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PubMedDate not supplied

[The genesis of crime according to dialectic criminology. II. Comments on the genesis of crime].

Prof. Lyra discusses in this article the basic problem of criminological sciences, stating that its essential object of study is the determination of the genesis of crime. The Author states that, before defining the crime genesis, it is necessary to outline, through a synthesis of epistemological restructurization of criminology itself. This way, we can develop a conception of Dialectic Criminology, where the term "dialectic" does not necessarily coincide with a marxist posture, but it extends along much more complex and comprehensive parameters. Dialectic Criminology is defined, in Lyra's conception, as a Classified Criminology, synthetizing both the psychological approach (clinical criminology, or micro-criminology), and the sociological approach (sociological criminology or macro-criminology), according to an anthropological basic frame of reference, which constitutes the new and original prerequisite. To this aim, according to Prof. Lyra, it is necessary to overcome merely biological or psychological theories, and the new sociologisms, which cannot explain deviant behavior without falling into dogmatism or relativism. It is necessary to give back to criminology its original ethico-philosophical roots, and to place the problem of crime within a new "praxis" concept, which takes into account the authentic freedom of man, interracting with historical evolution. This way, through Dialectic Criminology, we can overcome the conception of crime and delinquency viewed as counterparts of the concept of Law.

Antisocial Personality Disorder↗
PubMed1993

Effects of professional affiliation on group therapists' confidentiality attitudes and behaviors.

This study examines the influence of group therapists' professional characteristics on their attitudes and practices regarding confidentiality. Eighty-three highly experienced and well-trained group therapy providers representing the fields of psychiatry, psychology, and social work completed a survey questionnaire inquiring into their confidentiality practices. Although there is considerable consensus between medical and nonmedical practitioners on the issues addressed, there are also interesting differences and trends. Implications of the findings for clinical practice, ethics training, and confidentiality legislation are addressed.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Rethinking deprivations of liberty: possible contributions from therapeutic and ecological jurisprudence.

In place of the police and parens patriae powers, this article proposes three distinct justifactory models for government-sponsored deprivations of liberty. The punishment model authorizes deprivation of liberty as a sanction for blameworthy behavior. The prevention model authorizes deprivation of liberty to prevent harm, either through deterrence or restraint. The protection model authorizes liberty deprivation to ensure autonomous decisionmaking. The article compares these models to the purposes traditionally advanced as justification for punishment, and explores their strengths and weaknesses. Using therapeutic jurisprudence and ecological jurisprudence as organizing frameworks, it then describes a range of empirical issues raised by each of the models.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1999

Sexual offending and antisocial sexual behavior among patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have indicated excessive offending behavior among people with schizophrenia; however, sexual offending has not been widely described. METHOD: This study reports on a subgroup of 15 men with schizophrenia, diagnosed according to ICD-10 guidelines, in a secure hospital who had committed sexual offenses or shown antisocial sexual behavior. A comparison group comprised 55 male patients with schizophrenia and a history of violent behavior who were being treated in the same hospitals as the study group. RESULTS: In 12 of the 15 cases, the sexual offending/behavior postdated illness onset and occurred in the context of psychotic symptoms. Although 12 of the offenders were known to psychiatric services, contact was erratic and only 4 were taking medication. At assessment, those with sexual offenses or antisocial sexual behavior were twice as likely as the larger study sample to report unimpaired sexual interest. This may be of particular relevance in that the group also reported difficulty in forming close personal relationships. CONCLUSION: Illness-related factors appear to make an important contribution to sexual offending by this group of patients, highlighting the need for comprehensive and vigorous treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The prediction of violent behavior: toward a second generation of theory and policy.

The "first generation" of research studies on the prediction of violent behavior found such prediction to be highly inaccurate. Many social policy changes were implemented or recommended on the basis of that research. More recently, a second generation of research and theory on violence prediction has begun to develop that emphasizes the limitations of the existing body of research, points to possible improvements in predictive technology, and evaluates public policies involving violence prediction only in the context of the feasible alternatives to those policies.

Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
PubMed1989

A survey of self-restraint, self-injury, and other maladaptive behaviors in an institutionalized retarded population.

Psychologists of a state school for mentally retarded persons were surveyed to assess the prevalence of self-restraint, self-injurious behavior (SIB), and other maladaptive behaviors for clients in their facility. Results indicated that almost all clients reliably identified as engaging in self-restraint also engaged in self-injurious behavior while other maladaptive behaviors for self-restraining clients occurred much less frequently. The occurrence of SIB in the school's population was substantially lower than in the self-restraining population. Results are discussed in terms of future research investigating a functional relationship between self-restraint and SIB. Clinical implications for the use of self-restraint as an intervention for SIB also are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Forensic psychiatric aspects of inpatient violence.

Inpatient aggression jeopardizes the safety of psychiatric clinicians and patients. A minority of psychiatric inpatients is responsible for most of inpatient assaults; this subset of repetitively assaultive patients warrants greater attention in the form of systematic study. In developing treatment approaches for assaultive inpatients, it is important to characterize the primary motivation driving aggressive behavior. There are many pharmacologic agents and psychotherapeutic approaches available to address inpatients who engage in impulsive and psychotic violence, but the treatment of inpatients with antisocial or psychopathy personality remain limited, and further study is needed. To protect the safety of patients and staff, criminal prosecution of inpatient assaults is clinically justified if an assailant continues to be aggressive despite appropriate clinical interventions or commits an act of planned aggression so egregious that prosecution is the only reasonable alternative.

Aggression↗
PubMed2005

Batterers' use of guns to threaten intimate partners.

OBJECTIVES: To present the prevalence of gun ownership among batterers and describe their self-reported use of guns to threaten intimate partners. METHODS: We used multivariate methods to analyze data from 8529 men enrolled in Massachusetts certified batterer intervention programs between 1999 and 2003. RESULTS: Seven percent of the sample reported owning guns during the past 3 years. Recent gun owners were 7.8 times more likely than non-gun-owners to have threatened their partners with guns. Gun owners and non-gun-owners were equally likely to have threatened their partners with knives. Batterers reported using guns to threaten their partners in 4 ways, including 1) threatening to shoot them; 2) cleaning, holding, or loading a gun during an argument; 3) threatening to shoot a pet or person the victim cared about; and 4) shooting a gun during an argument with a victim. Identified risk markers for threatening an intimate partner with a gun included substance abuse, homicidal behavior, making knife threats, and gun ownership in the 3 years preceding assessment. CONCLUSION: Among batterers, owning a gun is highly correlated with using a gun to threaten an intimate partner. Legal restrictions that prohibit batterers from owning and possessing firearms should be enforced consistently. Detailed contextual information about the circumstances in which batterers use guns to threaten intimate partners and potential protective and risk factors relevant to firearm use by batterers should be explored.

Coercion↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aggression and psychopathology in persons with severe or profound mental retardation.

We examined aggression and psychopathology in persons with severe or profound mental retardation. Most aggressive episodes were directed toward other clients, and ratings of aggression were positively correlated with self-injury, stereotypic behavior, and being ambulatory. In a linear regression analysis of psychopathological correlates, aggression was most consistently predicted by dependent personality and psychosis. To better describe the construct of aggression, we also developed an Aggression-psychopathology scale. Persons with mental retardation and aggression were more likely to be impulsive, attention-seeking, dependent, socially inadequate, and anxious. Intensive efforts to modify the psychopathological correlates of aggression may improve treatment planning and outcome.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The effects of visual barriers on exiting behavior in a dementia care unit.

Exiting due to wandering was a problem for caregivers in this dementia care unit. Previous attempts to control exiting by wanderers proved ineffective. We manipulated the view and light through a window using visual barriers: window blind, cloth barrier, and a combination of the two. The closed blind reduced exiting by 44%. The cloth barrier was the most effective solution, reducing exiting by 96%. The combination of the blind and cloth barrier reduced exiting 88%. These findings support those of Namazi, Rosner, and Calkins (1989).

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Sex offender community notification: examining the importance of neighborhood meetings.

Within the last decade, federal and state laws have been passed authorizing or requiring the notification of local residents that a convicted sex offender will be released and living in their neighborhood. The community meeting method of notifying neighborhood residents, although the subject of extensive news media attention, has been largely overlooked by empirical researchers. This study focuses on the experience of residents who attend such meetings and how that experience factors into a collective response on the part of the community. Data are derived from attendee surveys and recorded observations taken at all community notification meetings held throughout Wisconsin during a nine month period. The findings suggest that community notification meetings, if properly conducted, can perform an important role in managing the behavior of known sex offenders in the community. However the decision to notify and involve the public in an informal network of neighborhood surveillance may come at the cost of increased community anxiety. This anxiety is related to how the attendees were notified of the meeting, how clearly the purpose of the meeting was conveyed, and how organized the meeting appeared to the audience. Suggestions on how to more effectively utilize the community meeting method of notification are presented.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The 1990 objectives for the nation for control of stress and violent behavior: progress report.

The control of stress and violent behavior is 1 of the 15 priority areas addressed in the Public Health Service's Objectives for the Nation. The National Institute of Mental Health, which provides a national focus for the Federal effort to increase knowledge of, and promote effective strategies dealing with, issues associated with mental illness and mental health, has been designated the lead Federal agency in this priority area. The authors summarize progress achieved and further activities planned with respect to 10 objectives for control of stress and violent behavior that have been selected for Federal implementation. The objectives for control of stress include improved public and professional awareness of community agencies that can provide professional services, hotlines, and mutual support groups. The objectives for control of violent behavior address three major problems: deaths from homicide among young black males, suicide among the young, and child abuse. Achievement of several of the objectives is currently impeded by lack of a valid data base. Efforts have been initiated, both by individual agencies and through collaboration among the various participating Public Health Service components, to develop valid and reliable baseline data and surveillance procedures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

The ongoing risk assessment in the treatment of forensic patients on conditional release status.

In New York State, patients who have been found not criminally responsible by reason of mental disease or defect, eventually become outpatients while still under the supervision of the courts. The treatment of these patients on outpatient orders of condition poses special problems. Treatment needs to center on the issues related to patient's potential for harmful/violent behavior. Therefore, outpatient clinicians need to conduct periodic risk assessments and must continuously monitor identified risk indicators. The author outlines steps for information gathering and evaluation necessary for risk assessment. Treatment of these patients is conceptualized as ongoing clinical risk identification and management. It is framed by a treatment contract that integrates mandates of the Orders of Conditions with information gathered through ongoing risk assessments and spells out legal and other consequences that may arise from non-compliance.

Ambulatory Care↗
PubMed1982

Battery incidents and batterers in a maximum security hospital.

Of 638 reported assaultive and disruptive incidents in 1979 in a maximum security hospital, 221 (34.6%) were batteries. Whether an incident was a battery or not was a function of time and location. Preludes to battery were noted by staff in only 23.1% of cases and were high-frequency behaviors with low predictive value. Impact and injury to patients and officers occurred through both batteries themselves and efforts to subdue the batterer. With length of hospitalization controlled, the distributions of preadmission criminal charges were not significantly different between batterers and controls. Policies that alter patterns in the timing and location of interaction among patients and in the response of officers or other personnel to batteries in progress offer promise for reducing incident and injury rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Emergency evaluation of adolescents.

Psychiatric emergencies faced by adolescents are often linked to developmental issues such as separating from parents, establishing attachments to peers, and developing autonomy. In a vulnerable adolescent, a stressful developmental event may trigger a pathological response--acute anxiety, depression with or without suicidal ideation or behavior, severe conduct disturbance, a first psychotic episode, or explosive or violent behavior--that requires emergency psychiatric treatment. The basic components of an emergency psychiatric evaluation of an adolescent include initial observation of the patient, taking a history, interviewing the patient and others accompanying the patient, conducting a mental status examination, making a diagnosis, and planning for disposition and further treatment. Such an evaluation may be the first contact with the mental health system for many adolescents, and the intervention of a sensitive clinician may help the adolescent be more comfortable seeking mental health care in the future.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Chronic self-destructiveness and self-defeating personality: similarities and differences.

This study attempts to determine whether the Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale (CSDS; Kelley, Byrne, et al., 1985) would be better described as a measure of impulsiveness or self-defeating behavior in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., Rev. [DSM-III-R]; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) diagnostic sense. Subjects completed the CSDS, the Self-Defeating Scale (Schill, 1990), and measures of restraint, distress, and psychopathy. Based on the correlations among these scales, we suggest that the CSDS is better described as a measure of impulsiveness, poor judgment, and immediate gratification, rather than a measure of Self-Defeating Personality, which keeps the individual in a victim position.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Criminals' explanations of their criminal behavior, Part I: The contribution of criminologic variables.

The author reviewed the literature concerning criminals' explanations of their crimes and then studied the explanations given by 100 incarcerated men. He found no significant associations between juvenile or adult arrest histories, alias use, age at time of the crime, trial plea, sentence length, duration of incarceration, and explanation types used. Only murderers significantly used a specific explanation type. These observations suggest that explanations are largely independent of traditional criminological attributes; that prolonged confinement to prison does not result in offenders admitting to their crimes; and, that killers have an especially difficult time accepting responsibility for taking the life of another human being.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Haloperidol for sedation of disruptive emergency patients.

Agitated, threatening, or violent behavior often jeopardizes the patient with self-inflicted injury or delays medical evaluation and treatment. Patient cooperation with therapy can be achieved using haloperidol by the IM, IV, or oral route. The safety and efficacy of haloperidol in the emergency department setting was examined. Haloperidol was administered to 136 patients to control behavior. Eighty-eight received the drug in the ED; 18 of these 88 were critical patients receiving the drug during resuscitation. Forty-eight of the 136 were crisis intervention center patients. Ninety patients were acutely intoxicated with ethanol. Twenty-three patients had head trauma; 20 of these also were inebriated. Various other drugs were responsible for the behavior of 15 patients. Acute psychosis was involved in 40 cases. Thirty-one patients were thought to have a personality disorder. The route of administration of haloperidol was intramuscular in 110, IV in 19, and oral in seven patients. Disruptive behavior was alleviated within 30 minutes in 113 of 136 (83%) patients. Effect was judged suboptimal in 20 of 136 (15%), and no effect was noted in three of 136 (2%) patients. Four complications (3%) were noted, three minor and one more serious episode of hypotension in a critical patient. Haloperidol is a safe and efficacious drug for use with disruptive patients in the emergency setting. It is a useful tool for management of agitation of diverse etiologies.

Administration, Oral↗