an ensuing circulating but compatible flow of blood by the host, there develops an annealing process whereby the genes of each species unite to form a plant animal intracellular hybridization. This somatic association accounts for the origin of the metabolic and respiratory anaerobiosis and also for the subsequent growth and pathophysiology that occurs in those living human beings suffering from the various malignant diseases.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2002

Technical procedure and ethical behaviour in biotechnologies of reproduction.

BACKGROUND: The significant and constant progress of biotechnologies applied to sterility and infertility has induced a deeper reflection about bioethical problems. The analysis of only the biological dimension, about the results achieved and desirable future prospects, decreases, leaving out the anthropological dimension. It is therefore necessary to make reference to both the limits of the basic or applied research and to the usual welfare procedure. The aim, that the article sets itself, is to proceed to the bioethical analysis of the most significant topics of artificial insemination and assisted procreation; and it submits to anthropological evaluation the technical aspects, which characterize both the procreation techniques and the research prospects in this area. METHODS: The bioethical analysis, used as a method of study and research, has availed itself of structured reasoning through the evaluation of the scientific, anthropological and legal-deontological dimensions, from an interdisciplinary point of view. The definition of the ethical norm, supported by authors, has been inferred from the analysis of the above-mentioned dimensions, considering the already known bioethical models. In particular, the authors analyse these topics through the model of ontologically based personalism, which suggests, and highlights, ethical norms, both as regards the basic and applied research and as regards usual welfare procedure, in opposition to models like moral sociologism, biologism, moral evolutionism and contractualism. From the beginning we defined "technical procedure" and "ethical behaviour", highlighting the interaction between them. We have made a distinction between artificial insemination, as a substitutive technique, and assisted procreation, as a facilitative technique. In addition through biological and anthropological results we have evaluated the embryo both ontologically and biologically. So we have defined "ontological and biological embryo status". RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the proposed topics for assisted procreation and against artificial insemination, the interaction between technical procedure and ethical behaviour, the acknowledgement of the embryo and personal dignity in every procedure are the principal results and the conclusions that we have arrived at, as regards the bioethical model of ontologically based personalism.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1983

Effects of genetic counseling on Duchenne muscular dystrophy families in Brazil.

We report the preliminary results of a follow-up study of 574 females at-risk for Duchenne dystrophy, recontacted 3 to 13 yr after genetic counseling (GC). Among them, 290 are younger than 18 yr or still unmarried. The effectiveness of GC (reproductive performance) in the remaining group is analyzed in terms of procreation, rate of sterilization, and mean number of children. The observed data suggest that females at-risk involved in GC had about 169 children less than their normal, nonaffected brothers. In terms of prevention this would correspond roughly to 42 Duchenne affected boys and 42 carrier girls.

Amniocentesis↗
PubMed2004

[Viral transmission and medically assisted procreation: the Herpesviridae case].

Procreation with sperm donation is at present achieved by insemination either in the uterus or in vitro, always from ejaculated and washed spermatozoa. Then, the infectious risk only exists if the donor sperm is capable of transporting the virus or its DNA, either by adhesion or by integration. With CMV, HSV1 and HSV2, medically assisted procreation in couples (AI or IVF-ET) does not increase the risk of viral contamination as compared with natural procreation, except possibly the cases of surgical procedure to pick up testicular sperm to be used in ICSI. Animal experiments show that, even if viral material is introduced in the oocyte, it may be eliminated from the embryo, at least for CMV.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Emergency contraception and morality: reflections of health care workers and clients.

In this study, we explore the retrospective reports of 21 US Planned Parenthood clients about their use of emergency contraception pills (ECPs) and the views of ten Planned Parenthood health care workers at two clinics about providing ECPs. We elucidate the sociological phenomena that frame emergency contraception usage: cultural ideology about contraception, sexuality, unintended pregnancy, and abortion. We focus on the ways in which interactions between health care workers and clients both mediate and reinforce such cultural ideology. Our research indicates that the distinctions between fertilization and pregnancy, between contraception and abortion, between responsible and irresponsible procreative behavior, are not hard and fast boundaries upon which everyone agrees. We illuminate the dividing lines and continuities our participants invoked, affirmed, and questioned when contemplating the continuum from potential fertility to realized (and unwanted) pregnancy.

Abortion, Induced↗