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PubMedDate not supplied

Implications of kangaroo care for growth and development in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To review research on kangaroo care with implications for growth and development in preterm infants. DATA SOURCES: Nursing, medical, and child development research literature was searched through PubMed through 2003 using the search terms kangaroo Care, skin-to-skin, growth/development, and premature infants. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized controlled trials, pretest-posttest designs, and other comparative studies of kangaroo care were reviewed. Reports exploring parent perspectives were examined for attachment and parent-infant interaction findings. Theory and research regarding growth in preterm infants were explored. DATA EXTRACTION: Research on topics of kangaroo care, skin-to-skin contact, preterm infant growth, preterm infant weight gain, and failure to thrive was evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS: Research on kangaroo care reports physiologic safety for preterm infants and increased attachment for parents. Attachment promotes nurturing behaviors that support growth and development. Weight gain as a benefit of kangaroo care remains in question. CONCLUSIONS: Kangaroo care is safe for preterm infants and may have important benefits for growth and development. Suggestions are made for future research on effects of KC on preterm infants.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of mastication on the growth and development of salivary glands in male mice].

Mastication has attracted considerable attention in recent years for its effects on the postnatal growth and development of the mandible, brain, salivary glands and other organs in children. In this study, the relationship between mastication and growth and development of the salivary glands was examined, because the salivary glands are rich in growth factors and many kinds of biological polypeptides, and have endocrine and exocrine actions and effects, on the growth and metabolic rates in developing animals. The experiment utilized two groups of male mice, a control group fed a solid diet, and an experimental group receiving the paste diet ad lib. In the experimental group fed the paste diet, the increase of the tissue weights and the contents of DNA and RNA in the parotid and submandibular glands were lower than those of the control group. Also the rise of amylase activity in the parotid glands was depressed. Next, the polyamine metabolism in the parotid and submandibular glands was examined. The activities of the late limiting enzymes in polyamine syntheses, ornithine decarboxylase and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and the lev- putrescine and spermidine in both parotid and submandibular glands were in the experimental group. These results suggest that mastication plays an important roles in the growth development of the parotid and submandibular glands in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Neuroleptic drug-induced alterations on neonatal growth and development. I. Prenatal exposure influences birth size, mortality rate, and the neuroendocrine system.

Subcutaneous injection of codeine or phenobarbital, and feeding amphetamine to rats during gestation and lactation caused irregularities in mortality rates, growth, development, and associated neuroendocrine events within the newborns. Most striking was the subnormal birth size, increased mortality rate, and decreased hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing activity of neonates of mothers fed the highest dose of amphetamine.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

The relationship between various indices of carcass growth and development and reproduction in turkey hens.

Growth and carcass development measures were compared in turkey hens from a line selected for egg production (E line) and a line selected for BW at 16 wk (F line). Hens in both lines reached their maximal BW 4 wk after photostimulation. Maximal BW in F line hens was 20% greater than their respective BW after 89 days of production compared with only a 12% difference in E line hens. In both lines, there was a decline in BW through 49 days of production but no further decreases at 89 days. The same trend was observed for both the absolute or relative weights of the abdominal fat pad. The weight of the oviduct was near maximal size in E line hens near the onset of production, whereas it continued to increase in size in F line hens through 49 days of production. The same was true for liver weight in F line hens, whereas in E line hens liver size continued to increase throughout the experiment. Carcass DM and lipid were higher and carcass protein lower in F line compared with E line hens near the onset of lay. In a second experiment, heavy weight hens were fed the standard Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center breeder diet or a diet with supplemental fat and increased ME. There were no significant diet effects on BW or egg production, but hens fed the high-fat, high-energy diet did have increased carcass protein (percentage DM; P < .08).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

[Regional differences in physical development and growth of children in nine cities of China].

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the regional differences in some patterns and characteristics of changes in physical development and growth in Chinese children. METHODS: Data collected from the third national survey on physical development and growth in children under seven years old conducted in 1995 were analyzed and compared with those in 1975 and 1985. RESULTS: There were significant differences in physical development and growth of children between various regions, and that in northern and middle regions was significantly superior to that in the south, with Beijing, Shanghai, Harbin and Nanjing ranking the first four places. But, this difference began to show a trend to narrow during the past 20 years, especially in the past ten years. CONCLUSION: Regional difference in the development and growth of children is still present in China, but, begins to narrow.

Body Height↗
PubMed1995

Growth hormone releasing factor and vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulate rat granulosa cell plasminogen activator activity in vitro during follicular development.

Growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are two structurally homologous peptides sharing common target cell receptor and known to enhance FSH-induced steroidogenesis of undifferentiated granulosa cell in vitro. Although VIP, has been reported to stimulate plasminogen activator (PA) activity in rat granulosa cells, our knowledge on the actions and interactions of these two peptides with FSH in the regulation of rat granulosa cell PA system during follicular development remains incomplete. Undifferentiated and differentiated rat granulosa cells from pre-antral (DES-treated rats) and antral (eCG-treated rats) follicles, respectively, were cultured in a chemically defined medium in the absence and presence of FSH (400 ng/ml), GRF (10(-8)-10(-5) M) and/or VIP (10(-9)-10(-5) M). Net secreted (PAs) and cell-associated (PAc) PA activities was measured by the fibrinolysis assay and characterized by the fibrin overlay method. Granulosa cell differentiative (progestin secretion) and proliferative (DNA synthesis) responses were analyzed by radioimmunoassay and [3H]thymidine incorporation, respectively. Both GRF and VIP stimulated PAs and PAc activities in a concentration-dependent manner in 24-h cultures of granulosa cells from the two stages of follicular development. They (10(-5) M) enhanced FSH-stimulated PAs activity in granulosa cell cultures of pre-antral follicles, with GRF being more effective than VIP. On the contrary, only GRF (10 microM) potentiated FSH-induced PAs and PAc activities in cultures of granulosa cell from antral follicles. The stimulation of PA activity by these agonists decreased with the duration of culture irrespective of the stage of follicular development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Skeletal growth and development of the achondroplastic dwarf.

Certain patterns in growth and development can be seen in the typical achondroplastic dwarf. Height is approximatley 5 standard deviations below average size for age through the age of 14. Sitting height is within normal limits at all ages. On the average the femur is 8 standard deviations and the tibia 7 standard deviations below normal size. Compared to normal, both femur and tibia exhibit approximately a 50 per cent inhibition in growth. A slight decrease in the deviance from the norm is observed for all parameters during growth until the time of the adolescent growth spurt when an increased deviance is seen. Related to normal children of the same sex and age, females are more severely affected than male achondroplastic dwarfs. The skeletal development of the hand is irregular, often having extra metacarpal epiphyses and a wide variance in skeletal maturation assessment between the carpals and the rest of the hand. The skeletal age is generally below chronological age until the adolescent growth spurt when a rapid maturation pattern occurs. Standard skeletal age assessment techniques cannot be applied to the achondroplastic individual.

Achondroplasia↗
PubMed1994

Female predisposition to cranial neural tube defects is not because of a difference between the sexes in the rate of embryonic growth or development during neurulation.

The susceptibility of females to anencephaly is well established and has been suggested to result from a slower rate of growth and development of female embryos during cranial neurulation. We have tested this hypothesis by measuring the rates of growth and development, both in utero and in vitro, of male and female embryos of the curly tail (ct) mutant mouse strain, in which cranial neural tube defects occur primarily in females. Embryonic growth was assessed by increase in protein content, while development progression was judged from increase in somite number and morphological score. Embryos were sexed by use of the polymerase chain reaction to amplify a DNA sequence specific to the Y chromosome, and by sex chromatin analysis. We find that, during neurulation (between 8.5 and 10.5 days of gestation), males are advanced in growth and development relative to their female litter mates, but that the rates of growth and development do not differ between the sexes during this period. We conclude that rate of embryonic growth and development is unlikely to determine susceptibility to cranial neural tube defects. It seems more likely that male and female embryos differ in some specific aspect(s) of the neurulation process that increases the susceptibility of females to development of anencephaly.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Hypertension during pregnancy, with and without specific hypotensive treatment. II. The growth and development of the infant in the first year of life.

The growth and development of three groups of infants were prospectively assessed from birth to 12 mth. In two groups the mothers had been hypertensive before the 28th wk of gestation; one group was randomly allocated to specific hypotensive therapy, the other group was allocated to no specific treatment. The third group was a sample of the hospital population. General health, and the incidence of sight and hearing problems did not differ. Infants in the treated hypertensive group had had more perinatal problems, and there was an excess of infants with relatively small heads for their gestational age at birth. At 6 mth their heads were still smaller than the hospital sample, but by the age of 1 yr the difference was no longer present. The neurological status of infants in the untreated hypertensive group was less favourable in the neonatal period, and there was still an excess of infants in this group rated questionable on neurological assessment at the age of 12 mth. In both hypertensive groups there was an excess of infants with delayed fine-motor function at 6 mth, and in the untreated group there was an excess with delayed gross-motor function at 12 mth compared with the hospital sample. Our varied findings draw attention to the dangers of assessing the effects of different pregnancy conditions in terms of neonatal mortality and morbidity alone. Our date indicate that follow-up should extend for longer than 12 mth when the effects of adverse pregnancy factors and their management are under consideration. Further evaluation will be made when these children are 4 yr old.

Child Development↗
PubMed1995

Relationships between physical growth, mental development and nutritional supplementation in stunted children: the Jamaican study.

The relationship between physical growth and change in mental development on the Griffiths mental development scales was investigated in 127 stunted Jamaican children over a 2-year period. The role of nutritional supplementation in this relationship was examined. There were no consistent associations between changes in weight-for-height or head circumference and developmental change. Height gain over 2 years was significantly associated with change in mental age, and locomotor and hearing and speech subscale scores. Height gain in the first year predicted change in mental age, and hearing and speech in the second year. Some of the effect of supplementation on development was shared with linear growth. Therefore, nutrition probably explains part of the relationship between growth and development. However, supplementation also had effects on development independent of growth. The benefits of supplementation on development and the extent to which they were shared with growth varied among the subscales.

Body Height↗
PubMed2001

Growth and development of male children and youth in Tuzla's region after the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

A four-year aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina was extremely unfavourable period for growth and development of children and youth. In spite of that, it is established that ontogeny of male children and youth (between 10.5-19.5 years) on the observed region is going well, and it is within the limits at the average European standards. By parallel analysis of growth of domestic and expatriate persons, it is established that the average (sum) values of almost it's all indexes are significantly bigger for domestic (object) inhabitants. However, after the end of growth, they become approximately the same. By comparison of indexes of growth and development of the tested sample and samples from 1980 (of the same population), the soft acceleration trend for majority (indexes) of parameters is established, what is mostly seen in postpuberty age. The tested persons in pre-puberty and puberty age had the same or even less average values comparing to the tested persons from 1980. This is probably a direct result of negative influence of exogenous factors (war vital conditions), which caused temporary stoppage in growth and development in that period of growth when growth is the most intensive. Despite the fact that war life conditions have negatively affected the growth and development of the subjects studied, it has been found that the development of male children and youth, meaning the growth of different parameters on the studied area were in synchrony.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on the chemical composition of the rat body during growth and development.

Studies of the chemical composition of the rat body during growth and development. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1977, 28 (6): 559-573. Changes in the content of nitrogen, ether extract, water and ash in the body of rats were examined from the 1st to the 265th day of their life under conditions optimal for maximal growth and development. The investigations were carried out on 203 male Wistar rats kept on a standard diet containing about 20% of protein and 3.2 kcal ME/g. The diet was available ad libitum. After a period of fasting the animals were sacrificed at definite time intervals, their bodies were autoclaved and homogenized. The results of chemical analyses were processed statistically using logarithmic values and linear regression equations for all components in relation to the total (shrunk) and fat-free body mass, and for the relationship between the different components. The results obtained indicate that the values of all components related to the total or fat-free body mass show a curvilinear course of changes, which can be described with the power function Y = axb.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The oncogenic potential of growth hormone.

A growing body of recent literature indicates that in addition to an essential role in growth and development, growth hormone may also play a more sinister role in oncogenic transformation and neoplastic progression. Here we review the accumulating evidence implicating growth hormone in the development and progression of cancer and describe what is known of the mechanisms utilised by this hormone in neoplastic transformation.

Acromegaly↗
PubMed1996

[A longitudinal study of growth and development of low birth weight infants].

In order to investigate the growth and development of low birth weight infant (LBWI), 132 low birth weight infants (BW < 2500g) born in 1983 living in Xi Hui district were followed up from birth to three years. And 49 full-term infants with normal birth weight were selected as controls. The weight, length, and head circumference of infants of two groups were measured periodically. Their development abilities were assessed by using Gesell Development Diagnosis. Results showed the weight, length, and head circumference of LBWI were obviously less than that of the controls. The developmental quotient (DQ) of LBWI were lower that that of controls, particularly in gross motor field, Therefore, it is important to reduce the rate of IBWI and to give scientific guidance on child care and early training for promoting growth and development of infants.

Child Development↗
PubMed1992

Regulation and expression of a growth arrest-specific gene (gas5) during growth, differentiation, and development.

The growth arrest-specific gas5 gene was isolated from mouse genomic DNA and structurally characterized. The transcriptional unit is divided into 12 exons that span around 7 kb. An alternative splicing mechanism gives rise to two mature mRNAs which contain either 11 or 12 exons, and both are found in the cytoplasm of growth-arrested cells. In vivo, the gas5 gene is ubiquitously expressed in mouse tissues during development and adult life. In Friend leukemia and NIH 3T3 cells, the levels of gas5 gene mRNA were high in saturation density-arrested cells and almost undetectable in actively growing cells. Run-on experiments indicated that the gas5 gene is transcribed at the same level in both growing and arrested cells. On the other hand, in dimethyl sulfoxide-induced differentiating cells a sharp decrease in the rate of transcription was observed shortly before the cells reached the postmitotic stage. These results indicate that in density-arrested cells accumulation of gas5 mRNA is controlled at the posttranscriptional level while in differentiating cells expression is regulated transcriptionally.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2005

A possible role for NDPK2 in the regulation of auxin-mediated responses for plant growth and development.

Auxin plays many crucial roles in the course of plant growth and development, such as hook opening, leaf expansion and inhibition of mesocotyl elongation. Although its mechanism of action has not been clarified at the molecular level, recent studies have indicated that auxin triggers the induction of a number of genes known as primary auxin-responsive genes. Hence, the identification of the regulatory components in auxin-mediated cellular responses would help to elucidate the mechanism of the action of this hormone in plant growth and development. NDPK2 encodes a nucleoside diphosphate kinase 2 (NDPK2) in Arabidopsis. We aim to elucidate the possible role of NDPK2 in auxin-related cellular processes, in view of the finding that a ndpk2 mutant displays developmental defects associated with auxin. Interestingly, the ndpk2 mutant exhibits defects in cotyledon development and increased sensitivity to an inhibitor of polar auxin transport (naphthylphthalamic acid; NPA). Consistent with this phenotype, the transcript levels of specific auxin-responsive genes were reduced in the ndpk2 mutant plants treated with auxin. The amount of auxin transported from the shoot apex to the shoot/root transition zone of ndpk2 mutant plants was increased, compared with that in the wild-type plants. These results collectively suggest that NDPK2 appears to participate in auxin-regulated processes, partly through the modulation of auxin transport.

Gene Expression↗
PubMed2002

Development of pancytopenia with neutralizing antibodies to thrombopoietin after multicycle chemotherapy supported by megakaryocyte growth and development factor.

Clinical trials of thrombopoietin (TPO), the central regulator of megakaryocytopoiesis, have revealed few side effects associated with its use. We here report a case of pancytopenia associated with the development of neutralizing antibodies to TPO that occurred in a patient who had undergone multicycle chemotherapy with multiple cycles of subcutaneous administration of pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor. Samples of the patient's bone marrow showed trilineage hypoplasia with absence of myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocyte progenitor cells but with elevated endogenous levels of erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and stem-cell factor. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an aplastic anemia-like syndrome associated with neutralizing antibodies to TPO.

Adenocarcinoma↗