Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “FOREARM”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1984

Correction factors for determining body exposure from forearm percutaneous absorption data.

Evaluation of toxic exposure via the skin is invariably based upon forearm percutaneous absorption data and an appropriate area multiplication factor. Published experimental data clearly show, however, substantial site variation in skin penetration such that the use of forearm data may produce an inaccurate prediction of total body exposure. Using literature results for cutaneous absorption as a function of anatomic position and accepted estimations of human body surface areas, correction factors for use with forearm penetration data have been evaluated. Calculations have been performed for an adult, a small child and a neonate. Examples of limited exposure to specific regions of the body have also been assessed relative to predictions based upon percutaneous absorption across forearm skin. It appears that the use of forearm skin penetration data alone underestimates body exposure by at least a factor of two.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Limitations of forearm bone densitometry as an index of vertebral or femoral neck osteopenia.

Osteoporosis of the spine and femoral neck is a major problem in aging populations, but detection prior to a fracture remains a challenge. Forearm bone mineral content has been advocated as a useful screening test in this situation. We have examined the correlation between distal forearm bone mineral content, by single photon absorptiometry, and lumbar vertebral and femoral neck bone mineral density, by dual photon absorptiometry. Eighty women aged 20 to 76 years were studied and significant correlations (p less than .001) were found between the measurements on the forearm and at the two axial sites (r = 0.66 and 0.69, respectively). However, forearm bone mineral content was an unreliable predictor of axial bone mineral density. For prediction of lumbar spine osteopenia with a sensitivity of 88%, the false positive rate was 91%. Conversely, to achieve a specificity of 82%, the false negative rate was 65%. Similarly, for prediction of femoral neck osteopenia at a sensitivity of 92%, the false positive rate was 87%, and at a specificity of 90%, the false negative rate was 33%. These data demonstrate that forearm bone densitometry cannot be used as a screening procedure for osteopenia of the lumbar spine or femoral neck.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Relationship between quadriceps strength and bone mineral density of the proximal tibia and distal forearm in women.

It is well known that there is a relationship between muscle strength and bone density, but it is uncertain whether this relationship is site specific. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of quadriceps strength to site-specific bone mineral density (BMD) of the tibia and to BMD of the forearm. In 66 healthy women, aged 21-78 years, BMD was measured in the proximal tibia and the distal forearm by dual-photon absorptiometry. Isometric and isokinetic strength of the quadriceps was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex II). Highly significant correlations between BMD of the proximal tibia and quadriceps strength were found (RS ranging from 0.79 to 0.84, p < 0.0001). Also, BMD of the distal forearm was correlated with quadriceps strength (RS ranging from 0.59 to 0.62, p < 0.0001). In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, quadriceps strength was a better predictor of tibial BMD than age, body height, or weight. However, age, height, and weight were more predictive of forearm BMD than quadriceps strength. When studying the pre- and postmenopausal women separately, quadriceps strength was correlated with BMD of the proximal tibia but not to forearm BMD. In conclusion, the study provides support for a site-specific relationship between muscle and bone.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1989

The free fascial forearm flap.

The unpleasant appearance of the donor site after harvesting a forearm flap limits its use in many centers. In this paper, the author records his experience with a modification of the standard fasciocutaneous forearm flap. Such modification involves the utilization of the fascial component of the flap sparing the skin of the forearm, which is closed as a longitudinal line. This fascial forearm flap (FFF) was used as a free flap in eight cases. All the flaps survived well, and the donor site appearance was excellent. The fascial forearm flap advantages and limitations are discussed with recommendations for further utilization of other fascial flaps.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

"Impossible" reversed radial forearm free flap in microsurgical reconstruction.

The reversed radial forearm free flap is described and patient histories are presented to illustrate its unique reconstructive versatility. The valvular orientation of the deep and superficial forearm veins should theoretically oppose the reversed flow in this flap, but the venous flow is not compromised. In comparison to the anterograde forearm free flap the vascular pedicle is longer and the donor defect generates less functional and cosmetic complications because it is located on the proximal forearm. In a review of the literature anatomical details of the venous drainage are presented. Different opinions on reverse flow in forearm flaps are discussed and a new theory is proposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Fracture of the distal forearm as a forecaster of subsequent hip fracture: a population-based cohort study with 24 years of follow-up.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the long-term risk of hip fracture following fracture of the distal forearm. DESIGN: Registry-based cohort study comparing patients with a fracture of the distal forearm with a population-based cohort. FRACTURE COHORT: All women and men above 40 years of age with a radiologically verified fracture of the distal forearm during a 5-year period, 1968-1972, in all 1,126 women and 212 men. CONTROL COHORT: An equal number of population-based, age- and sex-matched control persons selected from a population register. MEASUREMENTS: All cohort members were followed up individually through record linkage until the first hip fracture, emigration, death, or the end of 1991. The cohort members contributed a total of 40,832 person-years of observation, and altogether 365 cases of hip fractures were observed. RESULTS: Both women and men with a fracture of the distal forearm ran an increased risk of sustaining a subsequent hip fracture. The overall relative hazard for the women was 1.54 and for men 2.27. The increased risk in the women was independent of age at inclusion, but that in the men was more pronounced in the younger age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with a fracture of the distal forearm run an increased risk of sustaining a subsequent hip fracture. They therefore appear to constitute a group in which appropriate prophylactic measures against osteoporosis and fractures should be considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Calcium entry blockade and agonist-mediated forearm vasoconstriction in hypertensive patients. Difference between nicardipine and verapamil.

The interference by nicardipine and verapamil with the response to vasoactive stimuli, such as lower body negative pressure and angiotensin II, has been evaluated in the forearm of hypertensive patients. Forearm blood flow was monitored during the intraarterial infusion of either drug at rates equieffective on basal flow. Nicardipine blunted the peak forearm vasoconstrictor action of lower body negative pressure and a comparable result was obtained when angiotensin II was administered intraarterially. In spite of a comparable increase in forearm flow, nicardipine was more potent than verapamil in inhibiting vasoconstriction following both stimuli. Thus, nicardipine suppressed regional vascular reactivity, probably by blockade of the influx of extracellular calcium, in response to receptor activation, since both alpha-adrenergic and angiotensin II receptor-mediated vasoconstrictor responses were attenuated. However, the results of the comparison with an unrelated calcium entry blocker, such as verapamil, may suggest that nicardipine, and possibly other dihydropiridine derivatives, preferentially antagonize agonist-mediated vasoconstriction in the human forearm.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1992

Comparative assessment of bone mineral density of the forearm using single photon and dual X-ray absorptiometry.

Forearm bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at proximal and distal sites by 125I single photon absorptiometry (SPA) and by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 67 consecutive subjects, aged 18-75 years. Correlations and regression equations between these two techniques were determined. All forearm measurements were significantly correlated with each other (r = 0.599-0.926; P < or = 0.0001). Although SPA and DXA correct for fat in different ways, we found similar correlation and regression equations in women with body mass index measurements above and below the mean. In addition, forearm measurements by both techniques were moderately correlated with vertebral spine and hip BMD. We conclude that overall, SPA forearm measurements in a population can be calibrated to DXA measurements if necessary, and that DXA forearm measurements are as predictive of the remainder of the skeleton as SPA measurements.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1993

Lactate disposal in resting trained and untrained forearm skeletal muscle during high intensity leg exercise.

At a given oxygen uptake (VO2) and exercise intensity blood lactate concentrations are lower following endurance training. While decreased production of lactate by trained skeletal muscle is the commonly accepted cause, the contribution from increased lactate removal, comprising both uptake and metabolic disposal, has been less frequently examined. In the present study the role of resting skeletal muscle in the removal of an arterial lactate load (approximately 11 mmol.l-1) generated during high intensity supine leg exercise (20 min at approximately 83% maximal oxygen uptake) was compared in the untrained (UT) and trained (T) forearms of five male squash players. Forearm blood flow and the venoarterial lactate concentration gradient were measured and a modified form of the Fick equation used to determine the relative contributions to lactate removal of passive uptake and metabolic disposal. Significant lactate uptake and disposal were observed in both forearms without any change in forearm VO2. Neither the quantity of lactate taken up [UT, 344.2 (SEM 118.8) mumol.100 ml-1; T, 330.3 (SEM 85.3) mumol.100 ml-1] nor the quantity disposed of [UT, 284.0 (SEM 123.3) mumol.100 ml-1, approximately 83% of lactate uptake; T, 300.8 (SEM 77.7) mumol.100 ml-1, approximately 91% of lactate uptake] differed between the two forearms. It is concluded that while significant lactate disposal occurs in resting skeletal muscle during high intensity exercise the lower blood lactate concentrations following endurance training are unlikely to result from an increase in lactate removal by resting trained skeletal muscle.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cross transfer effects of muscular training on blood flow in the ipsilateral and contralateral forearms.

Blood flow in the right and left forearms was determined by venous occlusion plethysmography in ten healthy male subjects before and after training with a hand ergometer. The subjects in group A and B were trained using work loads of 1/3 and 1/2, respectively, of maximum grip strength 6 days/week for 6 weeks. It was found that the blood flow in the left (untrained or contralateral) forearm during exhaustive training of the right hand increased gradually with increasing training periods, and that after 6 weeks of training, grip strength, endurance and peak blood flow of the forearm increased significantly not only in the trained forearm, but also in the untrained forearm. From these results, it is suggested that the increase of blood flow in the contralateral limb after training may, at least in part, be related to the cross transfer effect of muscular endurance.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vascular adjustment and fluid reabsorption in the human forearm during elevation.

Elevation of vascular hydrostatic pressure is known to increase capillary filtration causing, for example orthostatic plasma fluid losses. The present study investigated possible compensatory fluid intravasation in the human forearm during graded elevation, that is during hydrostatic venous collapse. Recordings were made of forearm fluid volume (impedance-plethysmography), forearm blood flow (venous-occlusion-technique), and finger arterial pressure (Finapres). A group of 20 male subjects were seated upright and had their horizontal right forearm passively elevated to 0, 18, 36, and 54 cm above the heart (3rd intercostal space) after equilibration at a reference level 18 cm below the heart. All positions were maintained for 15 min and taken in random order. The vascular volume which drained or refilled within 1.5 min after change of position was found to increase with height. The slow linear volume reduction representing the transcapillary reabsorption rate was found to be almost identical in the three positions above the heart (0.0382, 0.0372, and 0.0398 ml.100 ml-1.min-1). Forearm blood flow reached its highest values at heart level and decreased with height. Calculated total vascular resistance increased with a progressive slope up to about 200% of the value at heart level. As a main finding similar reabsorption rates suggested good maintenance of capillary pressure in positions up to 54 cm above the heart thus contrasting with findings on the calf. The coincidence with increasing total vascular resistance led us to the conclusion that graded venous collapse indicated by grading in venous volume makes for a considerable decrease in pre- to postcapillary resistance ratio with elevation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Absorption↗
PubMed1994

Capacity for vasodilatation in the forearms of manual and office workers.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether occupational physical work using the arms would have a local training effect on the capacity for vasodilatation in the forearm. The subjects were 13 installation workers, and 13 office workers, who were similar in age, height, and body mass. The installation workers were exposed to heavy manual tasks during most of their workshift, whereas the office workers did no heavy manual exercise. The index of forearm capacity for vasodilatation was the plethysmograph flow response after 10 min of arterial occlusion (240 mmHg, 32 kPa). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and skin red cell flux (laser-Doppler) were determined together with the blood flow. In both groups, the dominant arm had significantly higher circumference and volume compared to the nondominant arm, whereas handgrip strength was similar for both the arms. The manual workers had greater volumes in both arms in comparison to the office workers, but handgrip strength did not differ between groups. In both groups, the peak forearm vascular conductance was higher in the dominant arm compared to the nondominant arm. In both forearms, the manual workers exhibited significantly higher peak blood flow, and peak vascular conductance than the office workers. No significant difference in skin blood flow was seen between the groups or arms. In conclusion, the forearms of the manual workers had a greater capacity for vasodilatation compared to the office workers suggesting a local vascular training effect due to frequent exposure to heavy physical work using hands.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A comparative study in subjects with homozygous sickle cell disease and in normal subjects of responses evoked in forearm vasculature by mild, indirect cooling.

We have studied responses evoked in the forearm vasculature of twelve subjects with homozygous sickle cell disease (SS) and in eight dark-skinned controls of West Indian ancestry (AA) by mild cooling of the contralateral hand in water at 16 degrees C for 2 min; this stimulus was repeated six times at randomized time intervals. Total forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography, cutaneous red cell flux was monitored by a laser Doppler flowmeter and arterial pressure was recorded by semi-automatic sphygmomanometry. Of the AA subjects, three showed a decrease in total forearm vascular resistance (FVR, of -10%) in response to the first immersion and this reversed to an increase in FVR (+7%) by the sixth immersion. The remaining five showed an increase in FVR (+65%) which persisted until the sixth immersion (26%). By contrast, all SS subjects showed an increase in FVR (+32%) which persisted to the sixth stimulus (+27%). Further, on a scale of discomfort of 0-10, none of the AA subjects rated the cool stimulus higher than 0, whereas SS subjects gave a rating of 7 for the first stimulus which decreased to 5 by the sixth stimulus. Both AA and SS subjects showed an increase in arterial pressure and a tendency towards vasoconstriction in forearm skin. We propose that, as in Caucasian AA subjects, dark-skinned AA subjects showed a primary reflex vasoconstriction in forearm muscle in response to mild, indirect cooling which was overcome in some individuals by muscle vasodilation of the alerting response that is evoked by novel or noxious stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Bone mineral content in the forearm after fracture of the upper limb.

The bone mineral content was measured by gamma absorptiometry in patients who had sustained fractures of the upper limb. Measurements were taken on the shafts of the forearm and in the trabecular bone immediately proximal to the wrist. Fractures of the surgical neck of the humerus and fractures of the shaft of the humerus did not significantly influence the bone mineral content of the ipsilateral forearm. Fracture of the radius and the ulna, however, caused a 15% loss of the bone mineral content in the trabecular bone proximal to the wrist, whereas the mineral content on the shafts of the fractured forearms increased or decreased depending on the fracture site. The findings suggest that measurements of bone mineral content of the forearm are not necessarily invalidated if there has been a fracture of the same limb. Only if the forearm itself is fractured should measurements on this site be avoided.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1999

Forearm and calf blood flow in response to cortical arousal in normal male and female subjects.

The aim of this study was to investigate cardiovascular changes, particularly in forearm and calf blood flows, in response to acute emotional stress in men and women. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University. Fifty-six healthy non-smokers (29 men and 27 women) aged 19 to 22 years participated. Blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography using mercury-in-silastic strain gauges. Acute emotional stress (2 min) was elicited by a visual orientation task. During acute emotional stress, there were increases in heart rate (males = 40 +/- 3%, females = 49 +/- 5%) and mean arterial pressure (males = 24 +/- 2%, females = 22 +/- 2%), and hyperaemia and vasodilatation were observed in the forearm (males = 162 +/- 15%, females = 239 +/- 31%) and calf (males = 78 +/- 16%, females = 131 +/- 24%). Vasoconstriction also occurred in some subjects. Forearm vasodilatation was significantly greater than calf vasodilatation. Gender variation was apparent in the calf, where vasodilatation was significantly greater in females, and vasoconstriction was significantly greater in males. In some subgroups of men and women, mean values indicated that acute emotional stress elicited increases in forearm, but not in calf, blood flows and vascular conductances. This pattern is similar to that reported by Rusch et al. (see text), but the present findings indicate that vasodilatation in the forearm and calf in response to acute emotional stress is more common.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Laser reflectance imaging of human forearms and their tissue-equivalent phantoms.

Laser back-scattered radiation from a human forearm is affected by the compositional variation in tissues and was imaged by a reflectance imaging system. The measurement probe consisted of one input fibre and one output fibre, separated by a distance of 0.3 cm. The diffuse reflectance data were collected by placing the probe on the forearm. By interpolation and median filtering of these data, the colour-coded reflectance images of the forearms of ten subjects were reconstructed. For comparative analysis of the mean reflectance, the forearm area was divided into ten regions. The mean normalised back-scattered intensity (NBI) near the ulnar region of the wrist was 4.76 +/- 0.24% and was significantly higher (p < 0.0005) compared with that at other regions, which varied from 3.49 +/- 0.17% to 4.43 +/- 0.14%. Tissue-equivalent phantoms of these, required for the clinical assessment of optical techniques, were constructed using various combinations of paraffin wax and dyes. The matching of the NBI images of these stable and inexpensive phantoms with those of the forearms of the respective subjects showed the similarity of their optical parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Forearm fractures in children].

A total of 285 children out of an 8 year period with fractures of the forearm were studied. Of these 175 (62.2%) had a fracture of the distal radius and 51 (18.2%) had a fracture of the distal forearm and there were 42 (14.7%) fractures in the middle or proximal third in this region. Three children with injuries of the distal radial epiphysis had to be treated by percutaneous wire fixation. Except for 2 cases who needed surgery all severe dislocated forearm fractures could be treated by closed reduction. In all cases the children were immobilized with a long upper arm cast for 3 to 4 weeks. Follow-up examinations up to 6 years after injury showed excellent results in distal forearm and distal radial fractures whereas results were only satisfactory in midshaft forearm fractures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

[Analysis of forearm circulation--a substitute for diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis?].

The vascular endothelium plays a central role in the regulation of the arterial tone and in the control of the local hemostasis. It is also involved in the regulation of proliferation processes of the vascular wall. The presence of risk factors for coronary artery disease and/or manifest atherosclerotic lesions are associated with an impairment of endothelium-dependent vasoregulation. Since the assessment of coronary vascular reactivity requires an invasive approach, it would be desirable to non- or semi-invasively evaluate blood flow regulation and its impairment by atherosclerotic processes. Indeed, endothelial dysfunction of the coronary arteries parallels endothelium-related impairment of vasoreactivity of the brachial artery. Analysis of flow-dependent dilatation of the brachial artery by means of ultrasound represents a non-invasive diagnostic tool to assess endothelium-mediated vasomotion. By means of venous strain gauge forearm occlusion plethysmography, it is possible to measure the blood flow in a semi-invasive way. The endothelium-mediated forearm blood flow response is obtained by the infusion of acetylcholine into the brachial artery, whereas infusion of sodium-nitroprusside provides information about the endothelium-independent vasodilator capacity of the forearm resistance vasculature. Assuming that the atherosclerotic process is a generalized disease, the assessment of the forearm blood flow by venous strain gauge occlusion plethysmography may provide some information applicable to the coronary circulation. However, the proof of a positive correlation between the degree of the impaired forearm blood flow responses measured by occlusion plethysmography and the extent of coronary atherosclerosis and its disturbed vasoregulation remains to be established.

Acetylcholine↗