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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Consciousness-raising groups as a multicultural awareness approach: an experience with counselor trainees.

This article discusses the usefulness of consciousness-raising (CR) groups in the training of multiculturally aware counselors, and provides a description of their use in a graduate course on multicultural and gender issues in counseling. The conceptual framework for this training experience is built on Young's (1992) analysis of oppression, Freire's (1971, 1973) theory of liberating pedagogy, and social constructionist philosophy. Course procedures and several CR activities are described; the training experience is evaluated in terms of student reactions to it and potential dilemmas an instructor might face in using this format for teaching.

Counseling↗
PubMed1997

Women & ageing.

Demographic changes have forced gerontologists to focus attention on the gender based character of population ageing. Ageing is likely to become a 'gender issue' with a large number of women surviving into very old age in almost all the countries of the world. Elderly women, especially in Third World countries like India, face several jeopardizes. They are likely to be illiterate or poorly educated, unlikely to be employed, most likely to be widowed and dependent on others, and they suffer from malnutrition and disabilitating symptoms as well as report higher psychological distress. The vulnerability of the ageing women, special types of problems they are likely to encounter over the life span, and factors that marginalise them need to be better understood. There is no clear awareness as yet, of the potential contribution of ageing women to the development process as ageing women are stereotypically perceived as burdens on the national economy. Strategies addressed to ensure health and well-being of older women need to be developed.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Ethnic differences in STD rates among female adolescents.

Ethnic differences in rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were examined in a sample of 205 female adolescents receiving care at two family planning clinics in Houston, Texas. New infection and reinfection rates following treatment were also investigated. Black teens had a higher rate of past STDs than did Hispanic or White teens. However, there were no differences in rates at the time of the clinic visit. Of the 143 (69.8%) teens who returned for follow-up care, 21 (14.7%) had new infections; Black teens had the highest rate. The findings indicated that programs for teens need to address cultural, ethnic, and gender issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Condom use in sexual exchange relationships among young single adults in Ghana.

This article discusses some personal and situational factors which hinder the use of condoms among young single adults ages 18 to 25 years engaged in sexual exchange relationships in a Ghanaian town. Based on focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, this article highlights some key impediments often not adequately discussed in the discourse on condom use but considered vital in any attempt to increase condom use and ultimately reduce HIV transmission. The includes the dilemma facing women who want to use condoms for HIV prevention in premarital sexual exchange relationships (quite different from prostitution) contracted with material gain in mind. Women may face the risk of losing material benefits from sexual exchange relationships if the man is unwilling to use condoms. It is recommended that HIV health educators must increase the involvement of young single adults in exploring these and situational impediments and together design interventions to improve condom use.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Perspectives on gender and professional issues among female physical therapists.

The purposes of this study were to identify gender-related values, perceptions, and experiences of female physical therapists as these factors relate to female physical therapists' professional development and to offer an initial critique of the identified elements in comparison with a traditional model of professionalism. In-depth interviews were conducted with 10 physical therapists in two different states by the primary investigator. The interviews were analyzed utilizing qualitative data-analysis techniques, and a conceptual framework was developed from the literature and the interviews. Three major thematic categories were identified: (1) values, comprising the subcomponents of caring, relationship, empowerment, and context; (2) family role, comprising the subcomponents of enhancements, limitations, and coping strategies; and (3) sexism, comprising the subcomponents of leadership, money, and respect. These findings provide an initial basis for understanding more about factors that may both limit and enhance female physical therapists' professional development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Gender-related imaging issues in assessment of coronary artery disease by nuclear techniques.

Heart disease is a major threat to women's health. However, noninvasive evaluation of women for the presence of significant heart disease is often problematic. Cardiovascular nuclear tests interrogate different consequences of physiologically significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Myocardial perfusion imaging supplies information about regional myocardial blood flow. Radionuclide angiocardiography provides information about ejection fraction and regional wall motion. Infarct and metabolic imaging yield information about myocardial viability. This article briefly discusses the concepts and radionuclides involved in cardiovascular nuclear testing and reviews published studies as they relate to assessment of coronary artery disease in women. Myocardial perfusion imaging is a reasonable test for detection of coronary artery disease in women, especially when attenuation artifacts from breast tissue are taken into account. Intravenous dipyridamole stress provides comparable overall accuracy in women and men although women reportedly have a higher incidence of side effects; gender-specific data have not been reported for adenosine. Sufficient gender-specific data are also not currently available for either 99mTc or positron-emitting perfusion tracers. Exercise radionuclide angiography can help determine the probability of significant left main or severe three vessel disease but provides only limited prognostic information in women with CAD. Thus in women, although choice of testing using nuclear techniques depends in part on local experience and expertise, myocardial perfusion imaging appears preferable to radionuclide angiocardiography for detection of significant CAD. To determine the most accurate methods to evaluate women for the presence of significant CAD, all current and future studies of diagnostic testing for CAD should analyze data separately for women and men.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1978

Boyhood gender aberrations: treatment issues.

Although it is not yet clear what boyhood behaviors indicate an adult homosexual outcome, femininity is one reliable marker. The earlier and greater the femininity, the more likely will it be resistant to treatment, in childhood or adult life. Once an evaluation has revealed the femininity is intense, treatment should quickly begin and, when possible, include both mother and father. If the boy is to become more masculine, his mother will have to allow--encourage--him finally to separate from her, and his father will have to start serving as an adequate model for masculinity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The epidemic of dieting women: the need for a sociological approach to food and nutrition.

The social construction of overweight has meant that dieting is an experience of being a woman in Western society. Health promotion fails to counteract the cult of slimness and reinforces medicalized notions of the "problem" of overweight, legitimizing unnecessary dieting practices. The limitations of the health promotion approach are examined through medicalization and healthism critiques. The negative consequences for women of dieting to control weight are highlighted in this article through the concepts of gendered food and gendered bodies. The issue of gender and dieting is used here to illustrate the need for interdisciplinary and qualitative approaches to the study of food and nutrition practices, before intervening to change those practices. An examination of the social implications of health promotion in the area of weight control exposes the need for a moratorium on such strategies until a database of qualitative research is established through sociological studies on food and nutrition.

Body Weight↗
PubMed2003

Stigma as a barrier to treatment of sexually transmitted infection in the American deep south: issues of race, gender and poverty.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) occur at high rates in the US compared to other Western nations. Sociocultural indicators such as race and ethnicity, lower socioeconomic status and historically higher rates of certain diseases, such as syphilis, are correlated factors but do not explain fully why STI rates are particularly high in the American Deep South. One salient factor is the stigma associated with STI and its effect on screening and treatment. This paper presents the results of six focus group interviews that were conducted among mainly African-American health workers, patients and students in Alabama, USA. The results showed that STI-related stigma directly and indirectly affected willingness to be treated for STI at public health clinics. Four dimensions of stigma emerged: (1) Religious ideation affected how health workers felt about 'promiscuous' patients (especially women), (2) privacy fears discouraged male patients from seeking treatment at local clinics, (3) racial attitudes affected willingness to be treated for STI and (4) Stigma transference (being "scarlet lettered") emerged as a potent disincentive to treatment. Partner notification was more likely if patients felt betrayed by a sexual partner. Further research is needed to clarify these stigma-related dimensions and the impact on screening, treatment and partner services.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Chronic sorrow in the HIV-positive patient: issues of race, gender, and social support.

This study used Olshansky's (1962) concept of chronic sorrow to examine social support needs of 21 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men and women in a southern U.S. city. The methods of inquiry consisted of narrative interviews and a quantitative assessment of depression (the Center of Epidemiological Studies on Depression [CES-D] Scale). This combined approach indicated that chronic sorrow in HIV-positive persons is related to illness, fear of death, poverty, and social isolation, especially for women with children. More than half of the subjects scored as depressed, with African American women scoring significantly higher than Caucasian men or women. Social isolation often resulted from the effects of stigma, as framed in Erving Goffman's theory of discredited identity. The women were likely to be stigmatized because of their association with "dirty sex," contagion, and moral threat in heterosexual communities. Most of the men had been protected from the worst effects of stigma because of their ties to the gay community and associated health networks. Based on these preliminary findings, stigma should be considered a marker of chronic depression in the HIV-positive, and support services should take account of the stigmatizing contexts of HIV-positive persons.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Strategies for building a multidisciplinary academic program in women's health.

During the decade of the 1990s, women's health has received unprecedented attention from government, industry, marketers of healthcare, and academic medical centers. An assessment of research, education, and healthcare delivery has exposed gaps in our knowledge about gender-related issues. Recognition of gender as a rich frontier for innovation and discovery has resulted in widespread and varied responses and a commensurate increase in activity in the field. However, this diversity of effort has created the new challenge of effectively communicating strategies of response to the multiple disciplines invested in women's health. This article describes a strategy used at Duke University Medical Center to build awareness of women's health through a highly visible and successful Women's Health Seminar Series. The series serves as a focal point for broader efforts to build a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, academic program in women's health with initiatives in clinical care, research, faculty development, provider education, and community outreach.

Curriculum↗
PubMed2004

At issue: Sex and gender in schizophrenia.

Using data collected in a study of sex differences in schizophrenia, I undertook this study to show the utility of distinguishing between sex and gender in the study of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder were combined to yield 213 patients (141 men, 72 women). There were 98 healthy controls (41 men, 57 women). The relative contributions of sex and gender to the prediction of age of first hospitalization and neuropsychological functioning were examined in linear regression analyses. Sex, but not gender, was a significant predictor of age at first hospitalization, even when controlling for illness severity. Among patients, sex and gender significantly contributed to the prediction of neuropsychological performance, beyond the contributions of education, age, and illness severity. Comparable results were found among healthy controls, although gender was significant only for women. For both healthy subjects and patients, more frequent endorsement of female typical social roles predicted better neuropsychological functioning. Being female also predicted higher neuropsychological scores in patients. The findings suggest that some aspects of schizophrenia study, such as the disorder's onset, may be best pursued from a more biological (sex difference) perspective, while a sociocultural (gender difference) perspective may best serve other aspects of study, such as neuropsychological functioning.

Age Factors↗