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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Correction of high myopia with different phakic anterior chamber intraocular lenses: ICARE angle-supported lens and Verisyse iris-claw lens.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy, predictability and safety of implanting two models of anterior chamber IOLs for high myopia. Comparison of the refractive results between two groups of patients implanted with different IOLs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty eyes were implanted with phakic IOLs. The ICARE myopia lens was implanted in 20 eyes of 12 patients with preoperative myopia that ranged from -21.875 to -10.0. The mean patients' age was 30 years. The Verisyse IOL was implanted in 20 eyes of 12 patients with spherical equivalent of the refractive error from -21.625 to -10.375D, and the mean patients' age was 32.25 years. The dioptric power of the intraocular lens was calculated by considering refraction, keratometry, and anterior chamber depth. The follow-up period was 12 months. RESULTS: Twelve months after surgery, the mean refractive error (SE) was -0.19D (100% of eyes were within +/-1.0D of the target refraction) in the ICARE group, and -0.86D (95% of eyes were within +/-1.0D of the target refraction) in the Verisyse group. The postoperative refraction remained stable during the entire follow-up period. The mean uncorrected visual acuity was 0.7 in the ICARE group, and 0.69 in the Verisyse group 1 year postoperatively. There was no loss in visual acuity 1 year after surgery in the ICARE implanted eyes, one patient in the Verisyse group lost 1 line of BCVA as compared to the preoperative state. Mean endothelial cell density loss was 6.12% and 6.79% in the ICARE and Verisyse groups, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences regarding the analyzed outcome parameters between the two study groups. CONCLUSION: The implantation of both anterior chamber phakic intraocular lenses to correct high myopia resulted in a stable and predictable refractive outcome. Efficacy and safety of surgery for both implanted lens models are very high.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Immunohistochemical studies on the expression pattern of molecular chaperones HSC70 and HSP25 and cell cycle-related proteins cyclin D1 and PCNA in rat liver after thioacetamide intoxication.

Intoxication of rats with thioacetamide (TAA) is a model system to investigate mechanisms involved in liver cell death and tissue reconstitution. Our study was undertaken to determine by immunohistochemistry the expression pattern of the cytoprotective chaperone proteins HSC70 and HSP25 and proliferation markers cyclin D1 and PCNA in livers of Wistar rats intraperitoneally injected with TAA at a single dose of 50 mg/kg. For each protein studied we observed distinct dynamic changes in appearance and localization in liver lobules. During 24-36 h after TAA injection the HSC70 cytoplasmic immunoreaction gradually disappeared from hepatocytes localized around central veins and a shift of immunostaining to cell nuclei took place. Then, 36-48 h after TAA injection the HSC70 cytoplasmic immunoreaction reappeared with the highest intensity in hepatocytes surrounding the areas of inflammatory cells. HSP25, undetectable in control hepatocytes began to appear at approximately 36 h after TAA injection and HSP25-immunopositive cells formed a characteristic ring around areas of inflammation. Of the proteins studied, the most rapid reaction to TAA was observed for cyclin D1. As early as 15 min after TAA administration cyclin D1-positive hepatocytes appeared in intermediate and periportal areas of liver lobules and a subsequent shift of staining to centrilobular hepatocytes took place at 36 and 48 h. There was no correlation of cyclin D1 localization either with PCNA-positive cells or mitotic cells. Our observations suggest that in TAA-treated livers HSP25 and HSC70 proteins can play an anti-inflammatory role, and the early and distinct cyclin D1 expression is not related to proliferation of hepatocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Asbestos exposure and radiological abnormalities among maintenance and custodian workers in buildings with friable asbestos-containing materials.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have been carried out to evaluate the respiratory effects of asbestos exposure of custodian and maintenance workers. METHODS: By a multicentre cross-sectional study, 277 custodian and maintenance employees working in buildings with friable asbestos-containing materials and 87 unexposed subjects were studied for radiological abnormalities by use of the International Labour Office (ILO) classification of radiographs of pneumoconiosis, in relation to parameters of asbestos exposure. RESULTS: The cumulative asbestos exposure index was generally low (fewer than 5 fibres/ml x years in 82.3% of exposed workers). On multivariate analysis, pleural thickening was significantly related to latency since onset of exposure to asbestos in exposed workers, after adjustment for age, body mass index and tobacco smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Asbestos exposure of custodian and maintenance employees in buildings with friable asbestos-containing materials might be associated with an excess of pleural thickening on chest X-rays.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Feedback of workplace data to individual workers, workgroups or supervisors as a way to stimulate working environment activity: a cluster randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To test whether feedback and discussion of ergonomic and psychosocial working-environment data during one short session with individual, groups or supervisors of white-collar computer workers had an effect on activity to modify workplace design, working technique and psychosocial aspects of work. METHODS: A total of 36 workgroups from nine organizations representing different trades was randomized (stratified for organization) to three feedback conditions or control with no feedback. Data were collected 1 month before and 6 months after feedback sessions. The effects studied were: (1) change in the proportion of workgroup members who reported any modification regarding workplace design or working technique; (2) change in the proportion of workgroup members who reported any modification regarding psychosocial aspects; (3) average number of modification types regarding workplace design or working technique per individual in a workgroup; (4) average number of modification types regarding psychosocial aspects per individual in a workgroup. RESULTS: All feedback conditions differed positively from controls regarding change in the proportion of workgroup members who reported any modification in workplace design or working technique. No such effect was found for psychosocial aspects. For change in average number of psychosocial modification types per individual in a workgroup an effect was observed for feedback to supervisors. No intervention effect was observed for the average number of modifications in workplace design or working technique per individual in a workgroup. CONCLUSION: Feedback and discussion of ergonomic and psychosocial working-environment data during one short session with individual, groups or supervisors of white-collar computer workers may have a positive effect on how many people in a workgroup modify (or have modifications done regarding) workplace design and working technique. Feedback to supervisors may have an effect on the average number of psychosocial modification types per individual in a workgroup. Feedback to group supervisors appeared to be the most cost-effective variant.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effects of a low carbohydrate diet and graded exercise during the follicular and luteal phases on the blood antioxidant status in healthy women.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a low-carbohydrate (L-CHO) diet and graded cycling exercise on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic blood antioxidant defence system in young eumenorrhoeic women. Seven healthy physical education students exercised incrementally until they were fatigued under four different phase-diet conditions of the menstrual cycle, i.e. twice either during the mid-follicular or the mid-luteal phase, in each case either after 3 days of eating a normal mixed diet (59% carbohydrate, 27% fat, 14% protein) or 3 days of eating an isoenergy L-CHO diet (5% carbohydrate, 52% fat, 43% protein). In venous blood samples obtained at rest, immediately post test and during recovery, the activity of antioxidant enzymes and concentrations of reduced glutathione and selenium were determined. Plasma samples were analysed for concentrations of malondialdehyde, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), uric acid and activity of creatine kinase. The 3 days of the L-CHO diet, which had been preceded by glycogen-depleting exercise, resulted in a stimulation of the blood antioxidant defence system in young eumenorrhoeic women both at rest and during the graded cycling exercise to maximal oxygen uptake. It seems justified to presume that higher daily doses of haem iron, selenium and alpha-tocopherol provided by the L-CHO diet contributed to the enhancement of catalase activity, the rise in plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and selenium, which resulted in better protection of the cell membranes against damage from peroxides, as reflected by a limited release of creatine kinase into plasma. With the exception of the case of glutathione reductase, the phases of the menstrual cycle had only minor effects on the indices of the blood antioxidant defence system.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Palmitic acid metabolism in the soleus muscle in vitro in hypo- and hyperthyroid rats.

The aim of this study was to establish whether the rate of fatty acid (FA) incorporation and its utilization by the isolated soleus muscle is modified under conditions of thyroid hormone deficit or excess. The rate of palmitic acid (PA) uptake, oxidation and incorporation into intramuscular lipids with increasing PA concentration (0.5-1.5 mM) in the incubation medium were determined. In hypothyroid rats intramuscular triacylglycerol (TG) synthesis was increased, while the rate of PA oxidation to CO2 and incorporation into mono- and diacylglycerols (MG/DG) and phospholipids (PL) remained unchanged. In rats with triiodothyronine (T3) excess the rate of all processes studied was enhanced, although the percentage incorporation of PA into different classes of intramuscular lipids was fairly constant and, independently of thyroid state and FA concentration in the medium, was 56-66% for TG, 9-14% for MG/DG and 24-32% for PL. Our results thus indicate that even short-term T3 excess accelerates the rate of FA uptake and metabolism in the oxidative soleus muscle, whereas in hypothyroid rats only intramuscular TG synthesis is affected.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The small subunit ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase ( ApS) promoter mediates okadaic acid-sensitive uidA expression in starch-synthesizing tissues and cells in Arabidopsis.

Transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thaliana Heynh., transformed with a bacterial beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene under the control of the promoter of the small subunit (ApS) of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), exhibited GUS staining in leaves (including stomata), stems, roots and flowers. Cross-sections of stems revealed GUS staining in protoxylem parenchyma, primary phloem and cortex. In young roots, the staining was found in the root tips, including the root cap, and in vascular tissue, while the older root-hypocotyl axis showed prominent staining in the secondary phloem and paratracheary parenchyma of secondary xylem. The GUS staining co-localized with ApS protein, as found by tissue printing using antibodies against ApS. Starch was found only in cell and tissue types exhibiting GUS staining and ApS labelling, but not in all of them. For example, starch was lacking in the xylem parenchyma and secondary phloem of the root-hypocotyl axis. Sucrose potently activated ApS gene expression in leaves of wild-type (wt) plants, and in transgenic seedlings grown on sucrose medium where GUS activity was quantified with 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-glucuronide as substrate. Okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, completely blocked expression of ApS in mature leaves of wt plants and prevented GUS staining in root tips and flowers of the transgenic plants, suggesting a similar signal transduction mechanism for ApS expression in various tissues. The data support the key role of AGPase in starch synthesis, but they also underlie the ubiquitous importance of the ApS gene for AGPase function in all organs/tissues of Arabidopsis.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2005

Profiling of diurnal patterns of metabolite and transcript abundance in potato (Solanum tuberosum) leaves.

Diurnal changes in carbohydrates and a broad range of primary metabolites were analysed through a diurnal period in potato leaves (Solanum tuberosum cv. Desiree) using an established gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolic profiling protocol alongside conventional spectrophotometric technologies. In tandem, we profiled transcript levels using both a custom array containing approximately 2,500 cDNA clones predominantly representing transcripts involved in primary metabolism and commercially available arrays containing approximately 12,000 cDNA clones that gave coverage of transcript levels over a broader functional range. The levels of many metabolites and transcripts varied during the diurnal period with 56 significant differences observed in the metabolite contents and 832 significant differences recorded in transcript levels. Whilst a large number of the differences would be expected from what has been known previously, several novel changes were observed in these experiments. Notably, qualitative comparison of the combined data sets obtained from the parallel analysis of transcripts and metabolites suggests relatively few changes in gene expression strongly correlate with changes in metabolite levels during a diurnal cycle. Furthermore, these changes appear to be confined to the central metabolic pathways. However, principal component analysis of the metabolic profiles obtained here revealed that metabolite patterns change progressively through a diurnal period suggesting the operation of mechanisms for tight temporal regulation of metabolite composition.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2002

Isolation and characterization of lipid in phloem sap of canola.

Phloem isolated from canola (Brassica napus L.) stems was found to contain phospholipid, diacylglycerol, triacylglycerol, steryl and wax esters, and comparatively high concentrations of unesterified fatty acids. Indeed, the composition of phloem lipid was markedly different from that of microsomal membranes and cytosol isolated from both leaves and stems. Specifically, phloem lipid consisted predominantly of unesterified fatty acids and was enriched in medium-chain fatty acids, in particular, lauric, myristic and pentadecanoic acids. This unique composition also distinguished phloem lipid from that of well-characterized cytosolic lipid particles such as oil bodies found in plant cells. Moreover, levels of medium-chain fatty acids in the phloem increased when canola plants were stressed by exposure to sublethal doses of ultraviolet irradiation. Phloem levels of lauric acid, for example, increased by 11-fold upon treatment with sublethal ultraviolet irradiation. Spherical lipid particles were discernible in isolated phloem sap by electron microscopy, suggesting that the lipid in phloem is in the form of lipid particles. The presence of lipid in phloem may be reflective of long-distance lipid transport in plants, primarily in the form of free fatty acids.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed2004

Generalized crystal-storing histiocytosis as a presentation of multiple myeloma: a case with a possible pro-aggregation defect in the immunoglobulin heavy chain.

Crystal-storing histiocytosis (CSH) with massive accumulation of particulate immunoglobulins is a rare phenomenon accompanying B-cell dyscrasias. In the reported case (M51), the disease presented as systemic CSH and later was proved to be a frank multiple myeloma. The aggregates of crystal-laden histiocytes were demonstrated in the bone marrow, lungs, kidney, and liver. Additionally, the crystalline immunoglobulin particles were identified in renal stromal cells and in hepatocytes. The patient developed lung adenocarcinoma and died 12 months after the presentation, shortly after the lobectomy. In this paper, we report the results of morphological (including electron microscopy), immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis. The tendency for aggregation of the IgG kappa monoclonal protein was due to the abnormal physicochemical properties of its heavy chain. Massive accumulation of crystal-storing histiocytes surpassed the myeloma tumor burden and markedly contributed to the severity of the disease.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed2005

Objective, planimetry-based assessment of megakaryocyte histological pictures in Philadelphia-chromosome-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders: a perspective for a valuable adjunct diagnostic tool.

Philadelphia-chromosome-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (Ph- CMPDs)--essential thrombocythemia (ET), chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis (CIMF), and polycythemia vera (PV)--may show clinical and morphological similarities, particularly at the early stages. The differential diagnosis of Ph- CMPDs is important due to their different treatment and prognosis. Cytological features of megakaryocytes are considered valuable in this differentiation. To establish an objective measure of megakaryocyte dysplasia in Ph- CMPDs, we performed computer-assisted morphometry of more than 4,000 cells from 20 cases of ET, 10 of CIMF, 10 of PV, and 10 controls. Megakaryocyte sets from three Ph- CMPDs differed significantly in respect to many planimetric parameters, but not a single shape or size parameter could have been used as a discriminative tool between the entities. However, the discriminant function analysis with the simultaneous assessment of 12 planimetric variables allowed for a proper classification of 20 of 20 ET, 10 of 10 PV, and 9 of 10 CIMF cases based solely on the morphometric features of megakaryocytes. Additionally, we identified certain new patterns of megakaryocytes specific for ET, PV, and CIMF, which, although not dominating in one Ph- CMPD, are unlikely to occur in two others. Objective measurements of megakaryocyte sizes and shapes may assist the diagnosis of Ph- CMPDs.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Identity of M2A (D2-40) antigen and gp36 (Aggrus, T1A-2, podoplanin) in human developing testis, testicular carcinoma in situ and germ-cell tumours.

Testicular germ-cell tumours of young adults are derived from a pre-invasive intratubular lesion, carcinoma in situ (CIS). In a recent genome-wide gene expression screening using cDNA microarrays, we found PDPN over-expressed in CIS compared to normal adult testis. PDPN encodes podoplanin (Aggrus, human gp36, T1A-2), a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed in lymphatic endothelium and various solid tumours. To examine a potential role for PDPN in testicular neoplasms and during testicular development, we investigated its expression pattern during the development of human testis and in a series of testicular CIS, gonadoblastoma and overt germ-cell tumours. We established by RT-PCR and by immunohistochemistry with a gp36 antibody that PDPN mRNA and the protein product were expressed in testes with germ-cell neoplasms but not in the normal adult testis. We also found gp36 expression in early foetal gonocytes and immature Sertoli cells, similar to the expression pattern of M2A antigen, a previously identified marker for CIS and seminoma. This reinforced our previous proposal that M2A (D2-40) antigen was identical to gp36 (podoplanin, Aggrus, T1A-2). Our findings also suggest that podoplanin has a function in developing testis, most likely at the level of cell-cell interactions among pre-meiotic germ cells and immature Sertoli cells.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Effects of bacteriophages on free radical production and phagocytic functions.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in mediating antibacterial functions of phagocytic cells. However, excessive ROS production may cause oxidative stress and tissue damage. Uncompensated ROS release has been implicated in a variety of disorders. Novel means of controlling elevated ROS production are urgently needed. We showed that homologous but not the heterologous phages inhibited, in a dose dependent manner, the degree of chemiluminescence in phagocytes induced by Escherichia coli. Treatment of the cells with the phages alone resulted in a small increase in ROS production. Homologous phages also facilitated phagocytosis when preincubated with bacteria. On the other hand, both homologous and heterologous phages inhibited phagocytosis following preincubation with phagocytic cells. The treatment of infected and uninfected mice with phages did not significantly alter the rate of phagocytosis by blood granulocytes and monocytes. In conclusion, we showed that bacteriophages can decrease ROS production by phagocytes. Although in some in vitro experimental models the phages tended to diminish phagocytosis, this phenomenon may be of little significance in clinical situations, since the process of eliminating bacteria in phage-treated patients is predominantly accomplished by both phages and phagocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Prognostic value of cyclin D1 overexpression in correlation with pRb and p53 status in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cyclin D1 overexpression (considered separately or jointly with previously assessed p53 and pRb statuses) on survival in a group of 111 surgically treated non-small cell lung cancer patients (NSCLC). METHODS: Cyclin D1 accumulation was assessed immunohistochemically, with the use of monoclonal antibody (DCS-6, DakoCytomation) and the alkaline phosphatase-anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) technique. RESULTS: Overexpression of cyclin D1 was found in 55 samples (49%), whereas the altered phenotypes cyclin D1+/p53+ or cyclin D1+/pRb- were found in 23 (22%) and 9 samples (9%), respectively. Statistical analysis was performed for different cut-off values and the only significant differences were found if samples with some expression of each protein were considered positive. There was no relationship between cyclin D1 overexpression and major clinicopathological factors, including p53 expression; however, there was a direct correlation between cyclin D1 and pRb protein expression (p=0.007). Cyclin D1 accumulation did not influence patients' survival. Of all possible cyclin D1/p53, cyclin D1/pRb and cyclin D1/p53/pRb phenotypes, patients with cyclin D1-/p53+ phenotype had shortened overall survival compared to other patients (p=0.027, HR=1.8). In the multivariate analysis, the only variable associated with shortened overall and disease-free survival was the stage of disease (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the lack of prognostic value of cyclin D1 overexpression in NSCLC patients.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2005

Calcification of Trichinella spiralis larval capsule.

Trichinella spiralis larvae were examined in TEM to identify calcareous corpuscles in the outer part of parasite capsule. The microroentgenographic analysis of calcareous corpuscles mainly demonstrated the presence of phosphorus and calcium. The physiological importance of calcareous corpuscles, as well as their significance in decay of T. spiralis larvae were discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Inhibition of nitric oxide production by aminoguanidine influences the number of Trichinella spiralis parasites in infected "low responders" (C57BL/6) and "high responders" (BALB/c) mice.

The influence of nitric oxide (NO) on the development of adults and larvae Trichinella spiralis was examined in two strains of mice: C57BL/6 and BALB/c. The influence of aminoguanidine (AG)-inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) administered in the first days after T. spiralis infection (1-5 dpi) on the number of adult parasites, as well as the influence of AG administered at the beginning of muscle phase of the T. spiralis infection (16-29 dpi) on the number of muscle larvae, was studied. In mice that were treated with AG from the 1st to the 5th day post infection (dpi), the numbers of adult T. spiralis were counted in intestines at 6, 9, 15, and 20 dpi. In this experiment, the impact of AG expressed as diminution of adult worms at 9, 15, and 20 dpi in BALB/c mice. The opposite effect of AG was demonstrated in C57BL/6 mice at 6 and 9 dpi. In mice in which AG was applied from the 16th to the 29th dpi T. spiralis larvae were counted at 30, 35, and 41 dpi. This experiment demonstrated that treating mice with AG at the beginning of muscle phase of the infection inhibits the reduction of muscle larvae number in mice of both strains.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Anatomy of a founder effect: myotonic dystrophy in Northeastern Quebec.

Founder effects are largely responsible for changes in frequency profiles of genetic variants in local populations or isolates. They are often recognized by elevated incidence of certain hereditary disorders as observed in regions of Charlevoix and Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) in Northeastern Quebec. Dominantly transmitted myotonic dystrophy (DM1) is highly prevalent in SLSJ where its carrier rate reaches 1/550, compared with 1/5,000 to 1/50,000 elsewhere. To shed light on the origin of DM1 in this region, we have screened 50 nuclear DM1 families from SLSJ and studied the genetic variation in a 2.05 Mb (2.9 cM) segment spanning the site of the expansion mutation. The markers analyzed included 22 biallelic SNPs and two microsatellites. Among 50 independent DM1 chromosomes, we distinguished ten DM1-associated haplotypes and grouped them into three haplotype families, A, B and C, based on the relevant extent of allele sharing between them. To test whether the data were consistent with a single entry of the mutation into SLSJ, we evaluated the age of the founder effect from the proportion of recombinant haplotypes. Taking the prevalent haplotype A1_21 (58%) as ancestral to all the disease-associated haplotypes in this study, the estimated age of the founder effect was 19 generations, long predating the colonization of Nouvelle-France. In contrast, considering A1_21 as ancestral to the haplotype family A only, yielded the estimated founder age of nine generations, consistent with the settlement of Charlevoix at the turn of 17th century and subsequent colonization of SLSJ. We conclude that it was the carrier of haplotype A (present day carrier rate of 1/730) that was a "driver" of the founder effect, while minor haplotypes B and C, with corresponding carrier rates of 1/3,000 and 1/10,000, respectively, contribute DM1 to the incidence level known in other populations. Other studies confirm that this might be a general scenario in which a major "driver" mutation/haplotype issued from a founder effect is found accompanied by distinct minor mutations/haplotypes occurring at background population frequencies.

Alleles↗
PubMed2004

Apoptosis shifts to necrosis via intermediate types of cell death by a mechanism depending on c-myc and bcl-2 expression.

Hypoxic and chemical hypoxia (antimycin A) commits cultured rat fibroblasts (Rat-1) towards apoptosis, necrosis or an intermediate form of cell death (aponecrosis) depending on the degree of hypoxia. Aponecrosis also occurs in vivo. Here, we demonstrate that c-myc and bcl-2, two proto-oncogenes known to lower or to enhance, respectively, the apoptotic threshold, also affect the type of cell death: apoptosis shifts to aponecrosis and aponecrosis to necrosis, depending on c-myc or bcl-2 expression and the antimycin A concentration (100-400 microM). In cells with basal gene expression, apoptosis shifts to aponecrosis/necrosis at 300 microM antimycin A (middle hypoxia). Overexpression of c-myc markedly increases cumulative cell death in response to antimycin A and lowers the antimycin A concentration required to shift apoptosis to aponecrosis/necrosis from 300 microM to 100 microM (low hypoxia). Overexpression of bcl-2 elicits the opposite effect, decreasing cumulative cell death in response to antimycin A and raising the drug concentration required to shift apoptosis to aponecrosis/necrosis to 400 microM (high hypoxia). The passage from one to the other form of cell death involves various aponecrotic features with observed intermediate aspects between apoptosis and necrosis, a progressive increase in necrotic features being correlated with an increase in antimycin A concentration. The mechanism underlying the various effects of c-myc and bcl-2 on cell-death type has been related to the ability of these genes to counteract, to various extents, the ATP decrease occurring in response to different degrees of chemical hypoxia.

Animals↗