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PubMedDate not supplied

[A clinico-immunological study in recurrent mild craniocerebral trauma in the acute period].

Comparative clinical (X-ray study, computed tomography, echoencephalography, electroencephalography, electrocardiography, examination of the fundus of the eye, lumbar puncture) and immunological (examination of cellular and humoral immunities, neurosensitization) studies were conducted in 98 patients with the first mild brain injury and 92 with repeated injury. Clinical and immunological parameters became worse in patients with repeated brain injury at week 3, which shows the development of autoimmune autoaggressive reactions in the sensitized body. These patients should be referred to as a risk group of disease progression and they should be given immunomodulating therapy.

Acute Disease↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The use of reflexotherapy in the initial forms of cerebrovascular insufficiency in persons who suffered as a consequence of the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station].

A comprehensive evaluation has been done in 120 patients presenting with primary forms of cerebrovascular insufficiency (PFCVI), who had become victims of Chernobyl accident. PFCVI diagnosis was made on the basis of findings from the clinical investigation, rheoencephalography, electroencephalography, echoencephalography, iridodiagnosis, electropuncture diagnosis as recommended by Nakatani, variation pulsometry, study into the vegetative nervous system. Functional inadequacies were disclosed in the bodily regulatory-adaptive system, specifically, the system of regulation of cerebral circulation. Cerebral symptoms in PFCVI are a reflection, first of all, of the brain nonspecific systems dysfunction. All this was taken into account in working out schemes of treatment for the above-named category of patients, incorporating lasero- and acupuncture. Exposure to the treatments described resulted in a noticeable improvement in 78% of the patients, and improvement in the rest of the series. High efficiency of the proposed approach to the treatment of PFCVI patients having become victims of Chernobyl accident suggests its pathogenetic significance.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Computed tomography of the brain in suppurative meningoencephalitis].

The studies made showed that one-tenth patient with purulent meningoencephalitis (PME) needs to be examined by axial computerized tomography (ACT) techniques. The following items are indications for ACT: apparent or progressive neurological symptomatology, protracted or relapsing course of PME, formation of the intracranial liquor hypertension, apparent changes in echoencephalography, and congestive disorders in the eyegrounds. Brain ACT permits finding a relevant policy of treating patients (surgery or conservative option) together with predicting the course and outcome of PME.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1999

[The use of prodigiozan in the combined therapy of the sequelae of mild craniocerebral trauma].

Based on findings secured with the aid of instrumental and immunological techniques (electroencephalography, echoencephalography, roentgenoencephalography) a total of 57 patients with sequelae of mild craniocerebral injury were examined. Used in the study as an immunomodulating agent was prodigiosan. The drug was found to improve the bioelectrical activity of the brain, and to increase the amplitude of blood filling as evidenced by neurophysiological investigations. Moreover, prodigiosan makes for reduction of vegetovascular disorders and epileptic seizures, returning the level of neurospecific proteins to normal.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2000

[Symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection: report of a clinical case with very severe onset].

This document is about a serious congenital CMV case in a 36 weeks' gestation female newborn with intrauterine growth retardation delivered by cesarean section whose mother was drug addicted. At birth the newborn showed petechiae and bloody blisters all over the body, serious hepatosplenomegaly and microcephaly. Laboratory tests showed thrombocytopeny (platelets count 24.000/mm3) requiring platelets and fresh frozen plasma transfusions during stay in the hospital; echoencephalography showed brain cyst in occipital area, dilated ventricles and calcification in the periventricular area; cardiac echography showed congenital cardiopathy with ventricular and atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus. Urinary presence of CMV-DNA and then CMV-DNA in maternal blood and milk were found. The newborn was given 4 days of endovenous iperimmune immunoglobulin, but the treatment with ganciclovir was impossible for her serious hepatopathy. The newborn was discharged at 45 days and followed monthly with a day hospital program. Now she's 10 months old and she has serious neuromotory problems with left emiparesis and she's following a program of neuromuscular re-education at our hospital.

Cytomegalovirus Infections↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Multiple traumatic intracranial hematomas].

An analysis of 133 cases furnished a background to the study of features specific for the clinical course, symptomatology, diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with multiple traumatic intracranial hematomas. The available clinical material was scrutinized in 3 groups of cases under observation (with "floor-wise", bilateral and "neighbouring" multiple intracranial hematomas) by using a complex set of up-to-date auxilliary diagnostic methods of investigation (EEG, echoencephalography, serial angiography, etc). The results of the surgical treatment were studied depending upon the specificity marking the clinical evolution of the disease, as well as upon the method and technique of the operative intervention.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1976

Benign familial macrocephaly: report of a family and review of the literature.

Five members in two generations of one family were found to have occipitofrontal head circumferences more than 2 SD above the mean. All five had normal intelligence and neurological examinations. Three of the five had ventricular dilatation by A-mode echoencephalography. The inheritance pattern of macrocephaly in this family appears to be autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance. Possible causes of the macrocephaly in this family are discussed and the reported cases of macrocephaly with normal intelligence and no neurological deficits are reviewed.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1992

[A clinico-diagnostic evaluation of the sequelae of craniocerebral trauma by using computed tomography].

The authors analyzed sequelae of head injuries in persons of call-up age (16-23 years) using computer tomography. Neurological, psychopathological, clinico-laboratory methods, electroencephalography, rheoencephalography, echoencephalography and lumbar puncture were also carried out. The obtained data indicate that these subjects who sustained head injuries showed pronounced polymorphous posttraumatic disorders in the nervous system. These data should be considered in the examination of call-up age persons.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Diagnostics and treatment of patients with closed injuries of abdominal cavity organs in combination with craniocerebral trauma].

The article presents the results of the diagnostics and treatment of 114 patients with closed injuries of abdominal cavity organs combined with craniocerebral trauma. 34 (29.8%) of the patients developed injuries of two and more organs of abdominal cavity. The injured were subjected to complex examination methods including X-ray, ultrasonic diagnostics, endoscopy, laparocentesis, echoencephalography, spinal and pleural puncture, hemodynamic and hematological tests. All the injured were operated on. Infusion of autoblood was done to 32 (28%) of the patients. The analysis of the observation shows that rational use of common and informative diagnostic methods allows diagnosing timely patients with closed injuries of abdominal cavity organs in combination with craniocerebral trauma.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1977

Progress in legal definition of brain death and consent to remove cadaver organs.

The availability of cadaver kidneys for transplantation falls far short of the needs of a rapidly expanding population of patients on chronic hemodialysis. Kidneys with the least ischemic injury come from donors with fatal head injury or stroke; such kidneys can be removed from a "beating-heart" cadaver after declaring death on the basis of brain death. To clarify the legal status of brain death and to encourage salvage of transplantable kidneys with minimal ischemic injury, 12 states already have codified the concept of brain death. Although the first few laws were lengthy and included medical terms, six of the last seven laws have used one or two models proposed by the American Bar Association (ABA) and the Institute of Society, Ethics and Life Sciences, Hastings-on-Hudson, N. Y. The ABA proposal is the simpler of the two models and should provide the basis for future state laws. In addition, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws plans to present a model law to define death and the liabilities of a physician who declares death on the basis of brain death by mid 1977. While state legislatures have written laws that establish the legality of the concept of brain death, medical groups have sought to define the medical criteria for its determination. The most recent list of criteria comes from a National Institutes of Health-supported Collaborative Study on Cerebral Survival, as follows: (1) unresponsivity, (2) apnea, (3) dilated pupils and absent cephalic reflexes, (4) electrocerebral silence, (5) a confirmatory test of absent cerebral blood flow (angiography, isotope bolus curve, retinoscopy, or echoencephalography).

Brain Death↗
PubMed1988

Prophylactic indomethacin for prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature infants.

The impact of early prophylactic use of intravenous indomethacin on the incidence and severity of periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage and patent ductus arteriosus in 199 oxygen-requiring premature infants (less than or equal to 1300 g birth weight) was prospectively investigated. The trial was controlled, the infants were randomized, and the investigators were unaware of the group assignments. Patients with minimal (grade I) or no periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage determined by prestudy echoencephalography were randomized within two birth weight subgroups (500 to 899 and 900 to 1300 g) to receive either prophylactic indomethacin (n = 99) or an equal volume of saline-vehicle placebo (n = 100). The first dose (0.2 mg/kg) was given within 12 hours of delivery and two subsequent doses (0.1 mg/kg) were administered at 12 hourly intervals. Prophylactic indomethacin significantly reduced the incidence of grades II to IV periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage. Intraventricular hemorrhage was half as common in infants given prophylactic indomethacin as in control infants (23% v 46%, P less than .002). The reduction was manifested in both birth weight subgroups. Results of this study also confirmed a lower incidence of clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus in infants who received prophylactic indomethacin in contrast to those who received placebo (11% v 42%, P less than .001). No significant differences were found between treatment and control groups in the duration of oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, or hospitalization or in the incidence of pneumothorax, chronic lung disease, sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, or death. Early prophylactic indomethacin initiated within 12 hours of delivery is effective in reducing the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage as well as clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight premature infants.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1988

[Dynamic syndrome formation in patients with schizophrenia in the late period after a prefrontal leucotomy].

The authors analyze the course of the underlying process after prefrontal leucotomy in 15 patients with schizophrenia. Types of syndrome transformation are analyzed on the basis of a long-term follow-up (30 years). Three variants of the course of the underlying disease and the initial status of patients are described. Destructive postoperative morphological changes in the brain are examined by unidimensional echoencephalography. The relationship between classical leucotomy and modern methods of psychosurgery is considered.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Post-traumatic intracerebral hematoma].

Fifty-five cases of post-traumatic intracerebral haematomas are analyzed, discussing the diagnostic value of such preliminary methods as plain skull films, EEG, echoencephalography. These methods, together with clinical findings make the diagnosis of intracerebral haematoma likely. The final diagnosis was based on carotid arteriography and computerized tomography of the brain, which provided additional information on traumatic brain damage. The diagnostic sensitivity of CT was higher. The considerable prognostic importance of the degree of consciousness disturbances and their duration is stressed. In the group of patients with lucidum intervallum the mortality was higher. Four patients were treated conservatively since CT demonstrated in them only small haematomas without displacement of the ventricles. The remaining patients were treated surgically removing the haematomas through craniotomy or craniectomy. In 54% of these cases improvement was obtained. The 33% mortality was moderate as compared with previous reports.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMed1987

[Ephedrine addiction].

Neurologic and psychopathologic disturbances were studied in patients with DL-ephedrine addiction. The patients were also subjected to echoencephalography. The authors identified the period of acute narcotic intoxication, the abstinence syndrome and the period of chronic intoxication. The recommendations on the treatment of the above patients are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

[Neuropsychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis].

A comprehensive randomized study involved 138 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Clinical follow-up of the patients was supplemented by computer-aided tomography in 40 cases and electroencephalo-, rheoencephalo- and echoencephalography in 25 cases. Twenty-five patients were subjected to experimental and psychological examination. Follow-up for as long as 4 years was conducted in 56 patients. The main syndromes of psychic disorders in MS patients were as follows: neurosis-like disturbances (asthenic, hysteriform and obsessive syndromes), affective disturbances (apathic and anxiety depression, euphoria without decreased intellect), as well as organic oligophrenia, psychotic states and epileptiform syndrome in the initial status. Structural changes in the brain were found to be the principal factor in the genesis of the described disorders. The authors propose a differential approach to the treatment of the identified disorders including the use of tranquilizers, antidepressants, neuroleptics and nootropic drugs, as well as methods of rational psychotherapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Prospective and retrospective analysis of prognosis in perinatal hypoxic lesions of the brain].

The article presents data on the prospective and retrospective analysis of the dynamic structure of neurological syndromes in 211 children with perinatal hypoxic lesions of the brain in the preschool period. The complex of examinations included electroencephalography, echoencephalography, psychological examination, as well as measurement of lipid peroxidation products and immunoglobulin levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. It has been demonstrated that transformation of neurological symptom complexes at the most important stages of postnatal ontogenesis plays the decisive diagnostic and prognostic role. On the basis of the findings the authors consider optimal terms for screening children with a history of perinatal hypoxic impairment of the nervous system.

Asphyxia Neonatorum↗
PubMed1984

[Infantile spasms in children under 1-year-old].

In the period of 1977 to 1982, 72 children suffering from infantile spasms and aged 10 days to 12 months were observed. Studies of the neurologic status over time were supplemented with echoencephalography, diaphanoscopy, cranial roentgenography and ophthalmoscopic examination. Furthermore, 58 children were subjected to electro-encephalographic investigations. The clinical findings and data provided by additional methods were evaluated over time, i.e., prior to, during and after the course of treatment. An analysis is presented of the results of corticosteroid therapy of two groups of patients: 1) "idiopathic"-where the medical history showed no previous nervous system impairments prior to the development of the spasms; 2) patients with a history of various damaging factors (pregnancy pathology in the mother, new-born asphyxia, intracranial birth injury, intrauterine infection, neuroinfection in the early postnatal period, etc.). The clinical picture of infantile spasms is extensively described. Before the initiation of hormonal therapy, the patients received anticonvulsive drugs for 1-10 months. The use of ACTH, synacthen and hydrocortisone proved to be fairly effective provided the treatment is instituted early. Possible mechanisms of the action of hormonal drugs are analyzed.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Highway craniocerebral injuries].

The work analyses the specific features of the clinical picture, diagnosis, and treatment of craniocerebral injury because of 7 car accidents (225 patients) and in common accidents of everyday life (210 patients). Craniocerebral injury in car accidents is very severe (high incidence of massive and multiple contusions of the brain, fractures of the skull bones, intracranial hematomas) and is often combined with injury to the viscera and bones. Thorough clinical and neurological examination, x-ray of the skull, echoencephalography, cerebral angiography, and trephination of the skull help to disclose and identify exactly the character of the cerebral damage. The therapeutic complex in craniocerebral injury because of car accidents includes measures of intensive therapy and, if indicated, surgical intervention. Traumatism occurring as the result of car accidents is characterized by coarser cerebral functional defects and graver invalidism of patients in contrast to accidents of everyday life.

Accidents, Traffic↗