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PubMed1988

A 3-year clinical trial to compare efficacy of dentifrices containing 1.14% and 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate.

A 3-yr daily supervised toothbrushing study with a double blind design was conducted to evaluate the anticaries effectiveness of a 1.14% sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) dentifrice (1500 ppm F) compared to a 0.76% MFP dentifrice (1000 ppm F). This study began with nearly 4000 children, primarily aged 8-11, in grades 3-5, residing in a nonfluoridated community in Florida. A total of 2415 children completed 3 yr of the study, representing 61% of the children who began the study. The results indicate a statistically significant (P less than 0.001) anticaries benefit was derived over a 3-yr period from the use of the higher fluoride dentifrice (1500 ppm F) when compared to the positive control (1000 ppm F). Percent reductions in mean dental caries increments were 20.9%, 22.1%, 21.8%, 24.3%, and 35.2% for DMFT, DFT, DMFS, DFS, and DFS Interproximal, respectively.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Fluoride intake from foods, beverages and dentifrice by young children in communities with negligibly and optimally fluoridated water: a pilot study.

UNLABELLED: While the level of fluoride intake that affords optimal cariostatic efficacy without causing dental fluorosis is not precisely known, it has been suggested that the threshold of fluoride exposure above which fluorosis may occur is between 0.05 and 0.07 mg/kg/day. OBJECTIVE: To monitor and compare fluoride intake from diet and dentifrice use (theoretical F: 0.10-0.11%) by three groups of 16- to 40-month-old children: two groups living in the negligibly water-fluoridated communities of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Connersville, Indiana, and the third group residing in the optimally water-fluoridated region of Indianapolis, Indiana. METHODS: Fluoride intake from diet was monitored by the "duplicate plate" method, and fluoride ingested from dentifrice was determined by subtracting the amount of fluoride recovered after brushing from the amount originally placed on the child's toothbrush. RESULTS: The mean combined amount of fluoride ingested daily by children living in the negligibly fluoridated communities was not significantly different from that ingested by children in the fluoridated community. The major component of fluoride ingested by children in the negligibly fluoridated communities came from fluoridated dentifrice, and in the fluoridated area children ingested as much fluoride from toothpaste as they did from beverages. In San Juan mean daily fluoride intake was within the estimated range for safe fluoride exposure; however, in the "halo" community of Connersville and in Indianapolis, daily fluoride ingested by many of the children may have exceeded this level. CONCLUSION: Attention needs to be given, in negligibly water-fluoridated as well as in optimally water-fluoridated communities, to reducing the daily intake of fluoride by young children in order to avoid putting them at risk of developing dental fluorosis.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1979

Determination of fluoride and chlorhexidine from chlorhexidine/fluoride-containing dentifrices.

The intention of the present experiment was to study the effects of a possible interaction between fluoride and chlorhexidine when both agents were incorporated in the same vehicle. The amount of fluoride extractable from dentrifrices containing 0.1% NaF and the fluoride ion activity were not reduced by the addition of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate. Less than 50% of the added chlorhexidine was available when the dentifrices were dissolved in deionized water. This was not affected by the presence of fluoride. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the chlorhexidine-containing dentifrices was not reduced by the addition of fluoride. Approximately 40% of the chlorhexidine was retained in the human oral cavity after brushing for 1 min with both the chlorhexidine- and the chlorhexidine/fluoride-containing dentifrice. Thus the binding of chlorhexidine to vehicle ingredients when dissolved in water is probably too weak to affect the retention in the mouth.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2005

In vitro toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion of two restorative composites.

BACKGROUND: Surface wear can be a problem with directly placed composites. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the in vitro wear and surface roughness of two composites at different cycle intervals after being subjected to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty specimens of a microhybrid, Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), and a nanofill composite, Filtek Supreme (3M ESPE), were prepared according to the manufacturer's directions. Each specimen was subjected to toothbrush-dentifrice abrasion (250 g vertical load) using a deionized water-dentifrice slurry (Close-Up, Lever Ponds Ltd., La Lucia, ZA) and toothbrush heads (Oral-B 40, Oral-B Laboratories, Delmont, CA, USA). A brushing sequence of 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, and 100,000 strokes was performed for all samples at a rate of 1.5 Hz. At baseline and each cycle interval, a surface profilometer was used to determine average surface roughness, Ra. At the same intervals, vertical loss of material was measured with a precision micrometer. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance at p value .05. Analyses with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also performed. RESULTS: After 20,000, 50,000, and 100,000 cycles, Filtek Supreme showed less significant wear than Z250. Filtek Supreme demonstrated higher surface roughness than Z250 after 50,000 and 100,000 cycles. However, AFM and SEM images indicated a more uniform surface topography for Filtek Supreme than for Z250. Abrasion wear and surface roughness increased with each cycle interval for both materials. CONCLUSIONS: Although the initial performance of both materials was similar, a greater number of brushing cycles revealed differences between the wear resistance and generated surface roughness of the materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The wear resistance and roughness results of Filtek Supreme suggest that it is suitable for clinical use, mainly in areas that are more subject to abrasive wear, such as Class V restorations.

Acrylic Resins↗

PubMed1999

In situ fluoride retention in enamel and dentine after the use of an amine fluoride dentifrice and amine fluoride/sodium fluoride mouthrinse.

The aim of this in situ investigation was to study the effect of an amine fluoride/sodium fluoride mouthrinse (total F = 250 ppm) in addition to an amine fluoride dentifrice (F = 1,250 ppm) on the amount of acquired fluoride in enamel and dentine. In the partial prosthesis of 12 participants a combined specimen of slightly demineralized enamel and dentine was placed. During two consecutive experiments, each lasting 3 weeks, the participants used an amine fluoride dentifrice alone or in combination with a fluoride mouthrinse. After the in situ period the specimens were retrieved and both the enamel and the dentine specimens were analysed for the amount of KOH-soluble fluoride and structurally bound fluoride. The results showed a significant increase in both KOH-soluble and structurally bound fluoride in enamel and dentine when a fluoride mouthrinse was used. Whether the rinsing procedure was performed immediately after toothbrushing or with a delay of 2 h did not influence the results. Furthermore it was shown that dentine acquired substantially more fluoride than enamel during the experimental period. The results indicate that a fluoride mouthrinse used in addition to a fluoride dentifrice may have a beneficial effect on the protection of enamel and dentine against caries.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2001

Reversal of primary root caries using a dentifrice with a high fluoride content.

Root caries is a widespread problem and can be quite serious in older populations. The restoration of root carious lesions is often difficult. Compared to enamel caries, there has been limited research into the pharmaceutical management of primary root caries lesions (PRCLs), and many of these studies have been carried out in vitro, with limited numbers of clinical trials. Fluoride is presently a cornerstone in dentifrice formulations for cost-effective and anticaries therapy. It is generally accepted that fluoride ions promote remineralization of tooth substances and reduce the rate of demineralization. The use of a dentifrice with a high fluoride content may be considered to reverse PRCLs, since more fluoride is required for the remineralization of roots than for enamel. This paper reviews the effects of dentifrices with high fluoride contents on the management of root caries.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

In situ evaluation of sodium hexametaphosphate-containing dentifrices.

The purpose of this investigator-blinded, five-treatment, crossover human intraoral study was to evaluate the effects of two experimental dentifrice formulations containing either stannous fluoride (SnF(2)) or sodium fluoride (NaF) packaged with sodium hexametaphosphate in a dual-phase delivery system on demineralization-remineralization using an in situ model system. The experimental dentifrice formulations' ability to alter demineralization-remineralization was compared to a series of three controls: SnF(2)-positive control, NaF-positive control and no-fluoride placebo-negative control. The single-section crown model, developed at the University of Iowa, was used to assess the fluoride efficacy of two experimental products versus the placebo containing no fluoride and positive controls. The results of the current in situ study suggest a clinical level of anticaries activity for the experimental SnF(2) and NaF dentifrice formulations that was as good as either of the positive controls, when evaluated using polarized light microscopy. This supports the conclusion that the use of the sodium hexametaphosphate ingredient does not interfere with the normal fluoride activity of these toothpastes. In addition, the experimental SnF(2) product was numerically better than both the NaF and placebo controls at preventing demineralization of sound root surfaces.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Caries-preventive effect of fluoride dentifrices with and without anticalculus agents: a 3-year controlled clinical trial.

A 3-year, double-blind, randomized caries trial was conducted to evaluate the relative anticaries efficacy of four sodium fluoride dentifrices containing 250 ppm fluoride, 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium 1-hydroxyethylidene-1.1-bisphosphonate (HEBP), and 1,000 ppm fluoride in combination with 1% disodium azacycloheptylidene-2.2-bisphosphonate (AHBP). As a positive control, a monofluorophosphate dentifrice (1,000 ppm fluoride) was used. At outset 1,161 Icelandic children, 11 and 12 years of age, were randomly assigned to one of the five treatment groups and 1,035 subjects completed the trial. After 3 years of unsupervised brushing, the dentifrice containing 250 ppm fluoride was significantly less effective in controlling the caries increment. The combination of sodium fluoride and AHBP was significantly more effective than the positive control.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1994

Brushing-induced effects with and without a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice on remineralization of enamel surfaces etched with phosphoric acid.

The remineralization of acid-etched enamel after brushing with and without a non-fluoride abrasive dentifrice was investigated using scanning electron microscopy after sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid treatment, of the specimens. Ground enamel pieces were etched with 30% phosphoric acid for 60 s and attached to resin plates. They were exposed to the oral environment of 4 subjects for 8 weeks and brushed for 1 min daily. Paste and brushing caused the acid-etched enamel to erode selectively, i.e., deep grooves were formed in the prism peripheral regions, while projections of the prism bodies showing a relatively low density of crystallites were retained. Brushing without dentifrice, on the other hand, caused about 0.5 micron thick pellicle with tag-like structures to cover the etched enamel. Fine mineral granules, presumably derived from saliva and minute fragments of etched crystallites, were precipitated on the enamel surface as a thin layer with the pellicle. These results indicate that daily brushing without dentifrice induces the remineralization of acid-etched enamel by depositing salivary components, while paste brushing will lead to abrasion of the weakened enamel.

Acid Etching, Dental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of brushing the teeth with a fluoride-containing and fluoridefree dentifrice on the gingiva of dogs.

The effect of brushing the teeth with a fluoride-containing or fluoridefree dentifrice on gingivitis induced by a soft diet was studied in four dogs. Changes in the gingival status were recorded at different stages of the experiment by the gingival indexes, which are a reflection of the external appearance, and by the amount of gingival fluid that is influenced by the pocket depth. The two factors appeared to be directly related although the range of the gingival index was much narrower than that of the amount of gingival fluid. No evident retardation in the improvement of the gingival condition occurred after brushing the teeth with a dentifrice that contained fluoride as compared with using a fluoridefree dentifrice or saline.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Assessment of the effects of dentifrices on plaque acidogenesis via intra-oral measurement of plaque acids.

Dionex ion chromatography was used for identification and quantification of the plaque acids (formate, lactate, acetate, and propionate) formed in vivo following a sucrose rinse. Consistent with other literature reports, lactate and acetate were the predominant acid species generated by plaque. This micro-analytical technique was used for investigation of the effects of dentifrice formulations containing NaF, xylitol, or NaF/xylitol on plaque acid metabolism. Neither a single nor multiple exposures (three times daily for one week) to the experimental dentifrices significantly altered the profiles of the individual acids or total plaque acidity relative to the placebo dentifrice. The lack of an effect of fluoride and xylitol on plaque acid metabolism is attributed to the variability of dental plaque and the low concentrations of active ingredients reaching the plaque. However, we believe that, with further improvement in sampling technique and study design, this approach may prove useful for the study of the effects of active ingredients (i.e., anticaries agents) on plaque acidogenesis.

Acetates↗

PubMed1981

Duration and pattern of toothbrushing in children using a gel or paste dentifrice.

This study investigated the brushing times and patterns of two groups of children who used either a translucent gel dentifrice or a conventional paste dentifrice during a one month period. The children brushed without supervision and were examined without their knowledge. Examinations after the initial use and after a month of use of the two dentifrices showed no significant differences in toothbrushing times or patterns. Also, there were no significant deviations from the baseline scores. The study further demonstrated that uninstructed children in this age category brushed their teeth for approximately one minute per brushing, but failed to brush 38% of the tooth surfaces. The lingual surfaces were the areas most often missed, whereas the buccal, labial, and mandibular occlusal surfaces were the areas brushed most thoroughly.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Infants' fluoride ingestion from water, supplements and dentifrice.

Concerns about dental fluorosis and the paucity of detailed fluoride intake data prompted this longitudinal study of fluoride intake in infants from birth to 9 months of age. On average, water fluoride intake greatly exceeded that from dietary fluoride supplements or fluoride dentifrice. However, fluoride supplements and dentifrice contributed substantial proportions of fluoride intake among children using them. Some children had estimated fluoride intake from water, supplements and dentifrice that exceeded the recommended "optimal" intake (a level that has yet to be determined scientifically). Practitioners should estimate fluoride ingestion from all these sources if considering systemic fluoride supplementation.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

[Fluoride intake by children from water and dentifrice].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the total fluoride dose to which children were exposed during the critical age of developing dental fluorosis, in an optimally fluoridated region, having diet (liquids and solids) and dentifrice as fluoride sources. METHODS: For the pilot study, 39 children (aged 20 to 30 months) were selected from a day care center in Piracicaba, Brazil. They drank and ate food prepared with fluoridated water. To determine the total dose of fluoride exposure, duplicate-plate samples and products from tooth brushing were collected for two consecutive days, in four periods of the year. Fluoride was determined using an ion specific electrode. A 5% level of significance variance analysis (Anova) was carried out. RESULTS: Children were exposed to a total fluoride dose of 0.090 mg/day/kg of body weight, of which 45% came from the diet and 55% from dentifrice. CONCLUSIONS: Assuming 0.07 mg/kg as a threshold value of fluoride systemic exposure, children were exposed to a risk dose for dental fluorosis. Thus, measures to reduce fluoride intake at the studied age range would be recommended. Reducing the amount of dentifrice used for tooth brushing seems to be the best measure, given the risk/benefits of fluoride use from the public health perspective.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed2003

Effectiveness of low cost toothbrushes, with or without dentifrice, in the removal of bacterial plaque in deciduous teeth.

The main objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a low cost toothbrush ("monoblock") to that of a conventional toothbrush with and without addition of dentifrice with respect to the removal of dental plaque. Thirty-two 4- to 6-year-old children took part in this study: they were evaluated under four experimental conditions defined by the combinations of the values of two factors, toothbrush (conventional or monoblock) and use of dentifrice (with or without). The effectiveness of the treatments was defined in terms of the reduction of a bacterial plaque index evaluated before and after toothbrushing. No statistically significant differences were detected between the two types of toothbrushes with respect to the reduction of the bacterial plaque index. Similarly, there were no statistical evidences that the use of dentifrice improves the mechanical control of dental plaque. These results are important from a public health point of view, specially in developing countries, where the dissemination of educational and preventive techniques of low cost are fundamental.

Brazil↗

PubMed1984

Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of three dentifrices in relieving dentin sensitivity.

It has been reported that sensitive dentin is present in no less than one of seven normal patients with a higher incidence among postperiodontal therapy patients. Numerous agents have been developed to relieve this sensitivity without any being universally acceptable. Two new dentifrices, Protect and Protect with fluoride were compared clinically with Sensodyne to determine the relative ability of these three products to relieve both thermal and tactile sensitivity in sensitive dentin. Double blind analyses were completed and results compared using appropriate statistical tests for each hypothesis tested. The three dentifrices relieved both tactile and thermal sensitivity, but there was no statistical difference at 8 weeks between the three agents. There was a difference in the time it took the dentifrices to achieve a statistically significant reduction in dentin sensitivity.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Dentifrice abrasivity and cervical dentinal hypersensitivity. Results 12 weeks following cessation of 8 weeks' supervised use.

Following an 8-week controlled investigation of 2 strontium chloride hexahydrate dentifrices (SCH) of differing abrasivity, 2 groups of 20 subjects each, with cervical dentinal hypersensitivity, were re-examined at 20 weeks; that is, 12 weeks after the active period. The examination procedures were conducted in the same manner as in the main clinical trial. Sensitivity levels were assessed by 2 instrument methods: tactile (Yeaple probe), and cold air (dental air syringe), and by subjective perception of pain by means of a Visual Analogue Scale. The results from these methods of assessment demonstrated that 12 weeks following the cessation of 8 weeks' controlled use of standard and low abrasive SCH dentifrices, sensitivity levels reversed on slightly in both groups and, overall, sensitivity remained significantly lower than at baseline. The abrasivity of the dentifrice did not affect the desensitivity activity.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Reduction of plaque formation and gingivitis by a dentifrice containing triclosan and copolymer.

A 6-month, single-blind and parallel clinical study was conducted to compare the effects of dentifrice containing 0.3% triclosan and 2.0% of copolymer (methoxyethylene and maleic acid) with a customary oral hygiene procedure on supragingival plaque formation and gingivitis. The 124 subjects were stratified into two balanced groups on the basis of their baseline plaque and gingivitis scores. After complete oral prophylaxis, subjects were assigned to use either a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice or to practice their customary oral hygiene care for 6 months. Plaque formation and gingivitis were scored at 3 and 6 months. After 3 and 6 months, triclosan/copolymer produced 7.17% and 12.07% significantly greater reduction of plaque formation than the customary oral hygiene group, respectively. Triclosan/copolymer significantly reduced gingivitis by 5.20% at 3 months, while no significant differences between the two groups were observed at 6 months. Likewise, triclosan/copolymer provided 8.70% and 16.33% significantly greater reduction of plaque severity index at 3- and 6-month evaluation, respectively. Gingivitis severity index was significantly reduced by 25% at 3 months, but there were no differences between the two groups at 6 months. These results indicate that the triclosan/copolymer dentifrice was better than the customary oral hygiene care in preventing supragingival plaque formation up to 6 months and in reducing gingivitis up to 3 months.

Adolescent↗