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PubMed1982

Occupation and the high risk of lung cancer in Northeast Florida.

A case-control study involving interviews with 321 male patients with lung cancer and 434 controls, or their next of kin, was undertaken to identify reasons for the high lung cancer mortality along the northeast coast of Florida. In Duval county (Jacksonville), the age-adjusted rate for lung cancer, 1970-1975, among white males was the highest of all urban counties in the United States. Increased risks on the order of 40-50% were associated with employment in the shipbuilding, construction, and lumber/wood industries, particularly among workers with reported exposures to asbestos or wood dust. Excess risks were also linked to fishing and forestry occupations, although the numbers of cases involved were small. Occupational factors did not appear to fully account for the area-wide excess of lung cancer, but no evidence was found to implicate smoking habits, migration patterns, or diagnostic and reporting practices as factors responsible for the exceptional mortality rates.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

A cancer register-based case study of occupations of patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

All 636 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reported to the Finnish Cancer Registry between 1971 and 1977 inclusive were compared with patients with other forms of cancer (non-AML) from the same registry. We found no increasing trend in the incidence of AML for either sex, but we found some evidence for regional clusters in certain provinces of Finland. A statistically significant higher incidence was found for men than women in the age group of 50 to 80 years. Classification according to occupation at the time of diagnosis revealed no statistically significant differences between the leukemia cases and the patients with other forms of cancer, but forestry work was more common among the men with AML, and both health care and food industry work were more common among the women with AML. Classification for exposure to chemicals, solvents, or drugs did not yield any statistical differences. The results were inconclusive with regard to the possible role of occupational factors in the etiology of acute myeloid leukemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Time trends and occupational differences in cancer of the testis in New Zealand.

The findings are reported from a New Zealand Cancer Registry-based case-control study involving 427 male patients with testicular cancer registered during the period 1979-1983 and aged 20 years or more at time of registration. Controls were also males chosen from the Cancer Registry with two controls per case, matched on age and year of registration. It was found that, as in other countries, persons in the upper social class groupings were at increased risk of testicular cancer. Persons in professional occupations were also at increased risk, but the odds ratio of 1.09 was much smaller than found in other studies. The previously reported excess risks for farmers, food and beverage workers, forestry workers, and pulp and paper workers were not supported by the New Zealand data. On the other hand, the previously reported excess risk for sales and service workers including members of the armed forces was supported, to some extent, by the New Zealand data with odds ratios of 1.38 (95% confidence limits 0.98-1.93) and 2.15 (95% confidence limits 0.80-5.79), respectively. Other groups with elevated risk include: physicians (odds ratio = 6.50, 95% confidence limits 1.29-32.6); production supervisors (odds ratio = 2.85,95% confidence limits 1.00-8.13); and motor vehicle mechanics (odds ratio = 2.02, 95% confidence limits 0.93-4.42). However, the New Zealand data generally does not suggest that occupational factors (or lifestyle factors associated with occupation) are of major direct importance in the etiology of testicular cancer. The incidence of testicular cancer has a bimodal age distribution in New Zealand and has risen markedly during the period 1948-1979. The New Zealand data differed from patterns observed in other countries in that the relative increase was approximately uniform across age groups rather than being stronger in the younger age groups.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1988

Cancer in the respiratory organs of Swedish farmers.

In a cohort of 254,417 male Swedish farmers (4,330,717 person-years) the incidence of cancer of the respiratory organs was compared to a reference cohort of 1,725,845 men (30,131,664 person-years) employed in other economic activities than agriculture or forestry. In the study cohort 1450 cases of cancer in the respiratory organs were found in 1961 to 1979 resulting in an estimated relative risk (RR) of 0.38 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36-0.40). For cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung, the decreased risk was equal for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. No time related trend in RR for any of the histologic subtypes could be seen. However, for squamous cell carcinoma in nose and nasal sinuses RR has increased from 0.42 (95% CI: 0.20-0.80) in 1961 to 1966 to 2.06 (95% CI: 1.22-3.50) in 1974 to 1979.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

Colon cancer, physical activity, and occupational exposures. A case-control study.

A case-control study on colon cancer was conducted encompassing 329 cases and 658 controls. Occupations and various exposures were assessed by questionnaires. A decreased risk was found in persons with physically active occupations. This effect was most pronounced in colon descendens and sigmoideum with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.49 whereas no reduced risk was found for right-sided colon cancer. Regarding specific jobs, reduced ORs were found for agricultural, forestry, and saw mill workers and increased OR for railway employees. High-grade exposure to asbestos or to organic solvents gave a two-fold increased risk. Regarding exposure to trichloroethylene in general, a slightly increased risk was found whereas such exposure among dry cleaners gave a seven-fold increase of the risk.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Soft tissue sarcoma and occupational exposures.

The associations between soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and occupational exposures were studied in a case-referent study in the southeast of Sweden. Exposure information was obtained through mailed questionnaires to 96 cases, 450 randomly selected population referents, and 200 cancer referents. Odds ratios (OR), were calculated for various occupational groups, and particularly, for occupations with potential exposure to chlorinated phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols. In the analyses based on population referents, increased risks for soft tissue sarcoma were seen for especially gardeners (OR = 4.1), but also railroad workers (OR = 3.1); construction workers with exposure to impregnating agents (OR = 2.3), asbestos (OR = 1.8), or pressure impregnating agents (OR = 1.7); and unspecified chemical workers with potential exposure to phenoxy herbicides and/or chlorophenols (OR = 1.6). A similar pattern appeared when cancer referents were used although the numerical values of the odds ratios became different. A grouping of jobs resulted in Mantel-Haensel OR from 1.5 to 1.9 for farmers and forestry workers, dependent on referents used and even more increased OR for railroad workers and unspecified chemical workers with potential exposure to phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols. The results of the study confirm rather than refute that phenoxy herbicides and chlorophenols could be of etiologic importance for STS; the high risk for gardeners, although based on a small number of individuals, was unexpected and remains unclear. Also, since other cancers were used as referents, no definite problems of recall bias should obtain in this material. None of the exposed groups had a higher proportion of smokers than the unexposed group.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Do occupational factors influence the risk of colon and rectal cancer in different ways?

BACKGROUND: Occupational exposures and physical activity have been considered as risk factors for the development of colorectal cancer. METHODS: A case-control study on working conditions and the risk of colon and rectal cancer was performed in southeastern Sweden during 1984-86. Involved were 177 patients, 98 with colon cancer and 79 with rectal cancer, and two groups of control subjects, 371 hospital control subjects and 430 population control subjects. RESULTS: A significantly decreased risk of left-sided colon cancer was observed in persons involved in more than 20 years of physically active work and a significantly decreased risk of rectal cancer in persons involved in more than 20 years of sedentary work. A tendency toward increased risk was seen for colon cancer in male railroad workers and in male gas station workers. A reduced risk of rectal cancer was found for drivers, textile workers, and administration workers, whereas an increased risk of rectal cancer appeared among paper workers and assistant nurses. A low risk of both colon and rectal cancer was found among construction workers and forestry workers. Exposure to asbestos carried a slightly increased risk of colon cancer, whereas exposure to solvents slightly decreased the risk of rectal cancer. CONCLUSION: This study confirms earlier findings that physical activity decreases the risk for left-sided colon cancer, but also suggests that occupational factors influence the risk of colon and rectal cancer in different ways.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1983

Sister chromatid exchanges among workers occupationally exposed to phenoxy acid herbicides 2,4-D and MCPA.

The induction of sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs) was studied in the peripheral lymphocytes of workers spraying foliage in forestry with phenoxy acid herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) or their mixtures. In order to follow possible exposure-related changes in the frequencies of SCEs, three successive blood samples were taken from 50 male sprayers during the spraying season of July-October, 1981. In addition, 15 control subjects not working with herbicides were included in the study. The actual exposure levels of the exposed subjects were estimated by measuring the concentrations of 2,4-D and MCPA in the urine of the sprayers. Enough cells for the SCE analysis were obtained from 35 herbicide workers and 15 control subjects. The concentrations of 2,4-D and MCPA in the urine samples after exposure varied from 0.00 to 10.99 mg/l. No significant differences in the frequencies of SCEs were observed in samples taken before, during, or after the exposure. Furthermore, the means of SCEs in a nonexposed control group of 15 subjects fell in the same range as those of the exposed subjects. A difference in the means of SCEs was observed between nonsmokers and smokers, smokers having significantly higher mean values than nonsmokers. The results of the present study add support to the earlier data indicating that 2,4-D and MCPA do not act as direct DNA-damaging agents.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1988

Distribution of lost-work-time claims for skin disease in California agriculture: 1978-1983.

In order to identify California agricultural workers at high risk for occupational skin disease, we evaluated the distribution of 2,722 claims for lost-work-time skin conditions reported between 1978 and 1983 by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) and source of illness. In the overall work force, cases were most frequently attributed to plants (52.1%), chemical exposures (20.4%), and food products (12.5%), but considerable variation occurred in the distribution of cases among the subdivisions of agriculture. The forestry subdivisions (SICs 081, 082, 084, and 085) had the highest rate (given as cases/10,000 employed) of claims for skin disease attributed to plants (53.5), but no cases due to other exposures. For chemical exposures, the highest rate of claims occurred in the horticultural specialities (SIC 018) subdivision (5.1), but this group also had a significant claims rate for plant-related skin disease (15.9). The highest claims rate for cases attributed to food products occurred in the vegetables/melons subdivision (4.7), but this group had claims rates for exposure to plants (3.8) and chemicals (2.8) that were nearly as high. Efforts to evaluate and prevent skin disease in agricultural workers should recognize the complex range of exposures to which this work force is subject.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1989

Occupation and squamous cell cancers of the pharynx and sinonasal cavity.

Lifetime job histories from a population-based case-control study of squamous cell carcinomas of the oro- and hypopharynx (OHPC), nasopharynx (NPC), and sinonasal cavity (SNC) were systematically examined to generate new hypotheses as well as to test previously noted associations between occupation and the cancers under study. The effects of both duration of employment in a particular job and the timing of the employment in relation to cancer diagnosis were investigated in a stratified analysis that controlled for cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and other major risk factors. Overall, data on 231 cases and 552 controls were analyzed. Occupations at increased risk of OHPC included "food service" workers in the "retail trade" industry (odds ratio = 1.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.0-3.6), "vehicle mechanics" in the "repair services" industry (OR = 2.5; CI = 0.8-8.3), "industrial mechanics" (OR = 31.0; CI = 3.0-315.1), and "carpenters" in the "construction" industry (OR = 1.5; CI = 0.7-3.4). For NPC, similar patterns of increased risk were found for "food service" workers and "vehicle mechanics." For "carpenters" in the "construction" industry, the relative risk estimate was almost five (OR = 4.8; CI = 1.2-19.4). Increases in SNC risk were noted for "food service" workers, as well as a number of occupations in the "lumber and wood product manufacturing" industry, including "forestry and logging" (OR = 2.0; CI = 0.5-8.2), and "wood working machine operators" (OR = 7.9; CI = 1.6-39.2). In each of these instances, the relative risk estimates increased with increasing duration in the job and when a 15-year induction/latency period was taken into account.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Hip joint arthrosis: an occupational disorder among farmers.

Observations among Swedish farmers indicate that coxarthrosis is a common disorder in farming populations. In this case-referent study, we describe relationships between farming and hip joint arthrosis. The case-group consisted of 105 persons who have had surgery because of coxarthrosis and the referents consisted of 222 randomly selected persons. Non-responders totaled 9%. Farming was significantly more common in the case group. The ratio varied between 2.1 and 3.2, varying with the length of time in farming. Longer exposure did not seem to result in greater risk. There was no risk elevation related to forestry or transportation work. Nor was there any over-representation of accidents with injuries to the lower extremities in the case group. Heavy work load did not seem to be related to the genesis of coxarthrosis. Farming is an amalgamation of different types of work. However, we develop the hypothesis from this study that tractor driving may be related to hip arthrosis. Unfavorable angles in the hip joints may occur during tractor driving. Other studies support this hypothesis, as it has been found that unsuitable conditions for the hip joints may be related to arthrosis.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Paternal occupation and congenital anomalies in offspring.

This paper presents the results of an exploratory case-control study of paternal occupation as a risk factor for birth defects in offspring. With the use of a population-based registry in British Columbia, 14,415 liveborn children with birth defects were identified for the period, 1952-1973. Two controls were matched to each case by using the birth files of British Columbia. Paternal occupation was obtained from the birth certificate. The analysis included 20 birth defect categories. Paternal occupations found to be associated with an increased odds ratio (OR) of birth defects include janitors [hydrocephalus (OR = 5.04), ventricular septal defects (OR = 2.45), other heart defects (OR = 2.35)], forestry and logging workers [congenital cataract (OR = 2.28), atrial septal defects (OR = 2.03), syndactyly (OR = 2.03)], painters [spina bifida (OR = 3.21), patent ductus arteriosus (OR = 2.34), cleft palate (OR = 3.36)], printers [atresia of the urethra (OR = 4.50), clubfoot (OR = 2.18)], and plywood mill workers [patent ductus arteriosus (OR = 2.52), pyloric stenosis (OR = 4.12), dislocated hip (OR = 2.71)]. This study has several limitations and the results must be viewed with caution. Nonetheless, the study provides new leads for further evaluation of the role of father's occupation in the etiology of birth defects.

British Columbia↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of risks for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by occupation and industry exposures from a case-control study.

The etiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is not well understood. To develop hypotheses on causes of this tumor, data from a population-based case-control interview study of 1,867 white men (622 cases and 1,245 controls) in Iowa and Minnesota conducted during 1980-1983 were examined. Subjects, or their next of kin, were interviewed to obtain information on agricultural exposures, work history, medical conditions, and family history. This analysis focuses on risks of NHL by occupation, by industry, and by selected exposures. Although many comparisons were made, few significant associations were observed. Small numbers and limitations in exposure assessment, however, would tend to reduce opportunities to detect associations. The strongest finding was with various occupations that work in metals and metal products. The analysis by exposure estimates also uncovered a significant association with metals, but risks did not increase with estimated intensity of exposure. Slightly elevated risks were also noted among persons employed as painters and construction workers, agricultural and forestry workers, printers and typesetters, funeral directors and embalmers, and dry cleaners. Although the overall risks for benzene and other solvents were small, they increased slightly with level of assigned exposure. Although some associations may be due to chance, several of these occupations and industries have been linked to lymphoma in other investigations and deserve further attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of suicide rates among industrial groups.

Suicide rates among industrial groups were examined systematically using death certificate data from 1984 through 1989 in Alabama. Poisson log-linear modelling was used to estimate the rate ratios (RR) of industries compared to a referent and to adjust for confounding. Marked differences in suicide rates were found among industrial groups. The rates ranged from 5.31 to 62.36 per 100,000 population per year. People employed in public administration had the lowest rate. In comparison with public administration, the construction industry had the highest risk (adjusted RR = 11.8, 95% confidence interval (CI): 9.6-14.6). Employees of the mining industry experienced a similarly high risk (adjusted RR = 11.5, 95% CI: 8.2-16.3). Persons employed in farming, agriculture services, forestry, and fisheries, manufacturing, and transportation, communications, and other public utilities industries had intermediate risks. Smaller elevations of suicide rates compared to public administration were observed in the wholesale trade, retail trade, finance, insurance, and real estate, and services industries. The differences of suicide rates may be related to sociodemographic differences, self-selection for occupation, ease of access to lethal agents, or job stress.

Alabama↗
PubMed1994

Agricultural injuries among a population-based sample of farm operators in Alabama.

A population-based study of the occurrence of agricultural injuries during the previous year was conducted in a simple random sample of 1,000 farm operators in Alabama in 1991. The participation rate was 86.2%. The cumulative 1-year incidence was 9.9% (95% CI = 7.7-12.1), based on the number of injuries, and 7.8% (95% CI = 5.8-9.8), based on the number of farmers injured. Limbs were the body parts most frequently injured: fingers (10.7%), hands or wrists (10.7%), and legs (8.9%). The leading external causes were machinery (28.6%), falls (23.2%), and animals (12.5%). There was a higher injury frequency at the end of the week, with a Saturday peak. Seasonal pattern of injury displayed a bimodal curve, one peak in spring, and a higher peak in early fall in September. The most risky farm types were forestry and dairy. The factors predictive of increased injury risk in multiple logistic regression included younger age, farm ownership, greater percent of working time spent on farming, more alcohol consumed, and prior residual injury. The results provide some indications for formulating agricultural injury control programs and for future research.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed2006

Seasonal variations in black-faced black spider monkey (Ateles chamek) habitat use and ranging behavior in a southern Amazonian tropical forest.

Data are presented regarding the habitat use and ranging behavior of a spider monkey (Ateles chamek) community at Lago Caiman in northeastern Bolivia. Habitat use was driven primarily by fruit availability and distribution across the community home range. Strong seasonal variations occurred in fruit availability within all five of the floristically and phenologically distinct habitat types identified within the study site, and the spider monkeys dramatically shifted their ranging according to which habitat was richest in fleshy fruits. This use of local habitat diversity resulted in an unusually elongated shape for the home range that was otherwise typical of previous Ateles studies in terms of size. Ranging behavior was clumped and community core areas shifted seasonally across the focal community home range. Individual core areas were not relevant to the study due to dramatic community-wide shifts in ranging patterns. Day journey lengths were highly variable (460-5,690 m) and the distribution and abundance of fleshy fruit resources explained 81% of the monthly variations in mean day journey length. Keystone habitats for forest frugivores are identified and results are discussed with reference to previous studies on this genus, and the importance of considering keystone habitats and local habitat diversity within the management of forestry concessions in the region. Results are also discussed with reference to the behavioral ecology of the genus Ateles.

Animal Migration↗
PubMed2002

A key developmental switch during Norway spruce somatic embryogenesis is induced by withdrawal of growth regulators and is associated with cell death and extracellular acidification.

The biotechnology of somatic embryogenesis holds considerable promise for clonal propagation and breeding programs in forestry. To efficiently regulate the whole process of plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis, it is of outmost importance to understand early developmental events when somatic embryos are just formed. In Norway spruce, somatic embryos transdifferentiate from proembryogenic masses (PEMs). This work describes the developmental dynamics (frequency distribution of PEMs and early somatic embryos) of the whole embryogenic suspension culture growing in the presence and absence of plant growth regulators (PGRs), auxin and cytokinin. The experiments have shown that PEM-to-somatic embryo transition is a key developmental switch that determines the yield and quality of mature somatic embryos and ultimately plant production. This switch was induced by the withdrawal of PGRs in cell suspension leading to a rapid accumulation of early somatic embryos (to a maximum of 75% of the entire population of suspension culture) and concomitant degradation of PEMs. The latter was evident from increased level of cell death measured through spectrophotometric Evans blue staining assay. Proembryogenic mass-to-embryo transition and concomitant activation of cell death were mediated by strong extracellular acidification. Therefore, buffering PGR-free culture medium at high (pH 5.8) or low (pH 4.5) levels of pH inhibited both PEM-to-embryo transition and cell death. The yield of mature somatic embryos on abscisic acid (ABA)-containing medium was increased up to 10-fold if the suspension culture had been pretreated for 1 to 9 days in unbuffered PGR-free medium. In this case a large proportion (75%) of the total number of mature embryos was formed within a short, 5-week, contact with ABA. The latter is practically important because prolonged contact with ABA suppresses the growth of somatic embryo plants. Based on these results, an improved method for regulating somatic embryogenesis was set up and tested for nine genotypes of Norway spruce. Over 800 plants regenerated from all tested genotypes demonstrated a good performance in the greenhouse and they were transferred to the field.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2005

Proteome analysis of early somatic embryogenesis in Picea glauca.

Forestry is a valuable natural resource for many countries. Rapid production of large quantities of genetically improved and uniform seedlings for restocking harvested lands is a key component of sustainable forest management programs. Clonal propagation through somatic embryogenesis has the potential to meet this need in conifers and can offer the added benefit of ensuring consistent seedling quality. Although in commercial use, mass production of conifers through somatic embryogenesis is relatively new and there are numerous biological unknowns regarding this complex developmental pathway. To aid in unravelling the embryo developmental process, two-dimensional electrophoresis was employed to quantitatively assess the expression levels of proteins across four stages of somatic embryo maturation in white spruce (0, 7, 21 and 35 days post abscisic acid treatment). Forty-eight differentially expressed proteins have been identified, which display a significant change in abundance as early as day 7 of embryo development. These proteins are involved in a variety of cellular processes, many of which have not previously been associated with embryo development. The identification of these proteins was greatly assisted by the availability of a substantial expressed sequence tag (EST) resource developed for white, sitka and interior spruce. The combined use of these spruce ESTs in conjunction with GenBank accessions for other plants improved the rate of protein identification from 38% to 62% when compared with GenBank alone using automated, high-throughput techniques. This underscores the utility of EST resources in a proteomic study of any species for which a genome sequence is unavailable.

Cell Line↗