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PubMed2003

Water uptake in the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Pulicidae: Siphonaptera).

To counteract water loss due to excretion, cuticular transpiration and respiration, various groups of arthropods have developed mechanisms for active uptake of water vapor from unsaturated air. In this study, active uptake capabilities and water loss rates were examined in the various developmental stages of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. To determine critical equilibrium humidity, the lowest relative humidity at which active water uptake can occur, pre-desiccated immature and adult fleas were placed in a series of humidity regimes ranging from 44 to 93% RH. Active uptake occurred in larval stages at relative humidities above 53% and in pre-pupae at 75-93% RH. Pupae and adults did not demonstrate active uptake at any humidity. Optimal uptake for larvae occurred between 20 and 30 degrees C. When placed over Drierite (<10% RH), larval and adult stages demonstrated a higher rate of water loss than pre-pupal and pupal stages. Active water uptake is necessary to ensure proper development of the larvae of C. felis. Active uptake ceases after the larval-pupal ecdysis and it appears that adults have lost the ability to actively uptake water.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Fleas and related disease.

This article considers the clinical signs of flea allergy dermatitis, and the diagnosis and general principles of flea control for the pet and its environment.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Flea species from dogs in three cities of Chile.

The purpose of this study was to establish the pattern of flea infestation in dogs in the cities of Santiago (33 degrees latitude south, 70 degrees longitude west), Concepción (36 degrees latitude south, 73 degrees longitude west) and Osorno (40 degrees latitude south, 73 degrees longitude west), located in different parts of Chile. The only species of fleas found on dogs from the three cities were Ctenocephalides felis felis (41.8%), Ctenocephalides canis (39.4%) and Pulex irritans (18.8%). Although the three species were found in the three cities, differences regarding their frequencies were detected (p<0.05). C. felis was the predominant species found on dogs in Santiago (80.5%). In Concepción, their frequencies followed a similar trend. However in Osorno, the most southern city, the predominant species was C. canis (78.7%).

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Myxomatosis: changes in the epidemiology of myxomatosis coincident with the establishment of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Mallee region of Victoria.

Outbreaks of myxomatosis during the winter or spring have coincided with the establishment of the European rabbit flea in the Mallee region. The severity of these outbreaks has varied from causing complete suppression of the normal spring increase in rabbit numbers to being completely ineffective in a year in which late spring rains allowed rabbit breeding to extend into the early summer.In 1973 and 1974 effective spring myxomatosis caused heavy mortality in kittens before they emerged from the warrens. The age of the population increased as the result of few young rabbits coming into the population and of the lessened stress on old rabbits in a low summer-autumn population. This effect was reversed in the late-breeding year, 1976, when flea numbers were apparently too low to maintain a spring outbreak and rabbit numbers increased rapidly.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

Myxomatosis: passive immunity in the offspring of immune rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) infested with fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi Dale) and exposed to myxoma virus.

Kittens with maternal antibodies to myxoma virus, the offspring of rabbits which had recovered from myxomatosis, were exposed to fleas contaminated with myxoma virus and/or contact with infected rabbits from birth. All kittens died or became infected before 8 weeks of age. When compared with adult animals similarly infected the kittens showed no advantage in terms of survival time or recovery rate attributable to maternal antibodies. Flea transmission of virus was found more effective than contact transmissions.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Male-specific sesquiterpenes from Phyllotreta and Aphthona flea beetles.

It was previously reported that males of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae, feeding on host foliage are attractive to both males and females in the field. Based on this evidence for an aggregation pheromone, volatiles were collected from male and female P. cruciferae feeding on cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and analyzed. For comparison, volatiles were also collected from males and females of three other flea beetle species, Aphthona flava, A. czwalinae, and A. cyparissiae, all feeding on their host, leafy spurge foliage (Euphorbia esula). Six male-specific compounds were isolated from P. cruciferae, and the same compounds plus two additional ones were isolated from males of Aphthona flava, A. czwalinae, and A. cyparissiae. The blends of compounds were relatively consistent within species, but there were characteristic differences between species. Compound structures were studied by mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, polarimetry, chiral and achiral gas chromatography, molecular modeling, and microchemical tests. Three of the compounds were identified as (+)-ar-himachalene; (+)-trans-alpha-himachalene; (+)-y-cadinene. Two others were new enantiomers of himachalene hydrocarbons that were previously identified from the fir trees, Abies alba and Abies nordmanniana. Finally, there were two himachalene alcohols and one norsesquiterpene ketone that is a himachalene analog. Only (+)-ar-himachalene and (+)-y-cadinene are previously known natural products. Electrophysiological activity was demonstrated for five of the compounds. The chemical and electrophysiological patterns are consistent with, but do not prove, a pheromonal function.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[The plague in Vietnam: history and inventory of collected fleas (insecta, Siphonaptera) in the inhabited zones].

Ten flea species are reported in anthropic zones of Vietnam. Xenopsylla vexabilis is also here included because of it has been involved in others plague's countries. Lentistivalius klossi is the only selvatic flea known as parasite of synanthropic rats. L. klossi bispiniformis (Li and Wang, 1958), first describe from Chinese specimens, is here synonymized (syn. nov.) with the nominal subspecies.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[Bird fleas (Insecta: Siphonaptera): taxonomic diversity, biogeographical distribution].

If Mammals are the primary hosts of Siphonaptera, 6% of them have changed their trophic appetency for Birds. What are the reasons, what are the adaptations to be adopted by Fleas, what are the families or species groups of fleas concerned, and at last what are the host-families? As to this last question, it is clear that deviation was ecological but not phyletical.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Tick- and flea-borne rickettsial emerging zoonoses.

Between 1984 and 2004, nine more species or subspecies of spotted fever rickettsiae were identified as emerging agents of tick-borne rickettsioses throughout the world. Six of these species had first been isolated from ticks and later found to be pathogenic to humans. The most recent example is Rickettsia parkeri, recognized as a human pathogen more than 60 years after its initial isolation from ticks. A new spotted fever rickettsia, R. felis was also found to be associated with fleas and to be a human pathogen. Similarly, bacteria within the family Anaplasmataceae have been considered to be of veterinary importance only, yet three species have been implicated in human diseases in recent years, including Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the agent of human monocytic ehrlichiosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human anaplasmosis (formerly known as "human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent", E. equi and E. phagocytophila), and finally Ehrlichia ewingii, which causes granulocytic ehrlichiosis in humans. We present here an overview of the various tick- and flea-borne rickettsial zoonoses described in the last 20 years, focusing on the ecological, epidemiological and clinical aspects.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed2002

[Pyrethroid exposure following indoor treatments with a dog flea powder].

UNLABELLED: Pyrethroid exposure following indoor treatments with a dog flea powder. HISTORY: A 42 year old woman reported hair loss, gastrointestinal and non-specific symptoms. The patient has lived in a council flat and kept a dog who had been regularly treated with pyrethroid containing flea powder. INVESTIGATIONS: The biological monitoring of pyrethroid meta-bolites in urine was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The values at admission and follow-up after 4 weeks were highly elevated. Inspection of the flat revealed a humid and cramped dwelling. TREATMENT: We recommended redevelopment and cleaning of the dwelling and the avoidance of ectoparasiticide use. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge this is the first documented case of high indoor pyrethroid exposure following the use of ectoparasiticides with domestic animals. Pyrethroids can cause neurotoxic symptoms and skin irritation. There are few data concerning chronic effects. The causal connection between pyrethroid exposure and symptoms remains unclear and poses a great problem in environmental medicine.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Identification of Ctenocephalides felis fleas as a host of Rickettsia felis, the agent of a spotted fever rickettsiosis in Yucatań, Mexico.

In search for the vector of the recently recognized spotted fever rickettsiosis of the Yucatán, ticks, fleas, and lice were collected from vegetation and dogs in localities where seropositive persons had been found. The arthropods were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers for the genus-specific 17-kDa protein gene followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and DNA sequencing. Eleven (20%) of 54 pools of Ctenocephalides felis fleas contained DNA of Rickettsia felis. None of 219 Amblyomma cajennense, 474 Rhiphicephalus sanguineus, 258 Boophilus sp. ticks, and 33 Poliplax species lice contained DNA of Rickettsia. The identity of the rickettsial DNA was confirmed as R. felis by PCR/RFLP for the citrate synthase and outer membrane protein A genes and by DNA sequencing. The results indicate that the host of R. felis in Yucatán is C. felis and suggest that the spotted fever rickettsiosis that has infected >5% of the population of the Yucatán and can present as a dengue-like illness is likely to be caused by R. felis.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effect of larval diet on cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) developmental times and adult emergence.

The natural diet of cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), larvae is primarily adult flea feces, but dried bovine blood may be substituted in the laboratory. Percentage adult emergence (79.4% on feces; 78.9% on blood) and developmental times (20.6 d on feces; 17.1 d on blood) did not significantly differ for the two diets. The drying temperature of blood determined its quality; blood dried at 120 degrees C was unsatisfactory for larval development. The dietary value of dried bovine blood was not enhanced when supplemented with brewer's yeast, rodent chow, or a combination of those constituents. Blood particle size ranging from less than 180 to greater than 500u did not affect the value of blood as a diet. Rodent chow, yeast, albumen, hemoglobin, and mixtures of these constituents were unsuitable as larval diets.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Residual effectiveness of insect growth regulators applied to carpet for control of cat flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) larvae.

Three insect growth regulators, fenoxycarb, methoprene, and pyriproxyfen, formulated as total release aerosols, were tested for their residual effectiveness on carpet in bioassays with cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), larvae. All treatments except methoprene produced significant mortality for the 7-mo duration of the test. In general, fenoxycarb and the higher rates of pyriproxyfen reduced adult flea emergence by > 80%.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

AFLP markers for the R-gene in the flea beetle, Phyllotreta nemorum, conferring resistance to defenses in Barbarea vulgaris.

A so-called R-gene renders the yellow-striped flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) resistant to the defenses of the yellow rocket Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicacea) and enables it to use it as a host plant in Denmark. In this study, genetic markers for an autosomal R-gene, inherited as a single, dominant locus in flea beetles from the Danish locality "Kvaerkeby" are described, and a genetic linkage map around this particular R-gene is constructed, using the technique of AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism).

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Larvae of the woodrat fleas Anomiopsyllus amphibolus and Atyphlocerus echis echis (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae).

The external morphology of Anomiopsyllus amphibolus Wagner, 1936 and Atyphloceras echis echis Jordan and Rothschild, 1915 larvae (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae) from woodrat (Neotoma lepida) nests is described. Among known flea larvae, the genus Anomiopsyllus (Anomiopsyllinae, Anomiopsyllini) is as distinctive in larval form as are the adults. Among other distinctive features, only Anomiopsyllus are known to have only two ventrolateral setae. Atyphloceras (Hystrichopsyllinae, Hystrichopsyllini) larvae seem more similar in morphology to those of Typhloceras (Hystrichopsyllini) than to Hystrichopsylla, the other genus placed within the Hystrichopsyllini. Characters used to distinguish flea larvae found in Neotoma nests are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effect of temperature on cat flea (Siphonaptera:Pulicidae) development and overwintering.

Cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), were reared at different temperatures to examine further the effects on egg-to-adult development and emergence of adults from cocoons. Three different temperatures (26.7, 21.1, and 15.5 degrees C) were used to rear fleas. Emergence of adults from cocoons was monitored using 2 experimental designs-cocoons maintained in groups and cocoons individually isolated. At cooler temperatures, cocoons kept in groups had a higher incidence of late-emerging adults than did individual cocoons. At 15.5 degrees C, adults continued to emerge from grouped cocoons up to 80 d after all had emerged from individual cocoons. Developmental time of prepupae and pupae was determined by inhibiting cocoon formation of late 3rd instars. Male prepupae and pupae developed approximately 20% slower than did females. Comparisons between emergence of adults from cocoons and from naked pupae indicate that a large percentage of adults emerge from cocoons soon after molting. The possible association of developmental temperatures and emergence from cocoons with overwintering populations is discussed.

Animals↗