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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Molecular genetics of the HLA complex.

The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system can be defined as a set of glycoproteins which take up peptides intracellulary and become ligands for immune receptors once they are expressed on the cell membrane. Functional HLA molecules are trimers consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain which bind a peptide. The production of HLA molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, their assembly and their trafficking to the cell membrane have been studied in great detail. A salient feature of HLA molecules is their polymorphism which is essentially a tremendous amount of variation in the amino acid sequence of mainly the heavy chain between different HLA types. Polymorphic chains of HLA molecules are encoded in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the short arm of chromosome 6. A map of the nucleotide sequence of the human MHC has been established. The polymorphism of HLA molecules, i.e. the HLA type, is intimately associated with the nature of the peptides bound. In principle, HLA molecules can bind a variety of different peptides. However, peptides with distinct biochemical features are preferentially bound according to the HLA-type. HLA-typing is applied clinically in transplantation and disease association. Recently, recombinant HLA molecules have been used as a tool to define the T cell receptor repertoire.

Alleles↗
PubMed1982

The MHC haplotypes of the chicken.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of Gallus gallus is the B complex of which three classes of cell-membrane antigens have been clearly defined by serological, histogenetic, and biochemical methods. Two of these classes are homologous to classes I and II of mammals (B-F and B-L, respectively), while the third (B-G) is a differentiation antigen of the erythroid cell-line; the mammalian homologue of this class is still undefined. The B haplotypes comprise at least one gene of each class that displays linkage disequilibrium of a remarkable strength. The present work is the first systematic comparison by serological and histogenetic methods of the allelic products (allomorphs) of 15 haplotypes, including all of the 11 that were accepted as "standard" B haplotypes at the recent international Workshop on the chicken MHC in Innsbruck, Austria. The analysis has revealed many similarities, but only four pairs of probable identities: G2 and G12, F4 and F13, L4 and L13, L12 and L19. It appears therefore that the B-G locus is comparable in its degree of polymorphism to the class I (B-F) locus. The "standard" haplotypes are almost all of White Leghorn derivation, and preliminary typings of other breeds of chickens, and of wild chickens, indicate the existence of a much wider spectrum of allomorphs.

Alleles↗
PubMed1983

New recombinants within the MHC (B-complex) of the chicken.

In a search for genetic recombinations within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the chicken, the B-complex, the offspring from matings between heterozygous B15/B21 and B4/B6 animals were analysed by red cell agglutination. Among the progeny, 8,912 informative typings were performed. Four recombinants were found, all separating the B-complex loci B-F and B-G (B-F codes for Class I antigens, B-G codes for an antigen of which there is no known homologue in mammals). B-L (Class II antigen) always followed B-F. Stimulation in graft versus host reactions and in mixed lymphocyte cultures followed B-F/B-L. The mapping distance between the two loci B-F and B-G is in the range of 0.04 centimorgan. The lack of recombinants separating individual B-F loci in this study and in the studies of others might indicate that chicken MHC is less complex than those of mammalian species, but alternative explanations are also possible. So far no serologically defined recombinant separating Class I (B-F) and Class II (B-L) loci has been found.

Absorption↗
PubMed1995

Applications of heteroduplex analysis for mutation detection in disease genes.

Double-stranded heteroduplex molecules that form between a mutant and wild-type DNA strand are often distinguished from homoduplex molecules upon gel electrophoresis. This method, heteroduplex analysis (HA), can be performed rapidly without radioisotopes or specialized equipment. Modifications and enhancements of the HA method have been developed that increase the sensitivity of detection of single-base pair alterations.

Cystic Fibrosis↗
PubMed1981

Detection and isolation of fetal cells from maternal blood using the flourescence-activated cell sorter (FACS).

The presence of fetal cells in the maternal circulation during pregnancy has been suggested by repeated observations of small numbers of cells containing Y chromatin or a Y chromosome in the blood of pregnant women. With the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), we have used antibodies to a paternal cell surface (HLA) antigen, not present in the mother, to select fetal cells from the lymphocyte fractions of a series of maternal blood samples, collected as early as 15 weeks of gestation. These sorted cells have been examined for a second paternal genetic marker, Y chromatin. Y chromatin-containing cells were found among the sorted cells from prenatal maternal blood specimens in 8 pregnancies subsequently producing male infants whose lymphocytes reacted with the same antibodies to paternal antigen used for sorting with the FACS. In each of 17 pregnancies resulting in male infants who failed to inherit the antigen detected by the antibodies used for cell sorting, Y chromatin-containing cells were not found prenatally. The use of two paternal genetic markers, a cell surface antigen and nuclear Y chromatin, to identify fetal cells in maternal blood permits us to conclude that these cells are present in the mother's circulation, as early as 15 weeks gestation. Further development of the techniques reported here could lead to widespread screening of maternal blood samples during pregnancy for detection of fetal genetic abnormalities.

Cytological Techniques↗
PubMed1976

Depletion of suppressor T cells in syngeneic chimeric mice.

The present results suggest that some T-cell activities of syngeneic chimeric mice such as T-cells involved in the antibody response to SRBC and MLC reaction are intact. On the other hand, suppressor T-cells involved in the regulation of the immune response to PVP and enhancement of 3LL tumor growth, and cells mediating CML reaction are damaged.

Animals↗