COMMUNICATION BY FACIAL EXPRESSION.
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Communication↗
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Facial expressions and the regulation of emotions.
In the two decades since contemporary psychologists produced strong evidence confirming Darwin's century-old hypothesis of the innateness and universality of certain facial expressions of emotions, research on expressive behavior has become well established in developmental, social, and personality psychology and in psychophysiology. There are also signs of increased interest in emotions in clinical psychology and the neurosciences. Despite the success of the work on emotion expression and the upward trend of interest in emotions in general, the fundamental issue of the relation between emotion expression and emotion experience or feeling state remains controversial. A new developmental model of expression-feeling relations provides a framework for reevaluating previous research and for understanding the conditions under which expressions are effective in activating and regulating feeling states. The model has implications for research, socialization practices, and psychotherapy.
Emotions↗
[Smiling of preschool children in performance-oriented situations: assessment of the emotional significance in relation to other facial expressions].
The goal of the reported experiment was to study how adults judge the meaning of different kinds of smiling and laughing by preschool children, and the role played by other facial movements in determining this meaning. Videotapes and photographs of spontaneous facial expressions of children in a play situation served as stimuli. The results show that different kinds of smiling were judged by the adult subjects as being significantly different from each other. In order to find subgroups within the stimuli, cluster analyses were performed, and the resulting clusters indicated different mixtures of positive and negative emotions contained within the pictures. Regression analyses showed that the adults' judgements were dependent on the number of indicators for positive and negative emotions which could be seen in the pictures. The most important indicator movement for the judged strength of the positive emotion expressed in the smile was the raising of the cheeks and, for negative emotions, the lowering of the lip corners. The significance of the components of the expressions as well as the strength of the expressed emotion were, however, dependent on the mode of presentation (video/photo).
Achievement↗
Asymmetry of facial expression in spontaneous emotion.
The observation that emotional expressions are more intense on the left side of the face is consistent with other evidence of the importance of the right hemisphere in emotional communication. However, the question has been raised whether it is truly spontaneous emotional expressions or only posed facial displays that show a left-sided asymmetry. We surreptitiously examined facial asymmetry during spontaneous emotional expressions as subjects remembered happy or sad experiences. These were contrasted with the subjects' posed expressions of happy or sad emotions. Both of these procedures resulted in more intense expressions on the left side of the face. The left-sided advantage was stronger during the spontaneous than the posed displays, and was observed for both happy and sad emotions.
Dominance, Cerebral↗
Childhood precursors of schizophrenia: facial expressions of emotion.
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine whether affective abnormalities could be detected in home movies of children who later developed schizophrenia. METHOD: Trained observers coded facial expressions of emotion of 32 schizophrenic patients and 31 of their healthy siblings from home movies made when they were children. All of the patients met the DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia with onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. The sibling comparison subjects had no history of psychiatric illness. Nine emotions and a neutral category were rated. RESULTS: Analyses revealed significantly lower proportions of joy expressions among the total expressions of the preschizophrenic female subjects than among the same-sex healthy siblings. This difference extended from infancy through adolescence. Among the male subjects, there were inconsistent differences between diagnostic groups in expressions of joy across age levels. However, both the preschizophrenic male subjects and the preschizophrenic female subjects showed greater negative affect than their same-sex comparison groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings lend support to the assumption that vulnerability to schizophrenia may be subtly manifested in emotional behavior long before the onset of clinical symptoms.
Adolescent↗
Understanding the recognition of facial identity and facial expression.
Faces convey a wealth of social signals. A dominant view in face-perception research has been that the recognition of facial identity and facial expression involves separable visual pathways at the functional and neural levels, and data from experimental, neuropsychological, functional imaging and cell-recording studies are commonly interpreted within this framework. However, the existing evidence supports this model less strongly than is often assumed. Alongside this two-pathway framework, other possible models of facial identity and expression recognition, including one that has emerged from principal component analysis techniques, should be considered.
Face↗
[Facial expressions and human emotions. Bibliographic survey].
The present work intends to divulge some Nursing and Psychology' publications about human facies and emotions. Intends do help the health professional thinking about the facial expressions of emotion in the interpersonal relationships, showing the researches more cited at specific bibliography, first regarding to children and to adults.
Adult↗
Facial expressions of mentally retarded and nonretarded children: II. Recognition by nonretarded adults with varying experience with mental retardation.
The influence of experience with mental retardation on nonretarded adults' ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion by young retarded children was examined. Four emotions were studied: happiness, anger, sadness, and neutrality (absence of affect). Slides of retarded and nonretarded children were presented to three groups: adults without experience in mental retardation, parents of retarded children, and teachers of the retarded stimulus children. Inexperienced adults identified fewer expressions of retarded children than did parents who, in turn, identified fewer expressions than did teachers. Teachers recognized expressions of retarded children best, inexperienced adults recognized expressions of nonretarded children best, and parents recognized expressions equally well in both retarded and nonretarded children. Happiness was recognized best in all children by all participants.
Adult↗
An emotion-based facial expression word activates laughter module in the human brain: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
We report an fMRI experiment demonstrating that visualization of onomatopoeia, an emotion-based facial expression word, highly suggestive of laughter, heard by the ear, significantly activates both the extrastriate visual cortex near the inferior occipital gyrus and the premotor (PM)/supplementary motor area (SMA) in the superior frontal gyrus while non-onomatopoeic words under the same task that did not imply laughter do not activate these areas in humans. We tested the specific hypothesis that an activation in extrastriate visual cortex and PM/SMA would be modulated by image formation of onomatopoeia implying laughter and found the hypothesis to be true.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
The perception of facial expressions by the three-month-old.
We used habituation to investigate 3-month-olds' abilities to discriminate and recognize smiling and frowning expressions posed by the mother or by a female stranger. Infants discriminated between the expressions and recognized which expression they had seen during the habituation trials; they did so whether the expressions were posed by the mother or by the stranger. However, when the expressions were posed by the mother, more infants showed the discrimination, and boys looked at her pictures longer than girls. These differences suggest that infants' previous experiences with faces influence their perceptions of the facial expressions.
Affect↗
Comparison of two multidimensional coordinate systems for facial expressions.
For 20 subjects the "distance" between midpoint pair options and predicted midpoints for rectilinear and circumplex models is reported using 24 Lightfoot photographs. Data were more compatible with the rectilinear model so respondents were probably not using polar coordinates in representing facial expressions internally.
Affect↗
Facial expressions of emotion and physiologic reactions in children with bronchial asthma.
Eighteen children with bronchial asthma (ages 7.5 to 12) and 18 control children were exposed to a pleasant comic film and a stress-inducing achievement task. Facial expressions of emotion and heart rate (HR) were recorded, and pre- and posttest forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1) were assessed. The asthmatic children showed significantly fewer expressions of emotion than the control subjects in the stress-inducing but not in the joy-inducing situation. Their FEV1 decreased significantly under both experimental conditions, whereas no significant changes were found in the control group. The asthmatic children's mean HR was significantly higher under both experimental conditions than during the preceding pauses. In the control group, no significant changes in mean HR were found from the pause to the stressful situation; during the comic film, mean HR was significantly lower than during the preceding pause. No significant correlations were found for either group between number of emotions expressed, pre- to posttest changes in FEV1, and changes in mean HR.
Asthma↗
Impaired emotional facial expression recognition in alcoholics, opiate dependence subjects, methadone maintained subjects and mixed alcohol-opiate antecedents subjects compared with normal controls.
The present study aims to explore whether an impairment in emotional facial expressions (EFE) decoding is specific to alcoholism compared with opiate dependence. An EFE decoding test consisting of 16 photographs of EFE portraying happiness, anger, sadness and disgust was administered to five different groups of 30 subjects each: recently detoxified alcoholics (RA); opiate addicts under methadone maintenance treatment (OM); detoxified opiate addicts (OA); detoxified subjects with both alcohol and opiate dependence antecedents (DAO); and normal controls (NC). Repeated measures analysis of variance using a multivariate approach was conducted on EFE decoding accuracy scores with group as the between-subjects factor. Accuracy scores were significantly lower in RA and DAO than in OM and OA, which had significantly lower scores than NC. Low accuracy scores in RA and DAO confirm previous results indicating that alcoholism is associated with impaired EFE recognition. Results in OM and OA indicate that opiate dependence is also associated with an impaired EFE decoding but less than in alcoholism. Alcohol and opiate chronic consumption could both exercise a deleterious effect on EFE-decoding brain function, alcohol having the most severe impact. Alternatively, EFE-decoding problems could be present before the development of alcohol and opiate dependence, with an additional effect of chronic alcohol consumption on EFE decoding. In this context, EFE-decoding impairment could reflect a more general emotional intelligence deficit in addicted populations.
Adult↗
Face to face: visual scanpath evidence for abnormal processing of facial expressions in social phobia.
Cognitive models of social phobia propose that cognitive biases and fears regarding negative evaluation by others result in preferential attention to interpersonal sources of threat. These fears may account for the hypervigilance and avoidance of eye contact commonly reported by clinicians. This study provides the first objective examination of threat-related processing in social phobia. It was predicted that hyperscanning (hypervigilance) and eye avoidance would be most apparent in social phobia for overt expressions of threat. An infrared corneal reflection technique was used to record visual scanpaths in response to angry, sad, and happy vs. neutral facial expressions. Twenty-two subjects with social phobia were compared with age- and sex-matched normal controls. As predicted, social phobia subjects displayed hyperscanning, (increased scanpath length) and avoidance (reduced foveal fixations) of the eyes, particularly evident for angry faces. The results could not be explained by either medication or co-morbid depression. These findings are consistent with theories emphasising the role of information processing biases in social phobia, and show promise in the application to treatment evaluation in this disorder.
Adult↗
Multidimensional scaling of facial expressions.
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Facial Expression↗
Standardized mood induction with happy and sad facial expressions.
The feasibility of applying ecologically valid and socially relevant emotional stimuli in a standardized fashion to obtain reliable mood changes in healthy subjects was examined. The stimuli consisted of happy and sad facial expressions varying in intensity. Two mood-induction procedures (happy and sad, each consisting of 40 slides) were administered to 24 young healthy subjects, who were instructed to look at each slide (self-paced) and try to feel the happy or sad mood expressed by the person in the picture. On an emotional self-rating scale, subjects rated themselves as relatively happier during the happy mood-induction condition and as relatively sadder during the sad mood-induction condition. Conversely, they reported that they were less happy during the sad mood-induction condition and less sad during the happy mood-induction condition. The effects were generalized to positive and negative affect as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. The intraindividual variability in the effect was very small. In a retest study after 1 month, the mood-induction effects showed good stability over time. The results encourage the use of this mood-induction procedure as a neurobehavioral probe in physiologic neuroimaging studies for investigating the neural substrates of emotional experience.
Adult↗
Hostility and facial expression in young men and women: is social regulation more important than negative affect?
Behavioral differences may clarify the link between hostility and health. This study examined facial expression. Seventy-two low- and high-hostile undergraduates underwent the Type A Structured Interview (SI) and a test of social anxiety. Facial behavior was measured with the Facial Action Coding System. Low-hostile participants displayed non-Duchenne smiles more frequently than high-hostile participants during the SI. There were no group differences in the expression of disgust. The results identify differences in the nonverbal behavior of hostile people. Restricted use of non-Duchenne smiles may reflect limited use of appeasement, contributing to uncomfortable interpersonal relations and limited social support. The findings are consistent with a behavioral ecology perspective and suggest that social regulation may be as important as negative affect in determining the consequences of hostility.
Affect↗
Interhemispheric asymmetry in facial expression recognition: relationship to field-dependence.
Sixty college students, 30 males and 30 females, with a well defined cognitive style (measured by means of three tests), carried out a recognition task of six unambiguous facial expressions which were unilaterally presented in a tachistoscopic condition. A significant left visual field superiority was present for the field independenct subjects; a low but significant right visual field superiority was present for the field dependent subjects. No differences were found between the sexes.
Adolescent↗