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PubMed2002

Host differences in serum antibody response during infection of goats by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus.

The response of goats infected with caprine arthritis encephalitis virus was evaluated by estimating the binding antibodies in serum. The immunoreactive proteins of the CAEV, strain 63, were determined by immunobloting the lysate against the serum of the infected goat. The major proteins identified were of the molecular weights of 135, 120, 56, 44, 38, 28, 20 and 13 kDa. Proteins with less prominence were of the molecular weights of 96, 32 and 30 kDa. The responses to the viral proteins at several stages of the infection were examined. Antibodies to viral proteins of 135, 121 and 90 kDa were the first to appear in the goat kids that were apparently infected through breast-feeding by infected dam. The time of appearance of these antibodies in the serum varied widely between the goats from one to six months, and preceded the appearence of antibodies to other proteins by two to four weeks. Salient variations revealed in the immunoblot patterns reflect the differences in the immunological responses by the goats to the viral proteins. Littermate goat kids infected through the same dam showed slightly different responses. In the same manner, dissimilarities were observed in the patterns produced by the serums of the damand the corresponding offsprings, when run against the same virus lysate. This study indicates that some differences occur in the immunoblot pattern when this assay is used for diagnosis, although such discrepancies should not affect the interpretation of the diagnostic assay. The host differences in the response to the viral proteins also suggest the potential problems that can be encountered developing an effective vaccine for CAEV, if the binding antibody production reflects that of the neutralizing antibodies in the goats. For effective vaccine coverage, there should be little variability in the immunogenicity of candidate vaccine antigens among the hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Diagnostic testing patterns of natural Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in pygmy goats.

Thirteen pygmy goats (Capra hircus) from a herd naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis (MPTB) were monitored with 4 diagnostic assays for 2 to 15 mo. Cellular and humoral immune responses to the infection were assessed with assays of gamma interferon (IFNgamma), serum antibody [enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and agar gel diffusion (AGID)], and radiometric fecal culture. Microscopic examination and radiometric culture of tissue from 12 sites were performed at necropsy. Goats were considered infected if MPTB was isolated from any tissue sample collected at necropsy. Mycobacterial isolates were confirmed as MPTB with an IS900 polymerase chain reaction assay. Ten goats whose antemortem tests indicated infection carried heavy organism burdens at necropsy, both within and beyond the gastrointestinal system. False-negative ELISA, AGID, and/or culture results were obtained in 5 of the 10 confirmed cases during the study period. In 3 goats with sporadic fecal shedding of MPTB or detectable IFNgamma response, or both, no abnormalities were detected at necropsy and no MPTB was isolated from the tissue samples; the antemortem fecal-culture and IFNgamma results were thus considered false-positive. Diagnosticians should be alert to the possibility of both false-positive and false-negative test results for Johne's disease in goats. False-positive fecal-culture results may occur when a high prevalence of infection exists in the herd and the premises are likely to be heavily contaminated. The diverse antemortem testing patterns seen in these goats underscore the importance of using varied diagnostic assays serially or in parallel to increase the likelihood of identifying all infected goats.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Gastrointestinal parasites in goat farms from Bergamo province (Lombardy, north Italy)].

A survey on gastrointestinal parasites in goat farms in Bergamo province was carried out from May 2005 to January 2006. Thirty-one dairy goat farms and 836 adult female goats were examined. Faecal sampling was carried out before the antihelminthic treatments, and the sampling times were grouped in three seasonal periods (June-August, September-October and November-March). Faecal exams were carried out by a McMaster method and eggs per gram (EPG) were calculated for each gastrointestinal parasite. Differences in prevalence of Strongylida, Trichuris and Nematodirus were found between farms with goats on pasture and those where animals were permanently housed indoor. Strongyloides spp. showed higher values of prevalence in goats housed indoor. With regard to the sampling seasons, Strongylida eggs were more prevalent in summer while Nematodirus in winter in goats at pasture. Strongyloides occurred more frequently in autumn in stabled goats.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Reproductive failure in goats in Norway: an investigation in 24 herds.

Twenty-four flocks comprising 2370 breeding goats were examined. Three hundred-and-sixty-nine (15.6%) of the goats either aborted or delivered dead kids at full term, or were barren. In 23 of the herds the rate of reproductive loss ranged from 2% to 36%, whereas in one herd all of 54 mated goats had live kids. A loss of greater than or equal to 20% was found in 9 herds comprising 799 goats. In 11 herds comprising 946 goats the rate of reproductive failure was less than or equal to 10%. The incidence of reproductive failure was higher in older goats than in those in their first or second pregnancy. The causes were identified in only about 3% of the goats that aborted. It is concluded that reproductive failure in many flocks probably is associated with non-infectious causes such as nutritional and environmental factors.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1991

Epizootic of external and internal abscesses in a large goat herd over a 16-year period.

From 1973 through 1988, 518 external and internal abscesses were diagnosed in a large commercial goat herd. Of the 518 abscesses, 238 were primary and 280 were secondary abscesses in the same or other anatomic locations. During this period, the herd varied in size from 94 goats in 1973 to 431 goats in 1988. Abscesses in the jaw area were detected in 141 goats, 4 of which developed osteomyelitis of the mandible. Sternal abscesses were detected in 72 goats, with 2 also having osteomyelitis of the sternum diagnosed at necropsy. Most of the abscesses were in the jaw, sternal, facial, and cervical areas. Lung abscesses were diagnosed at necropsy in 20 goats that most recently had 1 or more superficial abscesses. Abscess incidence was 27.6% (112 of 406) in wethers and 22.9% (154 of 687) in does. Actinomyces pyogenes was isolated most frequently by bacteriologic culture of abscess specimens and about 3 times as often as was Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis or Staphylococcus sp, usually coagulase-positive S aureus. Bacteriologic culture of blood samples, taken during abscess episodes, yielded A pyogenes (n = 3) or C pseudotuberculosis (n = 1) in 3 goats. Results of antibiotic treatment of abscesses were disappointing, with little evidence of altering the course of the disease or sterilizing the abscess, despite the fact that the bacteria were susceptible in vitro to the antibiotics used. Excision of intact abscesses was the preferred treatment for abscesses of the jaw and facial areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Abscess↗
PubMed1990

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dairy goats from 1982 to 1984.

Serum samples from 1,000 dairy goats from northwest United States (1982 to 1984) were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by a modified agglutination test. Toxoplasma gondii antibody titers were less than 1.40 for 779 goats, 1.40 for 153 goats, and greater than or equal to 1:400 for 68 goats. Seroprevalence increased with age of goats; 3.7% of 54 six-month-old goats were seropositive (greater than or equal to 1:40) vs 17.8% of 218 one-year-old goats.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Variability in susceptibility to anthelmintics of the lungworm Muellerius capillaris first-stage larvae. Relationship to dairy-goat farms and previous exposure to febantel treatment.

Seven dairy-goat farms, located in central, western France, were studied in order to assess the variability in susceptibility of the lungworm Muellerius capillaris first-stage larvae (L1) to 3 different anthelmintics in relation to farm origin, by means of motility tests. The motility tests were performed by mixing larval suspensions with pyrantel (PYR), thiabendazole (TBZ) or ivermectin (IVE) solutions (3 concentrations x 3 incubation durations). The same anthelmintic tests were repeated 7 and 21 d after febantel (probenzimidazole) treatment of the goats. Before the treatment of goats, the average ratio (x 100) of L1 motility compared with control were very different for the 3 anthelminthics: 44, 30 and 59, respectively for TBZ, PYR and IVE. The ratios of L1 motility were the same at days 7 and 21 after the treatment of goats. The susceptibility of L1 to anthelmintics varied a great deal from 1 farm to another when goats had not been previously treated, whereas L1s from the same farms were the same after treatment of goats. The occurrence of different motilities of L1 with the anthelmintic tests from 1 farm to another should be related to the existence of different populations of M capillaris. The L1 motilities were reduced after anthelmintic treatment of goats suggesting a temporary effect on populations of M capillaris females shedding L1.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in goats.

A commercial rapid-absorbed ELISA developed to detect antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in bovine serum was modified for use with goat serum. Diagnostic sensitivity was evaluated, using a group of 163 goats from a herd with endemic paratuberculosis. Blood and fecal samples were obtained simultaneously, and prevalence of shedding of M paratuberculosis in the feces was estimated by detection of DNA of the mycobacterial insertion sequence, IS900, using a commercial test kit. Diagnostic specificity was evaluated, using blood samples from a total of 123 goats in 10 herds that were considered clinically free of paratuberculosis. The IS900 DNA was detected in 35 of the 163 goats (21%) from the infected herd. Serum antibody to M paratuberculosis was detected in 19 of the 35 IS900 DNA-positive goats, for apparent sensitivity of 54%. Serum antibody was detected in 18 of the 128 IS900 DNA-negative goats from the infected herd. Negative results for serum antibody to M paratuberculosis were obtained for all 123 goats from the herds that were considered clinically free of paratuberculosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Lactation associated with acidophilic pituitary adenoma, pheochromocytoma, and cystic endometrial hyperplasia in two goats.

Two unbred adult female goats were examined for persistent, inappropriate lactation. Prostaglandin F2 alpha treatment was ineffective in relieving the condition. Over 5 months, 1 goat developed evidence of CNS disease; this same goat had persistently high serum prolactin concentrations. At necropsy, both goats had an acidophilic adenoma of the pars distalis, a condition that, to our knowledge, has not previously been reported in goats. In addition, both goats had pheochromocytomas and cystic endometrial hyperplasia, conditions that are rarely reported in small ruminants. The inciting cause of inappropriate lactation in goats can be difficult to determine. Pituitary adenomas should be suspected when treatment with prostaglandins is unsuccessful, signs of CNS disease develop, or persistently high serum prolactin concentrations are detected.

Adenoma, Acidophil↗
PubMed1996

[Clinical and etiological aspects of goat ear mite infestations in Tuscany].

Parasitic otitis associated with Psoroptes sp. mites was diagnosed for the first time in two flocks of goats located in Tuscany, Italy. Some animals presented clinical signs of ear mite infection, but the parasites were also isolated from the ears of two clinically silent goats. A morphometric study was conducted to establish whether there are significant morphological differences between mites collected from the ears of goats and Psoroptes cuniculi collected from the ears of rabbits. Three rabbits were experimentally infected with mites isolated from the auditory canal of goats, while nine goats were infected with mites isolated from rabbits. After three to five months all rabbits and five of the nine goats contained reproducing mite populations in their ears; also the morphometric analysis revealed no difference between rabbit and goat ear mites. It follows that Psoroptes cuniculi represents the etiologic agent of parasitic otitis in both these two animal species.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Cytokine production in vitro by macrophages of goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis.

The response of caprine macrophages to exposure to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated in female Nubian and Nubian crossbreed of goats. Macrophages were matured in vitro from monocytes isolated from blood of control and CAEV-infected goats and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in culture supernatant after exposure of cells to LPS and virus were assayed. Though barely detectable in unstimulated cells, TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels showed peak values of 420 +/- 28 to 530 +/- 32 and 70 +/- 27 to 93 +/- 29, respectively, in supernatants of control goat cells [corrected], remaining high through 24 hrs. post treatment with LPS stimulation. Exposure of these control goat cells [corrected] to virus induced lower secretions (p<0.05) of the cytokines. The peak values occurred between 6 and 12 hrs. post treatment with LPS or virus. Cells prepared from virus-infected goats and treated with the mitogen or virus showed significantly (p<0.05) lower response than those from control goats. The present results suggest a dysregulation, possibly downregulation of the production of both cytokines in macrophages of goats chronically diseased by lentivirus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of cleft palate induction by Nicotiana glauca in goats and sheep.

The induction of cleft palate by Nicotiana glauca (wild tree tobacco) during the first trimester of pregnancy was compared between Spanish-type goats and crossbred western-type sheep. Cleft palate was induced in 100% of the embryonic/fetal goats when their pregnant mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant material or with anabasine-rich extracts from the latter, during gestation days 32-41. Seventy-five percent of newborn goats had cleft palate after maternal dosing with N. glauca during gestation days 35-41, while no cleft palates were induced when dosing periods included days 36-40, 37-39, or day 38 only. The induced cleft palates were bilateral, involving the entire secondary palates with complete detachment of the vomer. Eleven percent of the newborn goats from does gavaged during gestation days 32-41 had extracranial abnormalities, most often contractures of the metacarpal joints. Most of these contractures resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum. One newborn kid also had an asymmetric skull due to apparent fetal positioning. No cleft palates were induced in lambs whose mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant or anabasine-rich extracts during gestation days 34-41, 35-40, 35-41, 36-41, 35-51, or 37-50. Only one of five lambs born to three ewes gavaged with N. glauca plant material during gestation days 34-55 had a cleft palate, but all five of these lambs had moderate to severe contractures in the metacarpal joints. The slight to moderate contracture defects resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum, but the severe contractures resolved only partially. Embryonic/fetal death and resorption (determined by ultrasound) occurred in 25% of pregnant goats fed N. glauca compared to only 4% of pregnant sheep. Nicotiana glauca plant material contained the teratogenic alkaloid anabasine at 0.175% to 0.23%, dry weight, demonstrating that Spanish-type goats are susceptible to cleft palate induction by the natural toxin anabasine, while crossbred western-type sheep are resistant. However, clinical signs of toxicity were equally severe in goats and sheep, even though maternal alkaloid tolerance was generally lower in sheep. We postulate that an alkaloid-induced reduction in fetal movement during the period of normal palate closure is the cause of the cleft palate and multiple flexion contractures. Teratology 61:203-210, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1999

Molecular cloning and localization of caprine relaxin-like factor (RLF) mRNA within the goat testis.

The relaxin-like factor (RLF) is one of the insulin-like molecules, which also includes insulin, insulin-like growth factor I and II, placentin, and relaxin. Employing RT- and RACE-PCR on RNA isolated from goat testicular tissue, we report the cloning and nucleic acid sequence of goat RLF. The caprine RLF cDNA coding sequence consisted of 396 base pairs encoding a peptide of 131 amino acids. Caprine RLF showed the highest homology in nucleic acid and amino acid sequence with bovine and sheep RLF, suggesting conservation of the RLF gene among ruminants. Northern blot analysis revealed a single 0.9 kb RLF transcript expressed in the goat testis but not in the epididymis, liver, or muscle tissue. Only a single goat RLF gene is present in the goat genome as determined by Southern blot analysis. Employing nonradioactive in situ hybridization for goat RLF mRNA and immunohistochemistry for 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) and 17alpha-hydroxylase, we identified the Leydig cells as the sole source of RLF mRNA in the goat testis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical and pathological effects of short-term cyanide repeated dosing to goats.

The purpose of this work is to determine and describe the effects of subacute cyanide toxicity to goats. Eight female goats were divided into two groups. The first group of five animals was treated with 8.0 mg KCN kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for seven consecutive days. The second group of three animals was treated with water as controls. Complete physical examination, including observation for behavior changes, was conducted before and after dosing. One treated animal was euthanized immediately after dosing. Later, two of the remaining treated animals and a control goat were euthanized after a 30-day recovery period. Euthanized animals were necropsied and tissues were collected and prepared for histologic studies. Clinical signs in treated goats were transient and included depression and lethargy, mild hyperpnea and hyperthermia, arrhythmias, abundant salivation, vocalizations, expiratory dyspnea, jerky movements and head pressing. Two goats developed convulsions after day 3 of treatment. One animal developed more permanent behavioral changes as she became less dominant and aggressive. Histologic changes included mild hepatocellular vacuolation and degeneration, mild vacuolation and swelling of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys and spongiosis of the white matter (status spongiosis) of the cerebral white tracts, internal capsule, cerebellar peduncles, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. In summary, sub-lethal cyanide intoxication in goats resulted in behavioral changes, and during the treatment period animals showed delayed signs of toxicity. Significant histologic lesions in goats were observed and need to be characterized further.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Mitochondrial organization in prepubertal goat oocytes during in vitro maturation and fertilization.

The aim of this study was to evaluate mitochondrial distribution during in vitro maturation (at 0, 15, 20, and 27 hr of IVM) and fertilization of prepubertal goat oocytes compared to mitochondrial distribution of ovulated and in vitro fertilized oocytes from adult goats. Oocytes from prepubertal goats were recovered from a slaughterhouse and were matured in M199 with hormones and serum for 27 hr. Ovulated oocytes were collected from gonadotrophin-treated Murciana goats. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa were selected by centrifugation in Percoll gradient and were capacitated in DMH with 20% steer serum for 1 hr. Ovulated and IVM-oocytes were inseminated in DMH medium with steer serum and calcium lactate for 20 hr. Oocytes and presumptive zygotes were stained with Mitotraker Green FM and observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Ultrastructural morphology of oocytes and presumptive zygotes were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prepubertal goat oocytes at germinal vesicle stage (GV) presented mitochondria localized in the cortical and perinuclear region. IVM-oocytes at metaphase II presented mitochondria peripheral polarized to the region opposite were the metaphase spindle is positioned and within the polar body. Ovulated oocytes presented peripheral mitochondria distribution and mitochondrial aggregation around the MII spindle. At 20 hr post-insemination, mitochondria were distributed around the two synchronous pronuclei (2PN rpar; in zygotes ovulated oocytes whereas in prepubertal 2PN-zygotes mitochondria presented a peripheral polarized distribution. Images by TEM detected that immature prepubertal goat oocytes that are less electrodense and present fewer cristae than in vitro matured prepubertal goat oocytes; these are characterized by being associated to swollen vesicles. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 73: 617-626, 2006 (c) 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

High-resolution human/goat comparative map of the goat polled/intersex syndrome (PIS): the human homologue is contained in a human YAC from HSA3q23.

The genetic and cytogenetic map around the chromosome 1 region shown to be linked with polledness and intersexuality (PIS) in the domestic goat (Capra hircus) was refined. For this purpose, a goat BAC library was systematically screened with primers from human coding sequences, scraped chromosome 1 DNA, bovine microsatellites from the region, and BAC ends. All the BACs (n = 30) were mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on goat chromosome 1q41-q45. The genetic mapping of 30 new goat polymorphic markers, isolated from these BACs, made it possible to reduce the PIS interval to a region of less than 1 cM on goat chromosome 1q43. The PIS locus is now located between the two genes ATP1B and COP, which both map to 3q23 in humans. Genetic, cytogenetic, and comparative data suggest that the PIS region is now probably circumscribed to an approximately 1-Mb DNA segment for which construction of a BAC contig is in progress. In addition, a human YAC contig encompassing the blepharophimosis-ptosis-epicanthus-inversus region was mapped by FISH to goat chromosome 1q43. This human disease, mapped to HSA 3q23 and affecting the development and maintenance of ovarian function, could be a potential candidate for goat PIS.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Characterization of the cortical laser-doppler flow and hippocampal degenerative patterns after global cerebral ischaemia in the goat.

Large-animal models offer several advantages in the study of cerebral ischaemia: easier control of physiological variables, easier neuropathological evaluation, etc. In the present study we have taken advantage of the unique cerebrovascular anatomy of the goat to reproduce a model of reversible, incomplete, global cerebral ischaemia in a large-sized animal species, in which the effects of successive manoeuvres to stop and re-start cerebral blood flow can be recorded continuously. Early cortical laser-Doppler flow response (up to 2 h) and delayed neuronal degeneration (7 days) in the hippocampal CA1 subfield have been analysed in goats undergoing 5, 10 or 20 min of transient, global cerebral ischaemia. Bilateral occlusion of the external carotid artery plus compression of jugular veins reduced cortical laser-Doppler flow to 11 +/- 8% of preischaemic values (P<0.01), flattened the electrocorticogram, and increased mean arterial blood pressure by 17 +/- 23% (P<0.01) and intracranial pressure by 161 +/- 136% (P<0.01). A rather heterogeneous response was obtained during reperfusion: 14 out of 31 goats showed the "classical" pattern consisting of hyperaemia followed by delayed hypoperfusion. The remaining goats showed neither hyperaemia (11 goats) nor delayed hypoperfusion (6 goats). The duration of the ischaemic insult did not correlate with the magnitude of hyperaemia or delayed hypoperfusion, but influenced neurodegeneration: while no loss of hippocampal CA1 neurons was observed at 7 days after 5 or 10 min ischaemia, a 68% cell loss was observed in the 20-min ischaemia group. Our goat model has thus proven to be very suitable for the induction of global cerebral ischaemia in a large-animal species without extensive surgery. It allows reproducible reductions of cerebral blood flow, long-term recovery, low mortality rate, and high incidence of neuronal damage. The results reported here support the view that delayed hypoperfusion is not an important determinant of neuronal injury.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Dietary cancer risk from conditional cancerogens (tumor promoters) in produce of livestock fed on species of spurge (Euphorbiaceae). IV. Toxicologic and pathophysiologic observations in lactating goats and their suckling kids fed on the irritant herbs Euphorbia nubica and Euphorbia helioscopia: an etiologic model for investigations on the putative risk of cancer by consumption of food p.

The feeding of lactating goats on usual green fodder, contaminated with Euphorbia helioscopia or E. nubica, results in poisoning of the dams as well as their suckling kids. General signs of toxicity were emaciation, depression, shedding of body hair, arching of back, and possible death. Post-mortem changes of dams and dead suckling kids included congestion and hemorrhage in cardiac muscle, lung, liver, and kidneys. Blood analyses of goats exposed to these contaminants showed an increased level of serum alanine amino transferase compared to control samples, indicating cellular destruction in the liver. The latter was confirmed by histopathological changes in the organ which include severe congestion, necrosis, and degenerative changes. The goats also suffered from deterioration of renal function as indicated by increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. In histopathologic inspections of kidney, severe congestion, hemorrhage in the cortex and medulla, as well as necrosis of epithelial cells of kidney tubules were noticed. Considerable degenerative changes were also observed in heart and lung. The pathophysiological appearances indicate that by feeding on the Euphorbia species mentioned above, the goats are poisoned in a way similar to the case of E. peplus reported previously. Such intoxication most likely is due to irritant and hyperplasiogenic diterpene ester (DTE) toxins, usually present in the aerial parts of Euphorbia species and well known as tumor promoters in mouse skin. After ingestion of the toxic plant parts by the goats, the DTE toxins might be metabolized and thereby partially detoxified. Yet, at least in part, they may show up in the milk of the goats, as indicated by severe poisoning of their suckling kids. As discussed previously in lactating goats fed on fodder contaminated with E. peplus, tumor promoters of the DTE type may enter the human food chain via this source of milk. Such milk may be considered a valuable etiologic model for the investigation of economic, ecologic, and public health problems raised by human diet polluted with tumor promoters, i.e., conditional (non-genotoxic) cancerogens.

Alanine Transaminase↗