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PubMed1997

Determinants of observed confidant support for divorced mothers.

Marital separation can be a time of extreme stress and can significantly disrupt support networks and support processes when they are needed most. The purpose of this investigation was to test mechanisms of support erosion in a multimethod study of 138 divorced mothers and their confidants. Previous work was extended by using observational measures of confidant support in a process model including (a) maternal characteristics over time, (b) support person characteristics, and (c) relationship characteristics (intimacy and confidant relationship type). A hypothesized mechanism of erosion was supported in which ongoing maternal distress was positively associated with levels of confidant negativity, which in turn was related to lower levels of observed support. Having a partner was related to more intimacy than was having family and friends. Contrary to expectation, however, having a partner was related to lower levels of support, and intimacy was not related to observed support.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Stressful life events, psychological distress, coping, and parenting of divorced mothers: a longitudinal study.

This was a prospective longitudinal study of the relationships among life stress, psychological distress, coping, and parenting behaviors in a sample of divorced custodial mothers. First, the differential effects of major events and daily stressors on psychological distress and parenting were explored. Second, the mediational links among stress, distress, and 3 dimensions of parenting behaviors were studied. Third, 3 coping strategies were studied as moderators of the relationship between distress and parenting. The results showed that both major and small events had significant effects on parental distress, with the effects of daily negative events being greater than those of major events. Parental distress mediated the relationships between stressful life events and parental acceptance of their children's behaviors. Parental coping strategies moderated the relationship between mothers' psychological distress and mothers' discipline practice.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

Coparenting conflict, nonacceptance, and depression among divorced adults: results from a 12-year follow-up study of child custody mediation using multiple imputation.

Using statistically imputed data to increase available power, this article reevaluated the long-term effects of divorce mediation on adults' psychological adjustment and investigated the relations among coparenting custody conflict, nonacceptance of marital termination, and depression at 2 occasions over a decade apart following marital dissolution. Group comparisons revealed that fathers and parents who mediated their custody disputes reported significantly more nonacceptance at the 12-year follow-up assessment. Significant interactions were observed by gender in regression models predicting nonacceptance at the follow-up; mothers' nonacceptance was positively associated with concurrent depression, whereas fathers' nonacceptance was positively associated with early nonacceptance and negatively associated with concurrent conflict.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

How did it work? Who did it work for? Mediation in the context of a moderated prevention effect for children of divorce.

This study presents a reanalysis of data from an effective preventive intervention for children from divorced families to test mediation of program effects. The study involved 157 children, age 9-12 years, who were randomly assigned to a parenting program or a literature control condition. Program effects to reduce posttest internalizing problems were mediated through improvement in mother-child relationship quality. Program effects to reduce externalizing problems at posttest and 6 months were mediated through improvement in posttest parental methods of discipline and mother-child relationship quality. The study also describes a new methodology to test mediation of Program x Baseline Status interactions. Analyses demonstrate mediation effects primarily for children who began the program with poorer scores on discipline, mother-child relationship quality, and externalizing problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Custody after divorce: demographic and attitudinal patterns.

In a reanalysis of data from a large sample of divorced parents, joint residential custody--and joint legal custody to a lesser extent--was shown to be a favorable arrangement for couples who chose it and for their children. Parents with joint custody reported better cooperation with former spouses and greater financial resources than did those with sole custody. No association was found between children's adjustment and form of custody.

Attitude↗
PubMed1991

Frequency of visitation by divorced fathers: differences in reports by fathers and mothers.

Most previous research documenting the frequent abandonment by fathers of contact with their children has been based on survey responses of custodial mothers. The present survey of 220 divorcing couples revealed that the noncustodial parents reported significantly more visits with their children, as well as significantly more denial of visitation by their ex-spouses, than did the custodial parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Children of divorce: predictors of change following preventive intervention.

Fifty-three fourth- and fifth grade children were tested on postdivorce adjustment immediately before and six months after participation in an eight-week preventive intervention program. At follow-up, most showed positive change, with those at special risk for adjustment problems showing substantial gains. Results did not vary with sociodemographic or divorce circumstances.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Locus of control as a mediator of negative divorce-related events and adjustment problems in children.

Beliefs about whether locus of control mediates the relationship between negative divorce-related events and children's adjustment were explored in a group of 78 children and their primary residential parents. In the children's self-reports of adjustment, locus of control was found to be a partial mediator in the relationship. Analyses of the parents' reports of the children's adjustment did not support a mediational model.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Divorced women: individual differences in stressors, mediating factors, and adjustment outcome.

Individual differences in exposure and response to stress in a sample of 56 divorced mothers were examined. Compared with normative data, the sample reported significantly more negative life events, more psychiatric symptoms, and poorer social adjustment. Social support and income emerged as the mediating factors most strongly associated with adjustment outcome.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

A clinical typology of interparental violence in disputed-custody divorces.

From two studies of high-conflict divorcing families in child custody disputes, four characteristic profiles of interparental violence were identified: ongoing or episodic battering by males, female-initiated violence, interactive violence controlled by males, and violence engendered by separation or postdivorce trauma. A fifth profile, culled from a subsample of members of the first two groups, was characterized by psychotic and paranoid reactions.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Social competence and coping among children of divorce.

Relationships between teacher-rated social competence and teacher and self-reports of children's coping behavior were examined in 177 school-age children of divorce. Social competence was positively associated with teacher reports of active coping, and with self-reported avoidance coping. Children showing a positive competence-avoidance relationship reported high levels of depressive symptoms. Implications for school-based interventions and for future research are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Impact of parental separation and divorce on adopted and nonadopted children.

The impact of parental separation and divorce on adopted and nonadopted children was examined. Although children from nonintact homes showed poorer adjustment than did children from intact homes, the results were comparable for adoptees and nonadoptees. In addition, life stress associated with marital disruption was found to account for the majority of children's adjustment problems.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Children's adjustment to their divorced parents' new relationships.

With new relationships common after divorce, researchers have tried to determine the factors that predict how well children adjust to their stepfamily. The many potential factors are often grouped into the categories of family process, individual risk and vulnerability, and ecological variables. Family process is concentrated on the impact of disrupted family relationships; positive outcomes are associated with low conflict and authoritative parenting. Individual risk and vulnerability includes attributes of the child and the adults; positive outcomes are associated with children who have an easy temperament. Adolescents and girls may have particular difficulty adjusting. Ecological perspectives include the larger social environment such as peers and school.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The analysis of a latency boy. The developmental impact of separation, divorce, and remarriage.

John was a highly intelligent, unhappy boy who was failing to function academically and socially. This paper attempts to show how the cumulative stress between the parents resulting in divorce and remarriage affected a child with a predisposition to anxiety. The internal and external chaos wrought by disturbed and unpredictable parents distorted his development. His feelings of abandonment and bewilderment led to low self-esteem. The paper will illustrate how this influenced the analytic process and the areas in which treatment helped to restore him to the path of normal development.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMed1990

The process of providing support to recently divorced single mothers.

Social support is a combination of a person's perceptions of support, the belief that the support is personally satisfying, and the actual provision of services. Although the literature is replete with the work of researchers who have addressed the components of support, there is a notable limitation--the perspective of the providers of support. This perspective is important for clinicians who work with a person's natural support system to enhance its effectiveness. In this descriptive study, 252 people identified by recently divorced women with children as providing their most significant support were interviewed. The authors' purpose in conducting the study was to identify the underlying processes involved in social support based on interviews with the women's significant support people. In the qualitative portion of the study the data analysis yielded eleven processes: deliberating, withdrawing, continuing, understanding, availing, anchoring, distancing, protecting, nurturing, valuing, and intruding. Each of these processes is described in this paper.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

The development of attachment in separated and divorced families. Effects of overnight visitation, parent and couple variables.

This study represents the first systematic investigation of the effects on infant attachment to mother and to father of the increasingly common practice of overnight visitation (time-sharing) with the father in separated and divorced families. There were 145 infants (ages 12 to 20 months) and their mothers (and 83 fathers) who participated in the study. Parents completed questionnaires, were interviewed about their relationship with the baby, and were observed with their infants in the Strange Situation. Infants in separated/divorced families who had regular overnight visits with father (n = 44) were significantly less likely to be classified as secure and more likely to be classified as disorganized or unclassifiable in their attachment to mother than infants in a married comparison group (n = 52). Attachment classification to father was unrelated to visiting (time-sharing) arrangements, but infants were significantly more likely to be classified disorganized/unclassifiable with father in the separated/divorced groups (n = 39) than in dual-parent families (n = 44). Disorganized attachment to mother in the Overnight group was associated with maternal reports of low parent communication and high parent conflict, and with low maternal psychological protection of the infant, assessed from maternal interviews. Consistent with Bowlby's and Rutter's context-sensitive views of the effects of separation, the results suggest that repeated overnight separations from the primary caregiver are associated with disruption in mother-infant attachment when the conditions of visitation are poor, i.e. when parents are unable to provide adequate psychological support to the child.

Child Custody↗
PubMed1989

Co-residence with adult children: a comparison of divorced and widowed women.

This study compares patterns of co-residence with adult offspring for divorcées and widows, aged 40 and over, using 1985 Current Population Survey data. Co-residence with offspring is most likely for recent widows in midlife and recent divorcées in later life. Older recent divorcées are less likely than recent widows to be household heads in these living situations. Finally, daughters appear especially important in the co-resident situation of divorcées. These results are discussed in light of changing patterns of divorce and widowhood in later life.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Racial differences in the determinants of living arrangements of widowed and divorced elderly women.

Ability to afford single, separate households has been perceived as the key determinant of living alone among single older women. This paper shows that, when race is analyzed separately, family-related variables such as marital history and the number of children raised, rather than economic affordability, are the most important factors in the living arrangement decision of widowed elderly women of color. Economic affordability also turns out to be insignificant when white and nonwhite divorced elderly women are analyzed separately.

Black or African American↗