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PubMed1994

[Immunological detection of organophosphate resistance of Culex mosquitoes using anti-esterase monoclonal antibody].

Different strains of Culex mosquitoes (Cx. pipiens quinquefasciatus and Cx. Pipiens pallens) were immunologically-detected for organophosphate resistance with anti-esterase monoclonal antibody, and the results were compared with those detected by bioassay and biochemical microplate assay. It was found that the resistance-detection-rate detected by immunologic methods were higher than the corresponding data detected by the biochemical method, and the levels of resistance detected by sandwich-ELISA were higher than the corresponding levels detected by bioassay and the biochemical method. The thresholds for resistance in sandwich-ELISA were (at absorbence 450) > or = 0.5, and in microplate assay were (at absorbence 590) > or = 2.5 x 10(-3) mumol/min.mg protein. Dot-ELISA method was developed to meet the requirement of the field test and proved to be fast and convenient, especially in the detection of samples with higher esterase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of hazards involved in treating cattle with pour-on organophosphate insecticides.

Eighteen veterinarians regularly practicing organophosphate pour-on treatment of cattle for grub infestations were examined in the course of the 1975-1976 application season for symptoms and signs as well as enzymologic and chemical evidence of organophosphate absorption. Some subjects reported headache, nausea, and irritation of the face and throat during chemical applications in poorly ventilated buildings. Organophosphate absorption was not sufficient to depress blood cholinesterase activities, and only occasionally generated measurable amounts of alkyl phosphate meatbolites in urine of exposed veterinarians.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Experiences with acute organophosphate poisonings in Crete.

Nine human acute poisonings due to intentional ingestion of organophosphorous pesticides are presented. Six of the victims died. Six patients were treated in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from 34 h to 45 d, while 3 were found dead by relatives. Two of the patients treated in the ICU fully recovered after 15 and 24 d while the third survivor developed delayed neuropathy. Organophosphate blood levels were determined on admission and during therapy, and in 1 case atropine and pralidoxime levels were also detected. Significant fluctuations of the plasma cholinesterase activity were observed during therapy. Postmortem analysis revealed higher levels of pesticides in organs (eg 23.1 micrograms fenthion/g kidney) and in fat (135.2 micrograms fenthion/g) than in blood (eg 4.8 micrograms fenthion/ml) and vitreous humor. Considerable pesticide was measured in testis (eg 5.8 micrograms fenthion/g, 0.8 micrograms methidathion/g) and uterus (170.5 micrograms malathion/g). Extracorporeal decontamination to enhance pesticide elimination is a therapeutic challenge.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Sensitivity of the females of Ixodes persulcatus and Dermacentor silvarum (Ixodidae) to baytex and the possibility of their overcoming poisoning with this substance].

Females of I. persulcatus and D. silvarum are very sensitive to baytex, the value of LD50 for both species are similar. The development of injury after exposure to baytex proceeds very quickly and the subsequent stages of injury development correspond to those caused by DDT (Uspensky and Levikov, 1974). The overcoming of baytex poisoning during the sucking of the host's blood is possible only at the initial stage of the injury. The simulatneous feeding on the same rabbit of ticks treated with baytex and control ones has shown a system effect of baytex on the second group of ticks.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Changes in some blood biochemical indices in chickens poisoned with Thimet and Letaycide].

Experiments were carried out with a total of 25 chickens of the Leghorn breed divided into two test groups and one control group. The test chickens were given daily the phosphorus organic pesticides timet and lebaized at rates of 0.05 mg anen mg per kg. The treated birds were kept under observation in the course of 72 days recording their cholinesterase activity (ChEA), serumglutamatoxal-acetate transaminase (SGOT), serumglutamatpyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (APh), and blood sugar level. It was found that as early as the third day from the beginning of the experiment ChEA dropped abruptly--by 62.72 per cent following treatment with timet, and by 29.26 per cent when treatment was carried out with lebaizid. SGOT and SGPT rose up to the 36th day by 78.74 and 59.42 per cent as against the controls. The blood sugar level increased by 20.44 per cent following the administration of timet, and by 6.95 per cent following that of lebaizid. APh on the 12th day was by 60.84 per cent higher as compared to the initial level in the case of timet, and by 39.15 per cent in the case of lebaizid. Results showed that the continuous giving of phosphorus organic insecticides (timet and lebaized) at low rates to chickens leads to the drop of ChA and the rise of SGOT, GPT, APh, and blood sugar, these changes being more clearly manifested in chickens that have been offered timet.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1976

Resistance to fenitrothion in Danish houseflies, Musca domestica.

Resistance to fenitrothion was investigated in housefly populations in Danish farms 1964--72 in connection with trials of fenitrothion, dimethoate and other organophosphorus compounds for fly control. Resistance was tested by topical application and expressed as resistance ratios, R/S, relative to normal susceptible strains. In 1964--70 fly populations on farms sprayed with fenitrothion (one year each) only developed mode-rate fenitrothion-resistance, R/S at LD 95 below 21 and fly control was generally satisfactory. However, in 1972 high fenitrothion-resistance, R/S 100--400 at LD 95, was found in several fly populations, both on farms treated with fenitrothion and on farms treated with dimethoate, fenitrothion, or bromophos. In all cases the high fenitrothion-resistance was associated with high resistance to dimethoate. Some characteristics of this, apparently complex, resistance are discussed including the effect of certain synergists. Resistance to fenitrothion in Danish flies is only partly reduced by pretreatment with high dosages of sesamex, which inhibits microsomal detoxication, and very little by TBTP (S, S, S tributyl phosphorotrithioate), which inhibits other types of break-down of organophosphorus compounds, e.g. by ali-esterases. The occurrence of fenitrothion- resistance in field populations of houseflied in other regions is briefly reviewed. Widespread, partly very high, resistance has recently been reported from Japan.

Agriculture↗