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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

A phenomenographic study of registered nurses' understanding of their role in student learning--an Australian perspective.

BACKGROUND: Students may be 'buddied' with registered nurses during their clinical experience since the designated clinical facilitator cannot be available for each student at all times. Little is known about the way registered nurses understand this informal role. OBJECTIVES: The rationale for this study was to gain an insight of the variation of understanding registered nurses have of their role with students, and explored the qualitatively different ways registered nurses perceive their role with students on clinical experience and the implications of this understanding for student learning. DESIGN: A phenomenographic approach was used to identify the variation of understanding and meaning of the role of the registered nurse with students on clinical practice from the perspective of the registered nurse. Phenomenography is a field of descriptive research concerned with the variation in ways people experience and understand similar phenomena. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: A purposive sample of 30 registered nurses from 15 public and private hospitals in central and south eastern Queensland, Australia. METHODS: Individual semi-structured interviews from a final sample of 28 interviews were analysed to identify Categories of Description. RESULTS: Eight variations of understanding registered nurses have of their informal role with students were identified. The registered nurses' understanding varies from a focus that is 'student-centred', to 'completion of workload-centred', to 'registered nurse control', to a preference for no contact with students. As a consequence some students may have positive learning experiences while others will have limited learning opportunities. CONCLUSIONS: The research highlights the varied ways registered nurses understand their role with students that may promote or impede the quality of student learning and development to meet professional competency standards. Formal recognition of the complexity of the registered nurse role by health care agencies and tertiary education providers is essential to ensure registered nurses have adequate preparation for their role with students.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Urinary prolactin is correlated with mothering and allo-mothering in squirrel monkeys.

The hormone prolactin is implicated in infant care-giving by parents and allo-parents in a variety of species. Adult female squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.) engage in allo-mothering behavior, which includes carrying and nursing infants, but communal care of offspring has not been investigated from an endocrine standpoint in this taxon. We attempted to fill this gap by examining prolactin levels in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) as a function of parental responsiveness. Subjects were housed at the National Institutes of Health Animal Center and assays were performed at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center. To test for the presence of prolactin in squirrel monkey, saliva, blood and saliva were simultaneously collected from anesthetized subjects during routine health examinations. Prolactin was detectable in serum but not in saliva samples. In the core investigation, behavioral data were collected by focal animal sampling on three 1-male multi-female groups, and individually identified urine was collected non-invasively from foil containers underneath group cages on a daily basis throughout the behavioral study. Changes in urinary prolactin over time reflected changes in the reproductive state of a female who was pregnant, gave birth and lactated during the study. Mean urinary prolactin levels in non-lactating females and a male housed with infants in one group were higher than in adults from 2 groups without infants. In the group with infants, mean urinary prolactin levels in adults increased with the amount of infant contact and care-giving. The squirrel monkey may represent a new primate model for investigating the endocrinology of infant care-giving.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Can government policies help adolescents avoid risky behavior?

BACKGROUND: This study examines the extent to which policies influence participation of adolescents in alcohol and tobacco consumption and in unsafe sex. METHODS: Data were obtained from the 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (YRBS) conducted by 20 different states and cities in the U.S. These data were combined with state data on cigarette taxes, vending machine laws, beer taxes, and family planning clinic availability. A model of teenage risk taking suggested that the three risk behaviors were codetermined by a common latent risk-taking propensity. We used a structural equation model (SEM) accounting for this shared latent propensity to estimate the extent of participation in terms of frequency of smoking, drinking, and the number of sex partners. RESULTS: Estimating simultaneous equations for all three risk behaviors was statistically more efficient than equation-by-equation estimates of each behavior. Estimates indicated significant deterrent effects of beer taxes, vending machine restrictions, and increased density of family planning clinics on teenage risk behavior. CONCLUSIONS: State policies, such as taxes on beer, and restrictions on location of cigarette vending machines, and placement of family planning clinics influence adolescents' behavior. Because there is interrelationship between these behaviors, systems estimators, can offer improved estimates of these effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Developmental trajectories and ecological transitions: a two-step procedure to aid in the choice of prevention and promotion interventions.

The confluence of two different types of transitional processes is explored: human development and normative ecological transitions. There are periods of greater vulnerability than others in the developmental life course as well as particular normative ecological transitions that are more disruptive than others. When there is a confluence of developmental vulnerability and a disruptive ecological transition, a "turning point" in development may ensue. This can take the form of an opportunity for growth and development or a developmental mismatch. Consequently, such turning points may represent opportune times and places at which to launch prevention/promotion programs. A two-step analytic procedure, nomothetic analyses followed by idiographic analyses, is described and illustrated to test the utility of this framework. First, these issues are illustrated using the self-esteem trajectories of low-income, urban public school students making a normative school transition to a junior and senior high school. Second, new data are presented on the early adolescent self-esteem trajectories and their association with long-term psychopathology. Third, the significance of this two-step procedure is discussed in regard to several normative ecological transitions that are common when older adolescents make the developmental transition into adulthood (e.g., into full-time employment, marriage).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Transfers of food from adults to infants in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella).

This study examined the behavioral mechanisms that support transfer of food from adults to infants in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella). Two captive groups of capuchins were presented with abundant quantities of unshelled pecans or commercial pellets. Five of 11 infant subjects could not open the nuts. A variety of tolerated interactions were initiated by infants toward adults, and food was frequently transferred. All such interactions were more frequent with nuts (a preferred food) than with pellets. Adult capuchins were equally tolerant of infant capuchins that could open nuts and those that could not. Tolerated interactions during feeding could result in acquisition of dietary information by young capuchins or to important, if intermittent, nutritional support.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Coping with psychotic symptoms in the early phases of schizophrenia.

How people diagnosed with schizophrenia cope with positive symptoms after their first hospitalization is explored, along with the relationship of their coping strategies to their psychosocial functioning. The strategies most frequently endorsed were cognitive in type, while those considered most helpful were behavioral. Respondents identifying an active strategy as most helpful displayed better psychosocial functioning at 24-month follow-up.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Risk factors for and sequelae of headaches in schoolchildren with clinical implications from a psychosocial perspective.

Functional headache, by definition, is a headache not associated with organic diseases. It is a common symptom in school children and can cause potentially serious health problems, affecting their growth and development. Therefore, this report synthesizes the literature about functional headaches in schoolchildren from a psychosocial perspective. This report examines the research on risk factors and sequelae of headaches in children, presents a framework to guide the conceptualization of this phenomenon, and suggests an application of this framework for clinical practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Gender roles, marital intimacy, and nomination of spouse as primary caregiver.

Using data from a sample of married men and women undergoing treatment for cancer, we tested two potential hypotheses for the unequal representation of husbands and wives as spousal caregivers, including societal gender role norms and emotional closeness in the marital relationship. Multivariate analyses support both hypotheses; wives are only one third as likely as husbands to select their spouses as caregivers, and spouses who name their mates as confidants are three times more likely than those who do not to also name them as caregivers. We conclude that although gender role norms are key to caregiver selection, the intimacy inherent in the caregiving role renders an emotionally close marriage an important criterion to the selection of spouse as caregiver.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Demographic predictors of eye care utilization among women.

BACKGROUND: Visual impairment may be preventable or treatable with timely intervention. Differences in the use of eye care services may play a role in fostering the racial and socioeconomic gap in the burden of visual impairment in the United States. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the frequency of eye examinations in women and how this varies with age, race, marital status, geographic region, profession, education, and income. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used logistic regression models to examine data obtained by mailed questionnaires from 39,876 female health professionals participating in the Women's Health Study. RESULTS: Most women (83%) had an eye examination within the past 2 years. The likelihood of having an eye examination in the past 2 years increased with age (odds ratio [OR] = 2.59 for age > or =75 years versus those <50 years; P [trend] <0.0001), higher education (OR = 1.27 for master's degree versus licensed nurse training; P [trend] = 0.0004), and higher household income (OR = 1.85 for > or =$100,000 versus <$10,000; P [trend] <0.0001). Women from the south were less likely to have had an eye examination than those from the west (OR = 0.92; P = 0.03). Compared with whites, Asian/Pacific Islanders were less likely (OR = 0.76; P = 0.02) and blacks more likely (OR = 1.27; P = 0.02) to have had an eye examination within 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Age, education, income, race/ethnicity, and region of residence were independent predictors of having had an eye examination in the past 2 years. Known medical and ocular problems appeared to explain the association with age but not the other findings, although the clinical significance of these associations was not determined in the present study. Additional research on determinants of eye care-seeking behavior could help in devising new strategies to encourage preventive behaviors, especially among groups at higher risk of visual impairment.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Instrumental inputs: moving the interpersonal theory of nursing into practice.

Instrumental inputs, the units of energy that are passed from nurse to client in therapeutic encounters, stimulate the client to develop new competencies. This article develops the concept, part of the Interpersonal Theory of Nursing, and discusses its use in 2 clinical trials of an advanced practice psychiatric-mental health intervention with high-risk mothers with significant depressive symptoms. Systematic documentation of instrumental inputs in the strategic interactions between advanced practice psychiatric-mental health nurses and clients has provided cumulative empirical examples that are presented. The concept has great utility for clinical practice and research and continuing development and testing of the Interpersonal Theory of Nursing.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Use of and need for professional help for emotional and behavioral problems among preadolescents: a prospective cohort study of 3- to 12-year-old children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of child-, parent- and family-related factors on the use of and need for mental health services by 12 years of age. METHOD: A prospective population-based questionnaire study of 1,287 first-born children was launched in Finland in 1985. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was completed by 1,086 parents when the children were aged 3 years. At the age of 12, the CBCL, the Youth Self-Report, and other potential determinants of service need and use were obtained from 908 parents and 900 children (80% response rate). RESULTS: Of the total sample, 7.2% had used professional services, and 3.3% had needed services without obtaining them. Elevated scores on the age 3 CBCL Total Problems and Externalizing scale predicted independently later service use but not perceived need of services. In cross-sectional data at age 12, parental ratings of the child's problem behavior were associated with both the need for and use of services. Poor social competence and parental distress were independently associated with use of services. CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing behavior problems in early childhood and evaluating family stress factors are important in social and health care systems designed for children.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The identification of family members' contribution to patients' care in the intensive care unit: a naturalistic inquiry.

The admission of a patient to an intensive care unit (ICU) is recognized as being a stressful experience for their families. Many studies have focused on the needs of families within ICU, but few have highlighted the unique contribution that family members make towards patient care and recovery. Using a naturalistic approach, data were collected through observation, video recording, in-depth interviewing and reflective video analysis to explore the processes and factors underpinning families' contribution to patient care. The findings can be grouped into three themes: getting to know the patient through the family, family contribution to care and the nurses' role in supporting families of ICU patients. Families can have a very positive influence on the patient's care and recovery from ICU, but both the family members, and in turn the nursing staff, need to be supported appropriately if this valuable contribution to patient care is to be maximized and maintained.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1977

The marital system of the hysterical individual.

The purpose of the present article is to supplement the considerable body of clinical literature that focuses on hysterical behavior from an individual perspective. Based on findings from a total sample of 16 couples, this paper accomplishes this task in a threefold manner. First, the characteristic type of individual who selects and is selected by the hysterical individual as a life partner is described. Second, the type of relationship these two individuals typically develop, which promotes and reinforces severely maladaptive behavior on the part of both is delineated. Third, a number of specific recommendations regarding psychotherapy for this type of relationship are proffered.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HIV infection. Helping adolescents choose safer behaviors.

Although adolescents comprise only 1% of the diagnosed cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among this group should not be underestimated. This article discusses how adolescents' behaviors place them at risk for HIV infection. One educational program is described that illustrates an innovative approach to use with adolescents. Nurses who use the Relationship Safety and Vigilance Plan can assist individual adolescents to assess their interpersonal relationship patterns to establish goals and reduce impulsive or destructive behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Behavior modification in a state mental hospital: a participant-observer's critique.

Token economy behavior modification has become a popular and voluminously reported strategy for altering the behavior of patients in mental hospital back wards. This paper provides a qualitative, process view of one such token economy program. It reports subject perspectives, as well as interactions among experimenters, hospital staff, and patients. Questions are raised in regard to the overall effectiveness of such programs in alleviating the problems of mental patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Patient as assistant therapist in paraverbal therapy with children.

The concept of using a patient as "assistant therapist" in the treatment of acting-out children was presented. A description of the pilot case with another type of unresponsive child showed how paraverbal techniques were used in the development of this alternative treatment approach. The adaptation of the concept of using a patient as "assistant therapist" was given in excerpts from sessions in cases of acting-out children. With the multifaceted, pleasurable, and flexible approach basic to paraverbal therapy, the sessions showed the techniques that led to a change in the childrens' acting-out behavior. Their experience as "assistant therapist" in using and sharing novel yet appropriate channels for communication led in each case to satisfactory communication, not only in paraverbal sessions but in the classroom, on the ward, and at home as well.

Adolescent↗