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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Effects of long-term corporate fitness program on employees' health.

The higher average age of employees, due to the advancement of the compulsory retirement age, and their sedentary lifestyle in automated environments, have become important issues in the workplace, as witnessed in increased incidence of adult disease and decreased physical fitness levels. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of a long-term corporate fitness program in helping employees to stay well. The fitness program consisted of medical checkups, physical fitness tests, and a physical training program, given on an individual basis. The medical checkups and physical fitness tests were evaluated in 1499 male employees, with the following results. 1) The incidence of obesity showed no significant change. 2) There were no significant changes in total cholesterol levels nor in the incidence of hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia. 3) Physical fitness was markedly improved. 4) There was a decrease in the percentage of smokers. These results suggest that a long-term corporate fitness program is effective for improving the health and fitness levels of employees and for preventing the progression of adult disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus in men.

BACKGROUND: Several studies show an inverse association between self-reported physical activity and type 2 diabetes. It is not known whether physical activity or cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with the onset of objectively determined impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness, an objective marker of physical activity, is associated with risk for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Population-based prospective study. SETTING: Preventive medicine clinic. PATIENTS: 8633 nondiabetic men (of whom 7511 did not have impaired fasting glucose) who were examined at least twice. MEASUREMENTS: Cardiorespiratory fitness (determined by a maximal exercise test on a treadmill), fasting plasma glucose level, and other clinical and personal characteristics and incidence of impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes. RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 6 years, 149 patients developed type 2 diabetes and 593 patients developed impaired fasting glucose. After age, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, and parental diabetes were considered, men in the low-fitness group (the least fit 20% of the cohort) at baseline had a 1.9-fold risk (95% CI, 1.5- to 2.4-fold) for impaired fasting glucose and a 3.7-fold risk (CI, 2.4- to 5.8-fold) for diabetes compared with those in the high-fitness group (the most fit 40% of the cohort). The risk for impaired fasting glucose was elevated in older men and those with a higher body mass index. Age, body mass index, blood pressure, triglyceride level, and a history of parental diabetes were also directly related to risk for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Low cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with increased risk for impaired fasting glucose and type 2 diabetes. A sedentary lifestyle may contribute to the progression from normal fasting glucose to impaired fasting glucose and diabetes. Risk for type 2 diabetes was elevated in older persons and those with higher body mass index, blood pressure, and triglyceride levels and a parental history of diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The effect of lifestyle modification on physical fitness and work ability in different workstyles.

It is generally considered that physical fitness is affected by daily life activities including leisure time activity and working time activity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different levels of physical activity at work on physical fitness, analyze the effects of 12-week lifestyle modification outside of working hours on physical fitness, work satisfaction and subjective symptoms, and to consider the role of lifestyle modification in occupational health. Lifestyle modification, consisting of aerobic exercise and diet counseling, was conducted for 12 weeks. The data before and after the intervention from 49 male workers were obtained. Physical fitness such as exercise endurance, flexibility, agility, balance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and muscular power was measured before and after the intervention. The subjects were asked to fill out questionnaires about their work activities, subjective complaints, and work satisfaction. Subjects were divided into active work group (n = 14) and sedentary work group (n = 35) for analysis according to their work activities. As for differences in physical fitness due to different levels of physical activity, the active work group had superior exercise endurance and balance compared to the sedentary work group. In addition, the sedentary work group tended to experience greater fatigue than the active work group. In the active work group, flexibility and muscular strength were significantly increased with lifestyle modification and, in the sedentary work group, exercise endurance, flexibility and muscular endurance were significantly improved while balance also showed a tendency to improve. In the sedentary work group, lifestyle modification resulted in reduced fatigue and stiff neck as well as an increased work satisfaction. In the active work group, no change was observed in complaints or work satisfaction, but improved physical fitness led to a reduction in subjective complaints and an increase in work satisfaction. The level of physical activity at work contributes to the physical fitness of the worker and the addition of aerobic exercise in the worker's leisure time improves physical fitness and thereby contributes to increased work ability regardless of differences in the level of physical activity at work.

Hand Strength↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Optimal circumference reduction of finger models for good prosthetic fit of a thimble-type prosthesis for distal finger amputations.

The prosthetic fit of a thimble-type esthetic silicone prosthesis was retrospectively reviewed in 29 patients who were fitted following distal finger amputations. The aim was to correlate prosthetic fit with the magnitudes of circumference reduction in the finger models used to produce the prostheses and to identify the optimum reduction for the best outcome. A good fit is achieved primarily by making the prosthesis circumferentially smaller than the segment of the residual finger (residuum) over which it "cups". The percentage reduction in circumference of the finger model against the residuum model was calculated by dividing the difference in circumference between the residuum model and the finger model by the residuum model circumference and multiplying the result by 100. The computed percentage circumference reduction in the finger models ranged from small (1-3), moderate (5-7), to large (8-9). Twelve of 15 patients whose finger models had between one to three circumference reductions had a loose prosthetic fit. Only two of 14 patients who had a larger model circumference reduction of between five to nine had loose-fitting prostheses. Two of five patients who had eight to nine model circumference reduction had an uncomfortably tight prosthetic fit. A 5-7% circumference reduction in the finger model was shown in this study to best translate into good fit of a thimble-type prosthesis for distal finger amputations.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Aerobic fitness and hormonal responses to prolonged sleep deprivation and sustained mental work.

This study examined the influence of aerobic fitness on the responses of selected hormones to the combined stressors of sleep deprivation (SD) and sustained mental work. Six aerobically high fit (HF) (VO2max greater than 50 ml.kg-1.min-1) and six average fit (AF) (VO2max less than 40 ml.kg-1.min-1) female subjects were subjected to a period of sleep loss of 60 h during which time they performed sustained mental tasks with no physical activity component. Venous blood samples were drawn every 12 h at 1330 hours and 0130 hours and plasmas analyzed for cortisol, growth hormone (hGH), prolactin, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and reverse-triiodothyronine (rT3). For cortisol, both the HF and AF groups exhibited the normal high-daytime and low-nighttime pattern of secretion, with levels increasing significantly as the duration of SD increased. The normal elevations of hGH and prolactin levels during normal sleep were suppressed during SD. No significant fitness effects were found for cortisol, hGH, and prolactin responses. Plasma levels of T4, T3, and rT3 increased significantly during SD, with highly fit subjects exhibiting higher levels of these hormones than those of average fitness. We suggest that aerobic fitness may influence the peripheral metabolism of T4 during SD, but that aerobic fitness does not influence the regulation of the classical stress hormones during SD.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Survival of the fittest? The scientific basis for the Royal Navy pre-joining fitness test.

The Royal Navy introduced a pre-joining fitness test to the selection procedures for RN Ratings from Summer 2003. The scientific basis for the test came from the present study to investigate if anthropometric and physical fitness measures predicted training failure. Fitness and anthropometric data from 1641 trainees were collected, together with their training outcome (i.e. pass or fail), during the period from September 2001 to March 2002. In addition, a retrospective interrogation of medical records identified those who reported any lower limb injuries. The overall rate of training attrition was 22%. Success in training was associated with: gender; age; physical fitness; and, in the case of females, Body Mass Index (BMI). The reported incidence of lower limb injury (LLI) was associated with: gender; physical fitness; and, for female trainees, BMI. The reported incidence of LLI was approximately 50% in the 'least-fit' female group compared to 10% in the 'most-fit' male group. 16% of females and 2% of males were considered 'unfit' (i.e. did not attain the prescribed run standards of 13 min 15 s and 11 min 13 s respectively). 3% of trainees were considered 'obese' (a BMI > 30 kg.m-2) whereas more than 25% were overweight (BMI > 25 kg.m-2). As a result of this work, selection candidates must now demonstrate a minimum standard of aerobic fitness prior to arrival at HMS Raleigh. The future impact of this selection measure on the reported incidence of lower limb injury and financial costs of training requires further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical fitness status among the students of a medical college in Kathmandu, Nepal.

The physical fitness of Nepalese students at a medical college in Kathmandu was measured. The proportions of students with poor fitness, average fitness, good fitness, very good fitness and excellent fitness were 10.4%, 23.6%, 39.6%, 17.9% and 8.5% respectively. No significant difference between the male and female students in physical fitness index score was noticed in any of the fitness level groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Strength and fitness and subsequent back injuries in firefighters.

This prospective investigation was done to evaluate five strength and fitness measurements and the subsequent occurrence of back injuries in 1652 firefighters for the years 1971 to 1974. The prospective measurements included flexibility, isometric lifting strength, bicycle ergometer exercise measurements of two-minute recovery heart rate, diastolic blood pressure at a heart rate of 160 beats per minute and watts of effort required to sustain heart rate at 160. Three fitness and conditioning groups were established by multivariate ranking and regression techniques (259 high, 266 low, and 1127 middle) and the subsequent back injuries were tabulated for the three groups. The results showed a graded and statistically significant protective effect for added levels of fitness and conditioning (least fit, 7.1% injured; middle fit, 3.2% jured; and most fit, 0.8% injured). It was concluded that physical fitness and conditioning of firefighters are preventive of back injuries and that further investigations are warranted to study other injuries and physical fitness in this physically active occupational group.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Changes in physical activity are reflected in changes in fitness during late adolescence. A 2-year follow-up study.

The study describe changes over 2 years in different physical fitness measures and the relationship between these changes and changes in physical activity. Maximal aerobic work capacity (Wattmax), functional strength, muscle endurance, agility and flexibility were measured in 259 randomly selected high school boys and girls 16.5 years of age and followed-up 2 years later, while they still attended school. Most physical fitness measures increased over time in boys, and in girls an increase was found in arm extensor strength and trunk extensor endurance, but Wattmax per kg body mass decreased. Changes in physical performance between 16 and 18 years of age seem to be very similar in different countries, despite differences in physical activity patterns and absolute level of performance. No change was found in time of participation in physical activity or sports activity in either gender, but fewer girls participated in leisure-time sports at the 2nd test (p < 0.001). Change in physical activity or sports activity did not relate to change in physical fitness level. The relationships between level of sports participation (competition, for health or none) and physical fitness measures at baseline and at the 2nd test were weak or non-significant. Three explanations for the weak relationship between physical activity and fitness are suggested: (A) part of the variability in fitness is explained by genetics, (B) growth and hormonal changes, especially in boys, override the stimulus of training, and (C) the physical fitness level in adolescents is so high that only physical activity at high relative intensity is supposed to have an effect on the fitness level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[A simple method of evaluating physical fitness by means of walking].

BACKGROUND: Walking is at present the most frequently used means for purposes of rehabilitation as well as for maintenance or promotion of physical fitness. Recently we encounter with increasing frequency the use of walking as a diagnostic method for assessment of physical fitness under field conditions. The basis are motor tests of 1000 to 2000 m. The purpose of the submitted study was to prepare tables for the evaluation of the fitness level, using the 2000 m walking test and our standards of fitness. METHODS AND RESULTS: The basis of the majority of evaluations of the fitness level based on the motor test are relations between the intensity of motor activity and the maximal oxygen consumption. Using general relations between the average walking speed in the 2000 m test and the maximal oxygen consumption assessed on a treadmill in non-trained healthy men and women and base on our population standards (VO2max.kg-1) tables were elaborated. The fitness level is evaluated using the average walking speed in the 2000 m test and the appropriate maximal oxygen consumption. The tables have three grades and make it possible to evaluate men and women aged 14-65 years. CONCLUSIONS: The average speed in the 2000 m walking test makes it possible to evaluate by means of tables the physical fitness level in non-trained healthy subjects, provided the walking style is not of the racing type. The error of the estimate of physical fitness is about 15%.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between changes in physical fitness and risk of mortality in men. DESIGN: Prospective study, with two clinical examinations (mean interval between examinations, 4.9 years) to assess change or lack of change in physical fitness as associated with risk of mortality during follow-up after the subsequent examination (mean follow-up from subsequent examination, 5.1 years). SETTING: Preventive medicine clinic. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 9777 men given two preventive medical examinations, each of which included assessment of physical fitness by maximal exercise tests and evaluation of health status. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: All cause (n = 223) and cardiovascular disease (n = 87) mortality. RESULTS: The highest age-adjusted all-cause death rate was observed in men who were unfit at both examinations (122.0/10,000 man-years); the lowest death rate was in men who were physically fit at both examinations (39.6/10,000 man-years). Men who improved from unfit to fit between the first and subsequent examinations had an age-adjusted death rate of 67.7/10,000 man-years. This is a reduction in mortality risk of 44% (95% confidence interval, 25% to 59%) relative to men who remained unfit at both examinations. Improvement in fitness was associated with lower death rates after adjusting for age, health status, and other risk factors of premature mortality. For each minute increase in maximal treadmill time between examinations, there was a corresponding 7.9% (P = .001) decrease in risk of mortality. Similar results were seen when the group was stratified by health status, and for cardiovascular disease mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Men who maintained or improved adequate physical fitness were less likely to die from all causes and from cardiovascular disease during follow-up than persistently unfit men. Physicians should encourage unfit men to improve their fitness by starting a physical activity program.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of catecholamines, age, and fitness on blood pressure reactivity to dynamic exercise in patients with essential hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between exercise blood pressure (BP) and catecholamine levels in hypertensive subjects and, secondarily, to evaluate the influence of age and fitness level. DESIGN: Descriptive correlational. SETTING: Midwestern, university-affiliated medical center. SUBJECTS: 27 hypertensive subjects, mean age 45 years, who were free of antihypertensive medications. OUTCOME MEASURES: BP and plasma catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine). INTERVENTION: Subjects were given an incremental maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer beginning at 25 watts with workloads increasing by 25 watts every 2 minutes until exhaustion. Plasma catecholamines were measured at rest, at 100 watts, and at maximal exercise. BP, heart rate, and oxygen consumption (VO2) were measured at rest and at the end of each workload. RESULTS: Systolic and diastolic BP were unrelated to catecholamines at rest and during exercise. When subjects were evaluated according to fitness level (VO2max), resting BP was not significantly different among groups (low fitness = VO2max < or = 25 ml/kg/min; moderate fitness = VO2max 26 to 39 ml/kg/min; high fitness = VO2max > or = 40 ml/kg/min). However, an inverse relationship was observed between fitness level and rate of rise of systolic and diastolic BP during submaximal work. Multiple regression showed that fitness predicted diastolic BP response (p = 0.02) at 100 watts. Age, however, predicted systolic BP response (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Neither the level of resting nor the magnitude of BP response to exercise in hypertensive subjects was directly related to level of plasma catecholamines. The magnitude of change in BP during exercise was modulated by age and fitness level.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Effect of therapeutic exercise on physical fitness in a school health program for obese children].

The objectives of this study were to determined characteristics of physical fitness in obese children, and to examine the effect of a diet-exercise program, developed in our laboratory, on the physical fitness of these children. To accomplish the first objective, a physical fitness test consisting of 11 items was administered on 126 obese and normal weight children (boys 83, girls 43) matched for age, sex, and stature. The children, 9-10 years of age, were pupils from 11 public elementary schools in Morioka, Iwate, Japan. To accomplish the second objective, 92 obese children participated in a study. The children were divided into experimental and control groups. Children in the experimental group (n = 50) participated in a diet-exercise program for three months, while children in the control group (n = 42) were left alone without taking part in the program. The results of this study are summarized as follows; 1. The obese children were found to be significantly inferior to the normal-weight children in fitness items such as standing long jump, pull-ups, sit-ups, step test, and total fitness scores. While no differences in lying trunk extension and standing trunk flexion for body flexibility were observed, the obese children were found to be superior to the normal weight children in static strength such as grip and back strengths. 2. The poor physical fitness of the obese children was found to be negatively affected by their excess body fat, rather than body weight, and that this trend was more pronounced for boys than for girls. 3. The intervention study clearly demonstrated that children in the experimental group improved in physical fitness for most items, especially in abdominal muscle endurance, aerobic capacity, and total physical fitness. 4. It was shown that the diet-exercise program, which comprised guidance on physical exercise and individual nutrition counseling was very useful, because the participants should decrease a considerable in percent overweight and body fat, but without limiting their linear growth velocity or reducing their LBM.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[Changes in physical activity are not reflected in physical fitness of older teenagers. A 2-year follow-up study].

The study describes changes over two years in different physical fitness measures and the relationship between these changes and changes in physical activity. Maximal aerobic work capacity (watt(max)), functional strength, muscle endurance, agility and flexibility were measured in 259 randomly selected high school boys and girls 16.5 years of age and followed-up two years later, while they still attended school. Most physical fitness measures increased over time in boys, and in girls an increase was found in arm extensor strength and trunk extensor endurance, but watt(max) per kg body mass decreased. Changes in physical performance between 16 and 18 years of age seem to be very similar in different countries, despite differences in physical activity patterns and absolute level of performance. No change was found in time spent participating in physical activity or sports activity in either gender, but fewer girls participated in leisure-time sports at the second test (p < 0.001). Change in physical activity or sports activity did not relate to change in physical fitness level. The relationships between level of sports participation (competition, for health or none) and physical fitness measures at baseline and at the second test were weak or non-significant. Three explanations for the weak relationship between physical activity and fitness are suggested: a) part of the variability in fitness is explained by genetics, b) growth and hormonal changes, especially in boys, override the stimulus of training, and c) the physical fitness level in adolescents is so high that only physical activity at high relative intensity is supposed to have an effect on the fitness level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Relationship between perceptions of physical activity and health-related fitness.

OBJECTIVE: To assess perceptions of fitness, intensity and frequency of habitual physical activity as predictors of cardiovascular function, metabolic health and obesity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional correlational, with covariance adjustment of data for age and socio-economic status. SETTING: An urban community of some 250,000 people. PARTICIPANTS: Convenience sample of healthy but relatively sedentary subjects, 172 males and 178 females aged 14-68 years. MEASURES: Self-reports of perceived fitness, habitual activity, intensity and frequency of exercise; standard laboratory tests of cardiovascular function (resting heart rate, PWC 150/kg, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), metabolic health (blood glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid), obesity (body mass index, skinfolds, hydrostatic body fat, and abdominal circumferences) and socio-economic status (education, job classification and income). RESULTS: In men, the strongest associations of fitness markers were with peer comparisons of fitness and activity. In women, such comparisons also yielded significant positive associations, but the most consistent relationships of fitness were with Godin questionnaire ratings of sweat-inducing and frequent heavy activity. Perceptions of intense activity were associated more with cardiovascular than with metabolic health. Perceptions of frequent activity (peer activity ratings, occupational walking, and the number of activities reported) were associated with control of body fat, and to a lesser extent with cardiovascular function, but were unrelated to markers of metabolic health. CONCLUSION: Perceptions of personal fitness, intensity and frequency of habitual activity are all associated with markers of health-related fitness after allowance for effects of gender, age and socio-economic status. The public should thus be encouraged to pursue activity that they perceive as frequent, intense and improving their fitness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Trends in physical fitness in male white collar workers in the Czech population over the past 20 years].

BACKGROUND: Common mortality and especially mortality on CAD is increased by low aerobic component of physical fitness. A study dealing with physical fitness changes of the Czech population has been still missing in our bibliography. The aim of the study was to evaluate physical fitness changes in the Czech male population since last 20 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: Physical fitness in 494 men in the age range of 20 - 60 years was compared to the men fitness examined 20 years ago. In the men of 20 - 29.9 years peak power (3.90 W vs 3.46 W, p < 0.01) and maximal ventilation (1.38 l.min-1 vs 1.24 l.min-1, p < 0.05) decreased. In the men 30 - 39.9 years old only peak aerobic power (37.2 ml.min-1 vs 35.7 ml.min-1, p < 0.05) slightly decreased. In the men 40 - 49.9 years old Vemax.kg-1 (1.38 l.min-1 vs 1.18 l.min-1, p < 0.001) and VO2max.kg-1 (35.6 ml.min-1 vs 32.4 ml.min-1, p < 0.001) severely decreased as well as in 50 - 59.9 years old men VEmax.kg-1 (1.23 l.min-1 vs 1.13 l.min-1, p < 0.05) and VO2max.kg-1 (32.7 ml.min-1 vs 29.4 ml.min-1, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Physical fitness of the Czech white-collar men decreased. The decline of physical fitness was related not only to lower exercise activity, but also to significant increment of body fat. Physical fitness, especially its aerobic component, decreased in Czech older men since last 20 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effect of fit adjustment on CEREC CAD-CAM veneers.

PURPOSE: To measure and compare the adaptation of CEREC CAD-CAM porcelain veneers with and without fit adjustment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups of porcelain veneers were fabricated using the CEREC CAD-CAM technique for standardized preparations on 10 artificial teeth. Mesial preparation contacts were broken, but distal contacts remained intact. One group was adjusted using a disclosing spray to improve fit, another group made for the same teeth was not adjusted before cementation. The veneers were cemented in a standardized manner to their teeth. The veneers and their attached cement were retrieved, embedded in epoxy resin and sectioned twice to produce eight sections. Each section was measured at three defined points from the external surface inwards. RESULTS: Three-way ANOVA disclosed that fit adjustment was relatively ineffective (P approximately 0.05), but that measurement section location, measurement point location and their interaction significantly affected fit (P < 0.05). Restoration of the broken proximal contact, or simulated diastema closure did not compromise fit. Incisal margins ranked worst for fit. Surface measurement point locations ranked worse than internal points. The fit of these CEREC CAD-CAM veneers was not substantially different from previously published fit values for conventional porcelain veneers.

Acrylates↗
PubMed1998

[Functional fitness and related factors in community-dwelling elderly].

To examine the association of level of functional fitness to demographic, health, and life behavioral or social factors, cross sectional data were obtained for 737 persons aged 60 years or older, and who were independently living in the community. Functional fitness was measured with a functional fitness test containing 4 task items: standing, walking, hand performance, and self-care performance. Among the demographic factors, statistically significant associations with functional fitness were found for age in both male and female and for the presence of spouse in male. Health status, previous or present history of circulatory diseases and musculo-skeletal diseases were significantly associated with lower levels of functional fitness in male, and previous or present history of musculo-skeletal diseases and presence of higher obesity associated with lower fitness level in female. With life behaviors, men who had habitual exercise activities and women who had no habitual nap but habitual exercise activities and frequent out-of-home activities showed significantly higher fitness level than their counterparts. These results suggest that level of functional fitness in independently living aged people in the community was significantly associated with the presence of spouse, history of circulatory and musculo-skeletal diseases, and habitual exercise activities in males; and with the history of musculo-skeletal diseases, obesity, and habitual exercise activities, napping, and frequent out-of-home activities in females.

Activities of Daily Living↗