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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

The role of environment and management on leg abnormalities in meat-type fowl.

Continuous light with 1 h of darkness at midnight is a common photoperiod for raising meat-type fowl. The logic behind the 1 h of darkness, usually provided between midnight and 0100 h, is to acclimate the birds to darkness in the event of a power failure. Increasing evidence from several research laboratories indicates that lighting regimens other than continuous light, such as intermittent or step-up lighting, can lower the incidence of leg abnormalities in meat-type fowl. Some evidence suggests that increased exercise contributes in part to the reduction in lameness due to lighting. Management can influence the incidence of leg and foot problems via effects on rate of gain, flooring systems, and litter moisture. Rapid weight gains have been correlated with tibial dyschondroplasia (TD), although more evidence is needed to determine whether other types of leg deformities, such as long bone distortion, are related to rapid growth rates. Using low intensity X-ray imaging (hand-held lixiscope), live breeders with TD lesions can be identified and the incidence of TD can be reduced in breeder flocks through genetic selection. In addition, turkeys can be selected for wider shanks to improve walking ability. Slippery surfaces should be avoided to prevent spraddled legs. With the exception of TD, broilers reared in cages have more leg deformities than floor-reared birds. Dry litter conditions can help prevent foot pad dermatitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Reduction in incidence of experimental fowl typhoid by incorporation of a commercial formic acid preparation (Bio-Add) into poultry feed.

The experiment described evaluated the effect of a commercial in-feed preparation (Bio-Add) involving a mixture of formic acid and propionic acid on the incidence of experimental fowl typhoid in groups of 41 and 42 1-wk-old Rhode Island Red chickens. The chickens were infected through contact with 12 identical chickens that had been inoculated orally with 10(8) cfu of Salmonella gallinarum strain 9. The incidence of mortality and morbidity due to fowl typhoid was 31/41 (76%) in birds given untreated feed and 14/42 (33%) in birds given feed treated with Bio-Add.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Development, direction, and damage limitation: social learning in domestic fowl.

This review highlights two areas of particular interest in the study of social learning in fowl. First, the role of social learning in the development of feeding and foraging behavior in young chicks and older birds is described. The role of the hen as a demonstrator and possible teacher is considered, and the subsequent social influence of brood mates and other companions on food avoidance and food preference learning is discussed. Second, the way in which work on domestic fowl has contributed to an understanding of the importance of directed social learning is examined. The well-characterized hierarchical social organization of small chicken flocks has been used to design studies which demonstrate that the probability of social transmission is strongly influenced by social relationships between birds. The practical implications of understanding the role of social learning in the spread of injurious behaviors in this economically important species are briefly considered.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Capillariasis in a vulture guinea fowl.

A case of capillariasis was diagnosed in a 5-yr-old male vulture guinea fowl (Acryllium vulturinum) with clinical signs of weakness, anorexia, and vomition. Necropsy revealed that the bird was severely emaciated and the liver was congested. The entire mucosa of the crop and esophagus was severely thickened as a result of the presence of fibrinonecrotic white plaques mixed with numerous nematodes. Histopathology of the crop and esophagus revealed multifocal areas of necrosis of the mucosa, severe inflammation, and squamous cell hyperplasia. Numerous nematode adults, larvae, and eggs consistent with the morphology of Capillaria sp. were found within the mucosa. The nematodes were identified as Capillaria contorta. Similar cases of capillariasis have been diagnosed in other vulture guinea fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Application of the polymerase chain reaction to detect fowl adenoviruses.

The possibility of using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of fowl adenoviruses (FAdV) was tested. The optimal reaction parameters were evaluated and defined for purified genomic DNA of type 8 fowl adenovirus (FAdV-8), and then the same conditions were applied for nucleic acid extracted from infected cells. One hundred picograms of purified viral DNA, or 250 FAdV-8-infected cells, were detected by ethidium bromide staining of the PCR products in agarose gels. The sensitivity was increased to 10 pg purified viral DNA, or 25 infected cells, when the PCR products were hybridized with a specific labeled probe. Several field isolates of FAdV and the CELO virus (FAdV serotype 1) could be amplified by the same primers and conditions, but the size of the amplicons was smaller than that for the FAdV-8 PCR product. Other avian viruses and uninfected cell cultures tested negative.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Salmonella typhimurium infection in domesticated fowl in a children's zoo.

Salmonella typhimurium infection occurred in a children's zoo where 11 fowl and 85 mammals were kept. Initially, the guinea pigs were infected and transmitted the infection to the fowl and rabbits. These mammals responded to medication and cleared of the infection; however, the birds were judged to contain excreters despite four regimens of treatment with antibiotics. Cloacal swabs were taken from all the birds. One turkey was positive for Salmonella and was destroyed. Pooled fecal samples from the birds were again positive. All the birds were tested serologically, and two birds, a goose and a turkey, were positive with Salmonella pullorum-gallinarum antigen, which was assumed to be a cross reaction with S. typhimurium antigen. The two birds were destroyed and the goose yielded Salmonella. The infection was finally eradicated, and the serologic examination was considered to be the most useful procedure for detection of the excreters.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against fowl poxvirus.

Vaccines for the prevention of fowl pox in chickens and turkeys have been available for more than five decades. However, in recent years outbreaks have occurred in several previously vaccinated chicken flocks. Presumably, fowl poxviruses (FPVs) antigenically different from the attenuated vaccine strains are responsible for such occurrences. In support of this concept, we previously detected minor antigenic changes in field isolates based on comparative immunoblotting with polyclonal anti-FPV serum. Realizing the need for antibodies specific against the dominant antigens of FPV, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced by immunizing mice with either a field strain of FPV or a pigeon poxvirus, currently used for vaccination. Three hybridoma clones producing MAbs reacting with a specific FPV protein were selected from a total of 83 clones. In immunoblots, two of the MAbs, P1D9 and P2H10, recognized an antigen with an apparent molecular weight varying from 39 to 46 kD, depending on the FPV strain. The third MAb, P2D4, reacted with an approximately 80-kD protein, regardless of which FPV isolate was tested. Immunofluorescent staining with P1D9 and P2D4 revealed that these MAbs react with intracytoplasmic antigens in FPV-infected cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Method for preparing monospecific antiserum to fowl plague virus hemagglutinins].

A simple method for preparation of monospecific antiserum for the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus has been developed. It is based on selective inactivation of the enzymatic and antigenic properties of neuraminidase by heating of the virus at 56degrees for 3 hours followed by disruption of the preparation with detergent and removal of the inner proteins by ultracentrifugation. Immunization of animals with such preparations produced antiserum containing considerable amounts of antibody for the hemagglutinin in the absence of antibody for other proteins of fowl plague virus.

Hemagglutinins, Viral↗
PubMed1997

[Analysis of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in Taihe negro fowl by thin-layer isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis].

The isozyme patterns of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) from six tissues (liver, kidney, eye, muscle, brain and heart) of the Taihe negro fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brission) were analysed by thin-layer isoelectric focusing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It was found that there were twelve MDH isozyme bands in the tissues of the fowl, and these isozymes displayed a tissue-specific distribution.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Study of protection by recombinant fowl poxvirus expressing C-terminal nucleocapsid protein of infectious bronchitis virus against challenge.

A stable recombinant fowl poxvirus (rFPV) expressing the C-terminal region (119 amino acids) of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strain Ch3 was constructed by inserting the coding sequence within the thymidine kinase gene of fowl poxvirus (FPV) by homologous recombination. The N protein was expressed under control of the vaccinia virus promoter P7.5 in chicken embryo fibroblast cell cultures as seen in immunofluorescence assay and in rFPV-inoculated specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens by detecting antibodies with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A homologous IBV strain (Ch3) and two heterologous IBV strains (Ch5 and H4) were used to inoculate SPF chickens in a challenge to examine the protective efficacy of the rFPV. When the chickens were challenged with IBV Ch3 or Ch5, the control birds had respiratory signs of infections bronchitis, whereas all the vaccinated birds were clinically normal although low levels of the IBV infection were detected by a differential ELISA. In contrast, in the chickens challenged with IBV H4, all control birds and vaccinated birds suffered from the highly lethal IBV H4 infection. Our results suggest that the C-terminal 119 amino acid of the nucleocapsid expressed by FPV is a host-protective antigen and may induce cross-protective immunity against illness among some IBV strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Histological and immunological studies on the fowl lacrimal gland following surgical excision of Harder's gland.

Surgical removal of the Harderian gland of the domestic fowl resulted in increased secretory activity in the lacrimal gland and also in an increase in goblet cell numbers along the length of the lacrimal gland duct. Plasma cells were more numerous in the lacrimal glands of operated birds and they were capable of antibody responses to both systemically and topically applied bovine serum albumin (BSA). Gel diffusion studies showed the presence of anti-BSA activity in the tears and serum of fowls stimulated after surgical removal of the Harderian gland.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Development of sandwich elisa for the detection of fowl adenovirus 4 associated with hydropericardium syndrome in experimentally infected chicken.

A sandwich ELISA was standardized to detect fowl adenovirus (FAV) group I antigen in various tissues, namely liver, spleen, bursa, thymus and kidneys of chicks experimentally infected with fowl adenovirus 4 (FAV-4) isolated from cases of inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS). The assay was found to be more sensitive and more specific in comparison to an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, as it could detect FAV antigen below the titer of 20,000 TCID50/ml and below 1.14 microg in 5% (w/v) suspensions of liver tissue. In 2-week-old experimentally infected chicks, the antigens were detectable by ELISA in liver from 3 to 15 days, in thymus from 3 to 7 days, and in kidneys, bursa and spleen from 3 to 10 days post infection (p.i.). Maximum antigen concentration in terms of ELISA absorbance values was detected in liver and kidneys, which could be used as tissues of choice for virus isolation or detection of viral antigens from IBH-HPS cases.

Adenoviridae Infections↗
PubMed1992

Effects of cadmium salt on phosphomonoesterases activity and fertilizing ability of fowl spermatozoa.

Daily administration of cadmium salt for 25 days (2.5 mg per Kg body weight) in the male domestic fowl caused the end of treatment period. An increased incidences of concentration. Fertility dropped to zero at the end of the treatment period. Activity of acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases were also drastically reduced by the end of treatment period. An increased incidences of morphological abnormalities of spermatozoa were noticed in the treated birds. After 46 days cessation of the treatment, full recovery of the above measures was found. These alterations suggest the reversible type of effect of cadmium chloride on the spermatozoa of male domestic fowl.

Animals↗
PubMed1954

Serological behaviour of influenza viruses. I. The effect of different fowl erythrocytes on the results of serological tests.

Two strains of influenza A virus have been identified which show significant variations in their haemagglutination-inhibition titres when tested with different types of fowl cell.The fowl cells studied in relation to these two strains of virus fall into two distinct groups, arbitrarily labelled type I (low titre) and type II (high titre).The type I and type II cells seem related to, but not identical with, the inhibitor-insensitive and inhibitor-sensitive cells described by previous workers.When type I cells are treated with trypsin they behave like type II cells, while the latter are not modified by this treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

[Quantitative analysis of the isthmo-optic nucleus and projection neurons to the retina in adult fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)].

Quantitative analysis of the isthmo-optic nucleus (IO) and centrifugal projection to the retina in the fowl was made using Nissl preparation and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) methods. Seven adult fowls (Gallus gallus domesticus) were used for Nissl stain. Serial sections were cut on a freezing microtome at 60 microns and stained with cresyl violet. IO was situated just medial to the caudal part of the tectum and laterodorsal surface of the brain stem. Rostrocaudal extension of IO was about 800-1,000 microns. The average total volume and neuronal population of the IO was 280 x 10(-3) mm3 and 5,600 neurons, respectively. Eight animals were used for HRP study. One hundred microliters of 30% HRP solution in physiological saline was injected into the vitreous body of one eye of each hen. Serial transverse sections of 60 microns were treated with tetramethyl benzidine (TMB). Many labeled neurons were found in contralateral brain stem. Average total number of contralateral HRP-labeled cells in IO and peri-IO were 5,268 and 1,492, respectively. Labeled neurons peri-IO were mainly distributed ventrally and rostrally to IO. No labeled neurons in IO, and only a few labeled neurons peri-IO were found ipsilaterally. The number of HRP-labeled neurons in IO corresponded to the neuronal population of IO in Nissl preparation, which suggested that most of isthmo-optic neurons might be projecting to the contralateral retina. In contrast to the round and small IO neurons (long axis 15-20 microns, short axis 10-20 microns), peri-IO neurons were multipolar and longer (long axis 15-30 microns, short axis 10-25 microns).

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Age related modulation of circadian time structure of blood, plasma and tissue variables in male domestic fowls.

To study modulation of circadian time structure of 11 blood, plasma and tissue variables in male domestic fowls, as a function of age, three experiments were made in one-day-old fowls (72) standardized by 12L:12D. In the first experiment, at 6 week age, 24 birds were killed by decapitation, four each at six different circadian stages (2, 6, 10, 14, 18 and 22 hr after light onset, HALO). Equal number of birds were killed at similar circadian stages at the age of 12 and 18 week in the second and the third experiments, respectively. Age affected both, the circadian patterns and the mesors (24 hr mean values). The circadian pattern included amplitude (half of the total extent of variation) and acrophase (estimated time of peak) for each variable. The results clearly suggest that the pattern of circadian rhythm may vary as a function of age of the bird.

Aging↗
PubMed1979

The structure of the Harderian and lacrimal gland ducts of the turkey, fowl and duck. A light microscope study.

The secretory ducts of the Harderian and lacrimal glands of the turkey, fowl and duck are similar in both structure and function. The single duct of each gland is lined by mucus-secreting epithelium. The epithelial cells vary from cuboidal to columnar, and goblet cells of three types are found. Type A, the most numerous, contain neutral mucopolysaccharides, type B have mixed acid and sulphated mucosubstances and type C, the least numerous, contain acid mucins. In both ducts glycogen is present in the lumen, but it occurs intracellularly only in the fowl up to seven days after hatching. Lymphocytes, either as diffuse tissue or as germinal centres, are found scattered along the length of the ducts. Some plasma cells and plasmablasts are also present.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Pharmacokinetics and tissue residues of josamycin in fowls.

Josamycin is a macrolide antibiotic which is produced by fermentation of cultures of Streptomyces narbonensis. It was once administrated (18 mg/kg b. wt.) in fowls via intravenous, oral and intramuscular routes for determination of blood concentration, kinetic behaviour and bioavailability. Following a single intravenous injection, the blood concentration-time-curve indicated a two compartments open model with an elimination half life value (t1/2 beta) of 1.83 +/- 0.06 hours. Both oral and intramuscular routes showed higher values, i.e. 2.33 +/- 0.13 and 2.85 +/- 0.17 hours. The lower apparent volume of distribution of Josamycin in fowls than one liter/kg elucidate higher distribution in blood than in tissues. Systemic bioavailability after both oral and intramuscular administration, i.e. 33.88 +/- 2.4 and 27.28 +/- 1.46% respectively, showed lower absorption from site of i.m. application. Josamycin was administered (18 mg/kg b. wt.) intramuscularly and orally once daily for 5 consecutive days. The drug peaked in serum 1 hour (intramuscular) and 2 hours (orally) after each dose. The recorded results revealed that serum level of Josamycin was higher after oral application (29.98 +/- 1.92 micrograms/ml) than after i.m. application. The drug persisted in the lung tissues and fat for 72 hours after administration and disappeared from all body tissues 96 hours after the last dose of repeated administration.

Administration, Oral↗