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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

Gluconate zinc in acrodermatitis enteropathica.

Two children with characteristic findings of acrodermatitis enteropathica were found to have low serum zinc levels prior to therapy. Treatment with zinc gluconate in low dosages resulted in an increase in serum zinc levels and clinical improvement. All family members studied had low serum zinc levels. In addition, we noted a change of hair color to red and excessive drooling just prior to exacerbations in these two patients. The hair color returned to normal with remission.

Acrodermatitis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of 24 hour room temperature hold time on the heat resistance of Bacillus coagulans spores suspended in 10% Calcium Gluconate, USP.

In an industrial application, biological indicator test units can often remain at room temperature for several hours prior to a steam sterilization validation cycle. A study was performed using the biological indicator Bacillus coagulans suspended in 10% Calcium Gluconate, USP, to determine if room temperature hold time had an effect on the resistance of the biological indicator. The results indicated that no significant change in resistance was seen for hold times up to 24 hours at room temperature.

Bacillus↗
PubMed1994

[The infusion of calcium gluconate in coronary disease patients induces myocardial ischemia via a possible adenosine-mediated mechanism].

In the first part of the study 5 control subjects were submitted to iv infusion of 0.2 mM/kg of calcium gluconate in 20 min. Total calcium (atomic absorbtion method), ionized calcium (ion-selective electrode method) and adenosine (HPLC technique) were measured at the following times: 0 (baseline), 5, 10, 15, 20 (end of infusion), 25, 30, 35, and 50 min. The increase of total and ionized calcium serum levels was associated with a significant increase of adenosine plasma levels (from 207 +/- 41 to 362 +/- 63 nM, p < 0.001). Since the increase of adenosine plasma levels, obtained either with adenosine or dipyridamole (an adenosine reuptake inhibitor), has been used to test the coronary reserve in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), in the second part of the study we compared the effects of calcium infusion with dipyridamole in 15 CAD subjects. Pharmacological stress tests were evaluated by monitoring two-dimensional echocardiography, ECG, heart rate, blood pressure and rate-pressure product. Ten patients were positive both to dipyridamole stress test and to calcium infusion, ad demonstrated by the onset of new areas of transient asynergy in the same myocardial regions. Dipyridamole infusion determined a significant increase in heart rate and rate pressure-product in all patients (both in positive and in negative), whereas calcium induced a slight, not significant decrease of these parameters.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adenosine↗
PubMed1993

Kinetics of the gluconic acid biosynthesis by strain Aspergillus niger 13-73.

The kinetics of gluconic acid biosynthesis of the strain Aspergillus niger 13-73 by submerged cultivation in a medium containing 26% glucose was investigated. The maximum amount of the product was obtained at minimum biomass growth. The yield of the product compared to the theoretical one was 95% and the fermentation period was 42 hours. The results regarding the limitation theory are discussed.

Aspergillus niger↗
PubMed1976

The application of ferrihydroxamic complexes to photocolorimetric determination of drugs. Part 2: Quantitative determination of calcium pangamate (vitamin B15) and its calcium gluconate mixtures.

A quantitative method for calcium pangamate (Vitamin B15) and calcium gluconate determination, separately and in mixture, is proposed on the basis of the ferric hydroxamate procedure. The method may also be applied to the determination separately and in mixture, is proposed on the basis of the ferric of both preparations in mixture with various other substances which are not converted into lactone from in acid medium, and which the ferric hydroxamate procedure fails to develop.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1998

Oral magnesium for tocolysis: a comparison of magnesium gluconate and enteric-coated magnesium chloride.

PURPOSE: Following parenteral magnesium tocolysis for patients in preterm labor. The choice of oral tocolytic medications is controversial. METHODS: Over a six-month period, 47 patients who were inpreterm labor were randomized after parenteral magnesium tocolysis to receive magnesium gluconate ([Mg-g] 648 mg elemental magnesium/day) or magnesium chloride ([Mg-c] 640 mg elemental magnesium/ day). A serum magnesium was obtained 24 hours after the initiation of oral therapy. RESULTS: In the 25 patients were treated with Mg-g and 22 with Mg-c there were no differences in patient demographics, initial cervical dilatation hours on parenteral magnesium sulfate, recurrent contractions, or side effects between the two groups. The cost was also similar (Mg-c, $1.40/d; Mg-g, $2.11/d). The serum magnesium levels were higher in the Mg-c group (1.80 +/- 0.28 mg/dl) compared to the Mg-g group (1.63 +/- 0.30 mg/dl) but the difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: These two preparations of magnesium are similar in their effects on uterine activity and serum levels when used at these dosages.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Chlorhexidine gluconate to cleanse patients in a medical intensive care unit: the effectiveness of source control to reduce the bioburden of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.

BACKGROUND: Historically, methods of interrupting pathogen transmission have focused on improving health care workers' adherence to recommended infection control practices. An adjunctive approach may be to use source control (eg, to decontaminate patients' skin). METHODS: We performed a prospective sequential-group single-arm clinical trial in a teaching hospital's medical intensive care unit from October 2002 to December 2003. We bathed or cleansed 1787 patients and assessed them for acquisition of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). We performed a nested study of 86 patients with VRE colonization and obtained culture specimens from 758 environmental surfaces and 529 health care workers' hands. All patients were cleansed daily with the procedure specific to the study period as follows: period 1, soap and water baths; period 2, cleansing with cloths saturated with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate; and period 3, cloth cleansing without chlorhexidine. We measured colonization of patient skin by VRE, health care worker hand or environmental surface contamination by VRE, and patient acquisition of VRE rectal colonization. RESULTS: Compared with soap and water baths, cleansing patients with chlorhexidine-saturated cloths resulted in 2.5 log(10) less colonies of VRE on patients' skin and less VRE contamination of health care workers' hands (risk ratio [RR], 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-0.8) and environmental surfaces (RR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.5). The incidence of VRE acquisition decreased from 26 colonizations per 1000 patient-days to 9 per 1000 patient-days (RR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.1-0.9). For all measures, effectiveness of cleansing with nonmedicated cloths was similar to that of soap and water baths. CONCLUSION: Cleansing patients with chlorhexidine-saturated cloths is a simple, effective strategy to reduce VRE contamination of patients' skin, the environment, and health care workers' hands and to decrease patient acquisition of VRE.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of dietary fat content on the bioavailability of a sustained release quinidine gluconate tablet.

Quinidine gluconate 324 mg sustained release tablets (Quinaglute) was administered as a single dose to 15 healthy male subjects following an overnight fast, immediately following a high fat (HF) breakfast or immediately following a low fat (LF) breakfast. Serum samples were obtained over a 48 h period and analyzed for quinidine content using a high performance liquid chromatographic assay. Under the conditions of the study, both the rate and extent of quinidine bioavailability was significantly affected by food. The extent of bioavailability was statistically significantly greater (p less than 0.05) following both the HF and LF meals as compared to that in the fasted state. Rate of bioavailability was significantly enhanced following the LF meal as compared to that of the other two treatment groups. Although peak concentrations were greater and time to peak concentrations somewhat later following the HF meal versus those under fasting conditions, these differences were not statistically significant. In addition, the characteristics of the serum concentration-time profile (as defined by the number, magnitude, and time of occurrence of the multiple absorption maxima) was unique for each of the three treatment groups. Possible mechanisms underlying these results are explored.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of quinidine gluconate for nonlinear kinetics following chronic dosing.

Two different chronic dosing regimens of quinidine gluconate were administered to each of four healthy volunteers in a pilot study to evaluate quinidine for nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Analysis of plasma quinidine levels following the last dose indicates that disproportionate increases in steady-state plasma concentrations can occur in some subjects as the daily dose increases. Measurement of 2'-oxoquinidinone (2'-OXO) and 3-hydroxyquinidine (3-OH) metabolites revealed that the formation of 2'-OXO is proportional to the availability of quinidine base. Hydroxylation was a more variable process. Rate-limited hydroxylation was documented in one subject, and an apparent increase in hepatic microsomal enzyme-mediated hydroxylation was shown in a second subject who ingested large amounts of caffeine daily. By using a highly selective high-performance liquid chromatography assay technique, the total body clearance of quinidine was found to be greater than previously published data. Our results suggest that some individuals may exhibit dose-dependent elimination of quinidine and that the variability in quinidine's pharmacokinetics is related in part to its hydroxylation. Future studies must use highly specific quinidine assays and control for variables that may influence this route of metabolism.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of disposition values obtained by two assay methods for quinidine gluconate in patients with ventricular tachycardia.

Eight patients with previously untreated ventricular tachycardia, age 48.54 +/- 28.02 years (mean +/- SD), were enrolled in a protocol evaluating the disposition of quinidine gluconate as determined by two assay methods. Patients received two infusions of 5 mg/kg over 30 minutes separated by 20-30 (24.9 +/- 4.0) minutes of electrophysiologic testing. Blood samples were obtained at 0.17 hours and just prior to the second infusion, and then at 0.17, 0.25, 0.33, 1.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 24.0 hours after the second infusion. Paired serum samples were assayed for quinidine concentrations by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography. The two assays compared well, with a linear regression equation of Y = 0.927X + 0.247 with a correlation coefficient of 0.985. With the exception of the beta elimination rate constant and beta distribution volume, t test comparison of disposition values demonstrated no significant difference. Differences in the estimates of the beta elimination rate constant reflected differences in the two methods and indicated that even though both assays were comparable, subtle differences in specificity could be reflected in significant differences in this variable.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Dysfunction of the blood-retina barrier following white light exposure. A tracer study with horseradish peroxidase and ferrous gluconate.

The aim of this investigation was to study the ultrastructural effects of white light on the retinas of pigmented rabbits. The retinas were exposed to white light (400-740 nm) at intensities between 65 and 140 mW/cm2 for 1 h. Two days after exposure, the increased leakage of fluorescein measured with vitreous fluorophotometry could be mimicked on electron microscopy by the tracers ferrous gluconate and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In cases of minimal fluorescein leakage, traces of HRP were found in the basal folds of the retina pigment epithelium (RPE). No HRP was observed apical to the tight junctions of the RPE cells. When there was a great amount of fluorescein leakage, HRP completely filled the RPE cytoplasm, the extracellular spaces, and several cells in the neuroretina. It is concluded that after exposure to low intensities of white light, blood-retina barrier dysfunction may be due to disruption of the RPE basal fold membrane, leading to increased transcellular passage. The intact tight junctions suggest the under these circumstances intercellular leakage is not a component of BRB dysfunction.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A bacteriological evaluation of a programme for preoperative total body-washing with chlorhexidine gluconate performed by patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery.

Twenty-eight orthopaedic patients were taught to wash their entire bodies with chlorhexidine gluconate on two consecutive days preoperatively, starting in their homes. The operation field was also washed a third time. A bacteriological evaluation was performed using contact plates. A significant reduction of the skin flora, including Staph. aureus, was registered. No adverse side effects of total body-washing were observed.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1988

Vestibular ototoxicity following intratympanic applications of chlorhexidine gluconate in the cat.

Our previous studies have shown that the disinfectant chlorhexidine gluconate (CH) has an ototoxic effect on the cochlea following its topical application in the middle ear space. The purpose of the present investigation was to demonstrate morphologically if CH also has the potential to injure the vestibular organs in the inner ear and, if so, what structures are most strongly damaged. Nine cats were used for the study. The drug dose of CH and the number of its applications to the middle ear were the same as used in our previous study to produce middle ear injuries. In the 2% CH group of cats pronounced degeneration was found in afferent nerve endings and both types of sensory cells. These nerve terminals showed edematous dilatations and contained degenerated mitochondria. Highly dark-stained degenerated mitochondria were distributed in the sensory cells and the afferent nerve terminals in the 0.05% CH group, but these degenerative changes were much less than in the 2% CH group. No otolithic crystals or synaptic vesicles could be seen in the 2% CH group. The results from this study showed that CH as a disinfectant has an ototoxic effect on the labyrinthine vestibule in which the sensory cell-nerve ending complex is affected as the main target. Even when used in dilute clinical concentrations, vestibular disturbances are a likely complication if the drug solution flows into the middle ear through a perforated eardrum.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urinary excretion kinetics of intact quinidine and 3-OH-quinidine after oral administration of a single oral dose of quinidine gluconate in the fasting and non-fasting state.

To obtain more precise urinary excretion data of intact quinidine (D) and its main metabolite, 3-OH-quinidine (DM), the specific HPLC method of Bonora et al has been used to follow its urinary excretion kinetics. In a cross-over study, 2 commercial dosage forms of quinidine gluconate, fast- and slow-release, were administered to 18 healthy subjects who had fasted for 10 hours in 3 treatments which were administered during the fasting period (T1), and before (T2) of after (T3) a standard breakfast. The urine was collected at fixed time intervals for 72 hours after the administration of a single dose (405 mg of quinidine base). The difference between the drug release characteristics of the two products was studied by analysing the cumulative amount of D and DM excreted as a function of time, and the time required to reach the maximum value for the urinary excretion rate of intact quinidine. A food effect could be noticed among treatments with the conventional fast-release dosage form when comparing the maximum values of the urinary excretion rate of D (T2 greater than T1). There was no significant difference in the percentage of drug absorbed from the 2 products, according to the data on the cumulative amount of D and DM. The parameters estimated for quinidine and the metabolite were: the apparent half-life of elimination, the urinary excretion rates and the time to reach a maximum value in the urinary excretion rate. The urinary excretion rate constant and the renal clearance were also quantified for quinidine by combining urinary parameters with the corresponding serum data previously reported.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Verification of a novel NADH-binding motif: combinatorial mutagenesis of three amino acids in the cofactor-binding pocket of Corynebacterium 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase.

A screening method has been developed to support randomized mutagenesis of amino acids in the cofactor-binding pocket of the NADPH-dependent 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid (2,5-DKG) reductase. Such an approach could enable the isolation of an enzyme that can better catalyze the reduction of 2,5-DKG to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid (2-KLG) using NADH as a cofactor. 2-KLG is a valuable precursor to ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, and an enzyme with increased activity with NADH may be able to improve two potential vitamin C production processes. Previously we have identified three amino acid residues that can be mutated to improve activity with NADH as a cofactor. As a pilot study to show feasibility, a library was made with these three amino acids randomized, and 300 random colonies were screened for increased NADH activity. The activities of seven mutants with apparent improvements were verified using activity-stained native gels, and sequencing showed that the amino acids obtained were similar to some of those already discovered using rational design. The four most active mutants were purified and kinetically characterized. All of the new mutations resulted in apparent kcat values that were equal to or higher than that of the best mutant obtained through rational design. At saturating levels of cofactor, the best mutant obtained was almost twice as active with NADH as a cofactor as the wild-type enzyme is with NADPH. This screen is a valuable tool for improving 2,5-DKG reductase, and it could easily be modified for improving other aspects of this protein or similar enzymes.

Amino Acid Motifs↗