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PubMed2001

Wearing test with 2 different types of latex gloves with and without the use of a skin protection cream.

72 subjects reporting symptoms indicating Type I hypersensitivity reactions to natural rubber latex (NRL) gloves were included in this study. 44 of them had a positive prick test to NRL. They underwent wearing tests using 2 types of NRL gloves with high (n=63) and low (n=70) allergen contents. Unigloves Malaysia with a high allergen content caused positive skin reactions in 47% of SPT-positive and no IgE-negative subjects. After application of Hand Sense skin protection cream, the frequency of positive skin responses in wearing tests decreased to 30% in prick-test-positive subjects. The Biogel Diagnostic gloves with low allergen caused hypersensitivity with and without Hand Sense in 2 cases (5%) of the prick-test-positive. 60% of all test participants had a positive prick test to NRL. No prick-test-negative subjects showed any urticaria during the glove-wearing test. Our study demonstrates that high allergen contents in latex gloves frequently elicit skin responses in NRL-sensitized subjects. Since other skin protection creams have shown to increase allergic symptoms, it is encouraging to report that Hand Sense skin cream may hamper the uptake of allergens from gloves, thus decreasing allergic reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Contact urticaria due to polyethylene gloves.

We report a rare case of contact urticaria due to polyethylene gloves. The patient, a 46-year-old cook, had had had chronic urticaria since 1985, and first visited our hospital in June 2000. We began by prescribing antihistamine and antiallergenic drugs for him, but his condition did not improve. From a detailed interview, we established that when he put on polyethylene gloves at work, his condition worsened. We suspected some component of his gloves to be the cause of his symptoms. Prick and scratch tests with a solution extracted from his gloves showed a wheal-and-flare reaction at 15 min. We advised him to wear a cotton shirt under his clothes in daily life, and to put on cotton gloves under his polyethylene gloves while at work. Subsequently, the size and the number of wheals were markedly smaller and the subject's symptoms were reduced.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1994

Glove use by dentists in England and Wales: results of a 2-year follow-up survey.

This paper reports the findings of a 2-year follow-up study of glove use by dentists practising within the NHS regulations in England and Wales. The questionnaire for this study was distributed in November/December 1991 to 1950 dentists. The response rate was 61.5%. Analysis of the data obtained from the replies indicated that 83% of respondents wore gloves routinely for all patients and all procedures, 15% wore gloves for either selected patients or procedures and 2% never wore gloves. Glove wearing patterns were found to be related to gender, practice type and frequency of attendance at postgraduate courses. Overall, the results indicate increasing levels of compliance with recommendations concerning glove wearing while treating patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Prevention of latex allergy by selection of low-allergen gloves.

BACKGROUND: In recent years the prevalence of type I allergy to latex has continuously increased, in particular among healthcare workers, to about 10%. While most forms of type I allergy caused by other environmental allergens can be treated by pharmacotherapy or specific immunotherapy, minimizing exposure to latex proteins may represent an effective preventive measure for latex allergy. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether it is possible to select by in vitro and in vivo testing low-allergen latex gloves for prevention of latex allergy. METHODS: We obtained separate extracts by standard aqueous extraction from the inner and outer surfaces of 15 different commonly used (10 examination, five surgical) glove brands. The extracts were analysed by quantitative (bicinchoninic protein assay, immunoglobulin [Ig] E-ELISA, ELISA competition) and qualitative (SDS-PAGE, silver staining, IgE immunoblotting) methods for their protein and allergen contents. In addition, the glove extracts were analysed for their capacity to induce basophil histamine release and immediate skin reactions. RESULTS: Extracts from different glove brands contained cross-reactive IgE epitopes. However, IgE binding studies, basophil histamine release and skin testing showed that different glove brands and their inner and outer surfaces contained widely varying protein and allergen contents. While the determination of total protein contents was not sufficient to identify low-allergen gloves, IgE measurements, basophil histamine release and skin testing were in good agreement and allowed to select low-allergen products. CONCLUSION: We suggest the use of low-allergen latex products identified by IgE binding, basophil histamine release assays and skin testing as a feasible preventive measure for latex allergy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The effect of polymethyl methacrylate on latex-free surgical gloves.

In the current medical environment of increased awareness about latex sensitivity, more patients are presenting with known latex allergy. One such patient presented to us for total knee arthroplasty. During this procedure, we noticed holes in our latex-free surgical gloves when polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was being handled. Through subsequent testing of different brands of latex-free surgical gloves with various brands of bone-cement, we found that Allergard latex-free surgical gloves are destroyed by contact with PMMA. Biogel Neotech and Duraprene latex-free gloves show no such destruction. These results indicate that Allergard gloves should not be used in procedures in which bone-cement is employed. Biogel Neotech and Duraprene latex-free gloves are an acceptable alternative.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee↗
PubMed1997

[Exposure testing with powdered gloves in 60 health care workers with latex allergy].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Type 1 sensitization to natural rubber latex occurs in up to 22% of health care workers. Most sensitizations are due to the use of powdered latex gloves. Work place-associated exposure tests were performed to ascertain how frequently persons who developed breathing difficulties, rhinitis/conjunctivitis or obstructive respiratory tract illness when using powdered latex gloves are allergic to latex. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 60 persons (48 women and 12 men; mean age 29 +/- 7 years) with type 1 sensitization to natural rubber latex were studied. The past history was obtained through a questionnaire specially designed for those with latex allergy. Diagnostic measures included prick tests with different latex allergens, measuring the concentrations of total and latex-specific IgE and exposure trials, related to the work place, with powdered vinyl and latex gloves. RESULTS: The prick tests with various latex allergens produced significant skin reactions in 59 subjects, 58 had latex-specific IgE antibodies (0.47 kU/l- > 100 kU/l). Exposure tests with powdered latex gloves produced rhinitis in 55 and conjunctivitis in 38 persons, urticaria in 3 and cough in 19. Whole-body plethysmography demonstrated a significant rise in respiratory tract resistance in 13, a reduction in 1-second expiratory volume of at least 20% in 15. Abnormal values in both tests were noted in 8 subjects. CONCLUSION: The breathing difficulty reported by all subjects was in most cases due not to bronchial obstruction but to obstructed nasal breathing. In cases with breathing difficulty on exposure to latex gloves a latex allergy should be considered as the cause. Powdered latex gloves present a danger to health care personnel and should no longer be used.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Starch and natural rubber allergen interaction in the production of latex gloves: a hand-held aerosol.

Starch powders continue to be used as donning agents on natural rubber (NR) gloves. NR aeroallergens are an important aspect of human sensitivity to latex. Asthma, upper airway, and ocular symptoms are associated with these airborne proteins. These bioaerosols feature starch as the carrier. The association of NR allergen and starch is demonstrated in NR glove manufacturing, in laboratory simulation, and as occupational aeroallergens in health care environments. Four aspects of latex allergen affinity for starch powders were examined by using a competitive IgE immunoassay for NR latex. Allergen content was assessed in finished gloves before and after powder process points and related to the allergen content of the raw latex source material. In another manufacturing process, allergen uptake by two different starch powders was quantified. NR allergen affinity for the starches was also determined under laboratory conditions. Finally, NR aeroallergens carried by starch powder in production facilities were measured. This article outlines the sources, mechanisms, and conditions for NR allergens to interact with two different starches. The quantitative airborne allergen data are used to compare and contrast various occupational indices of NR allergen exposure. Powdered NR gloves continue to cause concern; however, the technology used for contemporary glove powder applications may be advanced and improved enough to consistently produce powdered gloves with a low allergen content.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed2001

Washington State hospital survey 2000: gloves, handwashing agents, and moisturizers.

Hand dermatitis as a result of frequent exposure to water and cleansing agents is a significant problem in the health care industry. In developing prevention efforts to address this problem, it is necessary to make appropriate recommendations for moisturizers that are compatible with latex gloves and/or handwashing agents that contain chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG). Infection control personnel or employee health nurses in all 106 Washington hospitals were interviewed to determine what types of gloves, handwashing agents, and moisturizers are in current use in the hospital setting. The interview also addressed awareness of skin care issues involving the compatibility of moisturizers with latex gloves and handwashing agents that contain CHG. Latex gloves were available in 90% of the hospitals. Handwashing agents containing CHG were available in 33% of the hospitals. Moisturizers were supplied for the nursing personnel in 61% of the hospitals; most of these moisturizers were compatible with latex gloves and agents containing CHG. Seventy-four percent of the infection control personnel were aware of the compatibility issues of petroleum-based moisturizers with latex gloves, and 48% were aware of the need to avoid the use of anionic moisturizers in combination with CHG handwashing agents.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1993

The effects of various thicknesses of chemical protective gloves on manual dexterity.

This study was conducted to determine the effects on manual dexterity of the thickness of handcovering. Twelve men were timed as they performed five dexterity tests while barehanded and while wearing each of three thicknesses of chemical protective gloves, 0.18 mm, 0.36 mm, and 0.64 mm. The subjects participated in 14 sessions held on consecutive weekdays. Analysis of the data from six sessions spanning the test period yielded significant main effects (p < 0.001) of handwear and of session on all dexterity tests. Mean times were best with bare hands and poorest with the 0.64 mm gloves. Performance with the gloves improved over sessions to the extent that the results with gloves approached or surpassed performance levels achieved with the bare hands during the early sessions. Regression analyses carried out on the data from the last three sessions revealed a linear increase in times to test completion as a function of increases in thickness of the handcovering. The occurrence of damage to the gloves, in the form of punctures and tears, was inversely related to thickness. The findings suggest that selection of the thinnest glove material compatible with protection from the chemical environment and practice working with the handwear will result in relatively efficient manual performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The influence of gloves during maximum volitional torque exertion of supination.

This study focuses on the influence of friction between gloves and handle surface during maximum volitional torque exertion of supination (S-MVTE) and under both friction-controlled and regular friction conditions. Forty student subjects (20 males and 20 females) participated in this study. Five types of gloves (surgical, single cotton, double cotton, leather, and rubber), seven handle sizes (25.4, 31.8, 38.1, 44.5, 50.8, 57.2, and 63.5 mm in diameter) and two handle shapes (cylindrical and hexagonal) were evaluated to determine their combined influences on S-MVTE. The barehanded condition was also included for comparison. The results indicate that all the main effects were significant (P < 0.001). Under friction-controlled conditions (oiled surface handle), the S-MVTEs with gloves were found to be greater than the S-MVTEs of the gloveless, and the thicker the gloves, the greater the S-MVTE. On the other hand, under regular (unoiled) conditions, the S-MVTE was mainly affected by the friction between handle surface and gloves, although the interaction between gloves and handle shape was also a minor influence. A hexagonal handle produced, in all handle diameters, greater S-MVTE than a cylindrical handle. The mean S-MVTE under oiled conditions was about 53% of that of unoiled conditions. The mean S-MVTE of females was about 61% of that of males.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Isolation and identification of some unknown substances in disposable nitrile-butadiene rubber gloves used for food handling.

In Japan, disposable gloves made from nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) are frequently used in contact with foods. In a previous paper, we investigated substances migrating from various gloves made of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, natural rubber and NBR. Zinc di-n-butyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC), diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC) used as vulcanization accelerators, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) used as a plasticizer and many unknown compounds that migrated from NBR gloves into n-heptane were detected by GC/MS. In this paper, six unknown compounds were obtained from one kind of NBR glove by n-hexane extraction and each was isolated by silica gel chromatography. From the results of NMR and mass spectral analysis of the six unknown compounds, their structures are proposed as 1,4-dione-2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)cyclohexadiene (1), 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetra methylbutyl)phenol (2), 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol (3), 2,4-bis(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol (4), 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)4,6-bis(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol (5) and 2,4,6-tris(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol (6). Compound 1 was observed in five of the seven kinds of NBR gloves, and compounds 2-4 and 6, which are not listed in Chemical Abstract (CA), were present in four kinds of gloves.

Disposable Equipment↗
PubMed1997

The Effect of Protective Gloves on Manual Dexterity in the Cold Environments.

This article presents a study on the effect of different protective gloves (which are commercially available and commonly used in the cold) on manual dexterity in cold environments. The experiments compared statistically four different types of gloves and two different types of gloving (outer or double) at +19 °C and -10 °C. Performance was determined both objectively and subjectively using two manual dexterity tasks: bolt-nut and pick-up tasks. The response measured was the time of performing each task. Statistical analysis showed that all independent factors such as glove type, participant, object size, and temperature had significant effects on the hand cooling reaction. A significant difference in the performance between the gloves was found in the bolt-nut task. It was also found that outer-inner combination gloving may be an approach to use for precision tasks.

cold climate↗
PubMed2000

Method of testing the penetration of acid solutions through safety gloves.

Because they cause burns that are difficult to heal, acids are dangerous, and steps should be taken to ensure that the human skin does not come into contact with them. For this purpose safety gloves are generally used by workers who have to handle acids. Such gloves need to be tested to ensure that they are acid resistant. Standard EN 374 (European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1993c) specifies a method of testing the permeation of liquid chemicals, on a molecular level, through glove material, but it may be difficult to ensure the fitness of the joints of a two-compartment cell, when gloves are lined with jersey. To deal with this a simple pH-meter method to test the permeation of acid and alkali solutions through safety gloves has been developed. The permeation of H&inf2;SO&inf4;, HCl, HNO&inf3;, and CH&inf3;COOH through gloves made from neoprene, nitrile, and PVC was tested. This method seems to be simple and economical.

Acids↗
PubMed2005

Toxicity of medical glove materials: a pilot study.

Cytotoxicity of 14 glove materials representing 4 natural rubber latex, 6 synthetic rubber and 4 synthetic polymeric materials was evaluated using dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium (MTT), agar overlay and filter diffusion tests. Cell responses after contact with extracts of glove materials and contact with glove materials were assessed. One synthetic rubber glove (nitrile rubber) and 2 synthetic polymeric gloves (polyvinyl chloride) were non-toxic in all 3 tests, while 5 synthetic rubbers exhibited varying degrees of cytotoxicity, depending on the test. A severe cytotoxic response to both extracts of natural rubber latex materials and contact with natural rubber latex was verified in the 3 tests, indicating a need for consideration when selecting gloves, or other products, used in close skin contact.

Elastomers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Permeation of substituted silanes and siloxanes through selected gloves and protective clothing.

Testing of the permeation resistance of eight glove and suit barriers against commercially available substituted silanes and siloxanes was performed using the ASTM F739-96 standard test method. In addition to barrier performance to the pure organosilanes, the permeation rates of the hydrolysis product (usually ethanol or methanol) were investigated. The silanes and siloxanes used as the challenge agents were N-2-(aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane; 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane; ethyltriacetoxysilane; 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane; 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane; hexamethyldisiloxane; 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane; methyltriacetoxysilane (50%)/ethyltriacetoxysilane (50%); methyltrimethoxysilane; methyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane; phenyltrimethoxysilane; polydimethyl siloxanes (PS 340); octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4); tetraethoxysilane; tetramethoxysilane; 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl disiloxane; triethoxysilane; trimethoxysilane; vinyltrimethoxysilane; and vinyltris(methylethylketoxime)silane. Protective gloves tested were nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber, butyl rubber, 4H laminate, and polyvinyl chloride. Garments tested included Tyvek/Saranex 23P, CPF 2, and Responder, all made by Kappler Safety Group. In all cases the protective suit materials lasted 8 hours or more. The only glove that lasted 8 hours against all chemicals was the 4H laminate. The polyvinyl chloride glove lasted 10 min to 8 hours or more depending on the chemical. The nitrile, neoprene, and butyl rubber gloves lasted from 53 min to 8 hours or more depending on the chemical. The alcohol permeation was similar to the organosilicon compounds. The suit materials and the butyl glove all lasted more than 8 hours for both methanol and ethanol.

Ethanol↗
PubMed2002

A prospective study to determine whether cover gowns in addition to gloves decrease nosocomial transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) remain a significant nosocomial pathogen. Current guidelines of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the use of gowns and gloves for some interactions with VRE-infected or -colonized patients to prevent nosocomial transmission of VRE. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of disposable cover gowns on preventing nosocomial transmission of VRE. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective study in a 16-bed medical intensive care unit of a university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: All patients who were at risk to acquire VRE, were admitted to the intensive care unit from August 1998 to January 1999, and had at least two perirectal cultures were included in the analysis of VRE acquisition. INTERVENTION: VRE isolation precautions were changed from gowns and gloves to gloves alone. MAIN OUTCOME risk factors for VRE acquisition. RESULTS: The VRE acquisition rate was 1.80 cases per 100 days at risk in the gown and gloves period compared with 3.78 in the gloves only period (P = .04). In a proportional hazards model adjusted for length of stay, gloves only precautions with a hazard ratio of 2.5 (P = .02; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 5.3) were the only independent risk factor for VRE acquisition. CONCLUSION: Our data lend support to current HICPAC recommendations for the use of cover gowns to decrease nosocomial transmission of VRE.

Baltimore↗
PubMed1997

Handwashing and glove use in a long-term-care facility.

OBJECTIVES: To determine glove use and handwashing practices, the factors associated with infection control practices, and the frequency of potential microbial transmission in a long-term-care facility (LTCF). DESIGN: Observational study of 230 staff-resident interactions in an LTCF. We recorded resident characteristics, type of activity, staff credentials, and movements of the staff member's hands, then used the LTCF's guidelines to judge appropriateness of glove use and handwashing. SETTING: 255-bed, university-based LTCF in Baltimore, Maryland. PARTICIPANTS: A systematic sample of staff-resident interactions. RESULTS: Gloves were worn in 139 (82%) of 170 interactions when indicated, but changed appropriately in only 1 (16%) of 132. Hands were washed when needed before an interaction in 27%, during an interaction in 0%, and after an interaction in 63%. Gloves were less likely to be used when caring for residents with gastrostomy tubes compared with other residents (relative risk, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.73-0.98). Guidelines were followed more frequently during wound care than during other activities. Microbial transmission potentially could have occurred in 158 (82%) of 193 evaluable interactions. CONCLUSIONS: We documented marked deficiencies in glove and handwashing, demonstrated the possible impact of these deficiencies, and identified factors associated with inadequate handwashing and glove use. This information can be used in future educational and research efforts to improve infection control practices.

Baltimore↗
PubMed2003

Permeation of 70% isopropyl alcohol through surgical gloves: comparison of the standard methods ASTM F739 and EN 374.

Standard test methods ASTM F739 and EN 374 were compared by assessing the permeation of 70% isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol) through seven brands of surgical gloves. The two standards differ in the flow rates of the collection medium and in the chemical permeation rate at which the breakthrough time (BTT) is detected, the EN detection level being 10 times higher than the permeation rate used by ASTM. In a departure from the EN standard method, a 4 h testing time was used instead of 8 h. All of the tested gloves were from the same manufacturer and were made from either natural rubber (NR) (six brands) or chloroprene rubber (CR) (one brand). Two of the NR glove brands were double layered. For the thin NR gloves (0.22, 0.28 and 0.27 mm) the permeation rates were higher throughout the tests with a flow rate of 474 ml/min (EN) of the collection medium (nitrogen) compared with the permeation rates obtained with a flow rate of 52 ml/min (ASTM). These resulted in BTTs of 4.6, 6.5 and 7.6 min (EN) and 4.8, 6.5 and 9.1 min (ASTM), respectively. No statistical difference could be observed between the BTT values obtained with the two standard methods for any of the thin gloves. Thus, although the ASTM standard has a lower criterion for the detection of permeation, it does not necessarily produce shorter BTTs. For the better barriers the methods yielded more equivalent permeation rate curves and thus the EN BTTs were longer than the ASTM BTTs: the EN results were 21, 80, 122 and >240 min compared with the ASTM results of 12, 32, 38 and 103 min for glove thicknesses of 0.37 (NR), 0.22 + 0.22 (double layered NR), 0.31 + 0.29 (double layered NR) and 0.19 mm (CR), respectively.

2-Propanol↗