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PubMed1992

[Health effects of non-occupational exposure to asbestos].

Mesothelioma has occurred in a relative large number not only among miners but also among non-occupationally exposed persons living in the northwestern region of Cape State of South Africa, where crocidolite is mined and transported. The long-term residents of Thetford Mines in Quebec Province, Canada, who have never engaged in mining and milling of chrysolite have not shown an excess mortality of respiratory diseases. Tremolite in soil is responsible for mesothelioma among residents of certain geologic regions such as Cyprus, Corcica, northwestern Greece and Turkey. An increased prevalence of malignant mesothelioma has been reported among residents of three Turkish villages due to exposure to erionite fibers having a high carcinogenic potency. Mesothelioma has infrequently developed in wives who were exposed while washing the work clothes of their husbands contaminated with asbestos, especially amphiboles. The levels of airborne asbestos in public buildings and schools in the U.S.A. and England having walls and ceilings constructed with asbestos containing materials are approximately 1/100 of the permissible concentration of 0.2 f/cm3. The estimated risk from asbestos exposure in schools and buildings is lower than the level of other risks in other society. During the work of removing asbestos from buildings the asbestos concentration is remarkably increased and this persists for many weeks thereafter. The level of asbestos fibers released from brake linings of motor vehicles is higher along roads with heavy traffic, at intersections, and near toll booths than elsewhere. The concentration of asbestos fibers released from motor vehicles is generally low and not of the level to induce mesothelioma.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed2002

Sickle cell anaemia: epidemiology and cost of illness.

The purpose of this paper was to review the research examining the epidemiology of and costs associated with sickle cell anaemia (SCA). Although there is general acceptance that Black populations are at greatest risk of the disease, estimates of disease incidence and prevalence vary greatly among different Black populations. In addition, the sickle cell haemoglobinopathy poses a health problem to many other ethnic groups, including populations native to Italy, Greece, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, and Cyprus. As penicillin prophylaxis has been shown to reduce the risk of sepsis among children with SCA, many governments have established newborn screening programmes to improve the health outcomes for patients with this disease. As a group, patients with SCA incur large numbers of hospital admissions, emergency department visits, and outpatient visits, often at substantial costs, hence, obtaining adequate health insurance is a problem for many patients. A common theme present in studies reviewed in this article is that a small proportion of patients tends to account for a majority of the total healthcare costs. As new diagnostic methods and treatment options become available, balancing costs associated with SCA and quality of healthcare will continue to present challenges to many healthcare providers and insurers.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed2004

WF 10: Macrokine, TCDO, tetrachlorodecaoxide.

WF 10 [TCDO, Oxoferin, Immunokine, Macrokine] is a 1:10 dilution of tetrachlorodecaoxide formulated for IV delivery. It was developed by Oxo Chemie in Switzerland as an adjunctive therapy to combination antiretroviral and opportunistic infection prophylaxis regimens in AIDS patients. WF 10 specifically targets macrophages. Oxo Chemie has worldwide patent rights to WF 10 and Dimethaid Research has an exclusive licence for marketing and distribution in Canada. In May 2002, Oxo Chemie was acquired by Dimethaid Research. Oxo completed a trial in 72 cervical cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy in 1989. Results from this trial demonstrated complete remission in 75% of patients receiving WF 10. A follow-up placebo controlled trial in 1996 produced similar results. WF 10 has received regulatory approval in Thailand for postradiation cystitis following a trial completed in 1998 in 20 patients following radiation treatment for cervical carcinoma. This authorisation also allows limited availability of WF 10 at the physician's request in Germany. WF 10 is also available under Health Canada's Special Access Program. Oxo Chemie has completed a controlled randomised, crossover study in France in 1991 that examined the effects of 103 patients with acute radiation dermatitis and radiation- or chemotherapy-induced mucositis. Results demonstrated that WF 10 significantly improved lesions and accelerated recovery without side effects. Topical tetrachlorodecaoxide in a less concentrated formulation (1:55) is marketed in many countries as Oxoferin for wound healing. WF 10 is approved for use in Thailand under the name IMMUNOKINE in patients with postradiation chronic inflammatory disease including cystitis, proctitis and mucositis. In July 2003, the European examiners informed Oxo Chemie that they intend to grant the company additional patents to the technology platform that supports WF 10, extending the European protection granted in 1992 to cover a much broader range of diseases. The patents will be granted in Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. Patent claims cover potential treatment for autoimmune disease, organ transplant or graft rejection, lymphoma and inflammation manifested as hepatitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2006

Oregovomab: anti-CA-125 monoclonal antibody B43.13--AltaRex, B43.13, MAb B43.13, monoclonal antibody B43.13.

ViRexx Medical Corp is developing the murine monoclonal antibody oregovomab [OvaRex, MAb B43.13] for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Oregovomab targets the circulating tumour-associated antigen CA 125, which is shed from the surface of human ovarian cancer cells; the antibodies induce broad cellular and humoral immune responses against CA 125 via complex formation. Unlike free CA 125, CA 125-oregovomab complexes can prime dendritic cells, leading to downstream activation of T cells. The antibody is undergoing advanced clinical development. AltaRex, the originator of oregovomab, was acquired by, and merged into, ViRexx Medical Corp in December 2004. AltaRex (now ViRexx Medical Corp) has established several strategic corporate alliances for the development and/or commercialisation of oregovomab. Unither Pharmaceuticals, a subsidiary of United Therapeutics Corporation, entered into a licensing agreement with ViRexx in April 2002. The agreement covers most territories worldwide, except Europe and the Middle East, which are covered by other agreements (see below); ViRexx did retain the rights to most member nations of the EU and certain other countries. In August 2003, the agreement was extended, granting United Therapeutics Corporation development rights for Germany. AltaRex and Dompe entered into a distribution agreement for oregovomab in July 2004. Territories included in the agreement are Italy, Spain, Portugal, Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Austria and certain other Eastern European countries. Under the terms of the agreement, ViRexx retains responsibility for product development and registration of the antibody, upon commercialisation in the agreed territory. The two companies will work closely to achieve product registration throughout Europe. In June 2001, Dompe entered into a sublicensing agreement with FAES for the commercialisation of oregovomab in Spain and Portugal. ViRexx is also seeking collaboration partners for Northern European markets. Medison Pharma and AltaRex entered into an agreement in April 2002. Under the terms of the agreement, the two companies will establish a joint venture to market oregovomab in Israel and the Middle East. ViRexx also has an agreement with Genesis Pharma covering the commercialisation of the antibody in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus and the Balkans. Unither Pharmaceuticals has completed trial enrollment for its two pivotal phase III trials investigating oregovomab for the treatment of advanced ovarian cancer. In June 2006, Unither reached its enrollment goal of 177 patients for the IMPACT II study, the second of two identical double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. The IMPACT I study achieved its enrollment target in December 2005. Both IMPACT studies are designed to assess the effect of oregovomab on time to disease relapse in patients with advanced ovarian cancer (stage III/IV) who have achieved an optimal response with front-line chemotherapy, and are being conducted at over 60 sites across the US. Data from the studies are intended to support registration of the antibody in the US. ViRexx also plans to utilise results from the IMPACT studies to support regulatory filings in Europe and in other countries. In addition, a phase II trial is being conducted to evaluate two dosing regimens of adjunctive oregovomab plus platinum-based first-line chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. The enrollment target of 40 patients has been achieved; primary study analysis is anticipated to be completed by the end of 2006. Several phase II trials with oregovomab as monotherapy or in combination with other chemotherapeutics have been completed across the US and Canada. Clinical trials have also been conducted in the EU, but ViRexx has suspended such EU studies on the basis of commercial considerations. Oregovomab has orphan drug status for the treatment of ovarian cancer; designation was granted by the US and the EU in 1996 and 2002, respectively. In addition, the US FDA granted fast-track status to the antibody in 1998. AltaRex (now ViRexx Medical Corp) has been awarded the US patent covering the company's technology for administering a low dose of foreign antibody to patients expressing the CA 125 antigen. A second US patent has also been issued for oregovomab covering the technique of photoactivation using ultraviolet light to modify antibodies and enhance specific beneficial immune responses. Furthermore, AltaRex was granted a 'multi-epitopic' patent application covering oregovomab by the European Patent Office (EPO) in October 2003. The patent covers the company's technology of IV administration of a low-dose foreign antibody, such as oregovomab, to patients expressing the target tumour-associated antigen CA 125. The EPO's grant of the patent for the European Union enables intellectual property protection of oregovomab in the great majority of worldwide markets.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Isolation of Salmonella spp from the environment of dairies without any history of clinical salmonellosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Salmonella spp could be isolated from the environment of free stall dairies in Wisconsin without any history of clinical salmonellosis and determine the serotype and antimicrobial susceptibility of any Salmonella isolates recovered from the environment. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. STUDY POPULATION: 20 free stall dairies with no history of clinical salmonellosis. PROCEDURES: Dairy owners completed a questionnaire regarding management and production practices. Multiple swab samples were obtained from throughout the free stall facilities and submitted for bacterial culture for Salmonella spp. Odds ratios were calculated to compare herd-level risk factors between dairies from which Salmonella organisms were isolated and herds from which Salmonella organisms were not isolated. RESULTS: Salmonella organisms were isolated from 9 of the 20 (45%) dairies. Salmonella serotype Meleagridis was isolated from 4 dairies, S. Meleagridis and S. Kentucky were isolated from 2 dairies, S. Meleagridis and S. Cyprus were isolated from 1 dairy, S. Cerro was isolated from 1 dairy, and S. Corvallis was isolated from 1 dairy. All isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. None of the potential risk factors analyzed demonstrated a significant association with an increased likelihood of isolating Salmonella spp. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Environmental Salmonella contamination was demonstrated on free stall dairies with no history of clinical salmonellosis.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Detecting concentration differences in aromatic oils.

200 University of Wolverhampton undergraduates rank-ordered samples of aromatic oils commonly used in complementary medicine in terms of their concentration in the air above an oil-soaked cotton ball. Each participant was assigned the task of discriminating between 5 microl, 10 microl, and 20 microl of oil absorbed onto cotton balls. 25 participants assessed each oil, and 8 oils were used. Cardamom, Rosemary, and Ylang Ylang were highly discriminable; however, discrimination of different concentrations of Chamomile, Cyprus, Geranium, Jasmine, and Lavender did not significantly differ from chance. These data provide useful indices for choosing aromatic oils for research purposes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Ciprofloxacin treatment of murine typhus.

A 31-year-old woman developed fever, severe headache, myalgia and rash 3 weeks after a visit to Cyprus where she experienced insect bites in her bed. Treatment with ciprofloxacin resulted in a remarkable and rapid effect. Endemic typhus was proved by serology.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Defective vision among Kuwaiti students.

A study, which was intended to find out the main causes of defective vision among Kuwaiti students, yielded the following results: The percentage of defective vision among 139,769 Kuwaiti students is 0.099%. Hereditary and genetic causes are responsible for 75.5% of the cases. Recessive inheritance account for 36.2% Autosomal dominant account for 34.3% Sex linked 9.5% Multifactorial 20.0% Forty-nine cases (of the total number of hereditary and genetic cases), i.e., 46.7% are the product of consanguineous marriages. Inflammatory causes account for 20.9%. The most common cause is neglected cases of muco-purulent and purulent conjunctivitis, becoming corneal ulcers and ensuing complications. This accounts for 62.1% of the total number of inflammatory causes. Traumatic, metabolic, and neoplastic causes account for 3.6%. Comparative data between England and Wales, Australia, Cyprus and Lebanon together with recommendations for improvement are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Eleven cases of sickle cell disease in Sydney.

Eleven cases of sickle cell disease within the Sydney area are described. Eight of these are of homozygous sickle cell anaemia, and three are of the sickle cell-thalassaemia disease. The racial origin is Lebanese Moslem in five cases, Greek from the mainland or Cyprus in four, and Portuguese, French, and Spanish in two sisters: consanguinity occurred in the latter family, and in three of the five Lebanese Moslem families. The age of patients at diagnosis ranged from five months to 22 years, and the clinical severity from very mild to very severe, with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. It is concluded that sickle cell disease is already a significant health problem within the Sydney area, and likely to increase in incidence with increasing migration from endemic zones.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The malaria situation in the WHO eastern Mediterranean region].

About 45% of the population of the Eastern Mediterranean Region live under the risk of both falciparum and vivax malaria, and additional 15% under the risk of P. vivax alone. The estimated annual number of malaria cases is about 14 million, out of which 95% occur in four countries: Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. In Afghanistan malaria is endemic throughout the country at altitude below 1500 m. About 80-90% of malaria cases belong to P. vivax, the rest to P. falciparum (the latter is prevalent mostly in the South and in Badakhshan). In Islamic Republic of Iran 16% of the population live in initially non-malarious areas, 66% in areas freed from malaria, 12% in areas with sporadic transmission, mostly of P. vivax, and only 6% in areas of continuous transmission with a high proportion of P. falciparum. As much as 77% of the recorded cases belong to the latter territories. Iraq. After the Gulf war, the situation deteriorated in the three north-eastern governorates, and malaria spread outside this area and rooted in the south (Basra). Syria. Transmission of P. vivax still occurs, mostly along the western part of the border with Turkey and in the north-eastern corner of the country. At present, there are three areas that causes concern along borders between the European and Eastern Mediterranean Regions: Afghanistan is a source of importation of malaria to all its neighbours; areas on the borders between Iran, Azerbaijan and, to some extent, Armenia; 4 northern governorates of Iraq and parts of southeastern Turkey, with repercussions in Syria and, to a Lesser extent in Iran, along its western border. To some extent, Cyprus is also threatened, since importation of malaria to the northern part of the island from Turkey has been documented. In practical terms, there is a need for co-ordination of antivectorial activities and standardization of control methods between the countries with strong programmes and relatively intense transmission in border areas, i.e. between Iran, and Azerbaijan, Iraq and Turkey, Syria and Turkey.

Disease Outbreaks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The MNSs blood group system in the population of South Backa.

Blood groups represent qualitative characteristics of humans which are controlled by one or a few genetic loci and due to this it is easy to determine various kinds of alleles and their frequencies in certain samples. Analyzing variability of characteristics such as blood groups, it is possible to get an insight in genetic structure of a population and it represents a suitable manner for detecting similarities and differences between populations. The intention of this study was to determine the genetic structure of the population of South Backa in a classic manner by phenotypic characteristics in MNSs blood group system, to assess frequencies of alleles, phenotypes, genotypes, allelic frequencies and genetic distances between the population of South Backa and populations of various geographic regions. Immunohematologic investigation of 1.000 persons included blood group testing in the MNSs system, which was a basis for applying population-genetic analysis based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in populations. Results of investigation revealed that in population of South Backa, s allele has the highest frequence (85.59%); the most frequent genotypes are ss (48.5%), MN (43.4%), Ss (37.4%); the most frequent phenotypes are MNss (19.3%), MNSs (18.4%) and NNss (15.3%). Genetic distances between populations are greatest among geographically most distant populations as Eskimos, Australian Aborigines, populations of Papua-Gvinea, Fiji and low in populations of Turkey, Italy, Albania and Cyprus.

Female↗
PubMed1996

[The Order of Malta and its politics of health from the 14th to the 18th centuries].

The Order of Malta established in Jerusalem in the 12th century retreated to Saint Jean of Acra then to Cyprus in 1291, to Rhodes on 1310 and to Malta in 1530 to remain there until 1798. In Rhodes it erected an hospital called the "Collachium". The "Grand Maître" had for assistant in charge of the health the Hospitalier a man who was always the chief of the French Knights. In Malta, in 1593, was founded a great hospital or Sacred Infirmary, at la Valette with a staff of three doctors and two assistants, eight surgeons and assistants and a apothicary with three apothicaries and five assistants. The Malta University, including a Faculty of Medicine was founded in 1769 where they taught anatomy, chemistry, physiology, pathology, semeiologie, hygiene and therapeutics.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2001

[Control of methicillin resistant staphylococci at the Sahlgrenska hospital. Successful control program against MRSA outbreak].

In 1998-1999 a strain of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infected 147 patients in 40 out of 160 ward units at Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg. The strain originated from a patient who had been treated in a hospital in Cyprus. In order to control this outbreak a plan of action was decided upon and carried out, including extensive information to the hospital staff, screening for carriers, and establishing a hospital infection control committee. Furthermore, a policy for screening all patients readmitted to the hospital was established in November 1999. This screening could be discontinued on July 1, 2001.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed2001

Darbepoetin alfa. Amgen.

Amgen has launched darbepoetin alfa, synthetic recombinant novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP), for the treatment of anemia associated with renal disease. The drug was approved by the European Commission in June 2001, under the tradename Aranesp, for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney failure including patients on and not yet on dialysis. The company launched the drug on day one of its approval in the following countries: Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, the UK and Austria. Roll out of the drug in Italy, Greece and France will follow as soon as pricing and reimbursement issues are resolved [412240], [412357]. By January 2001, the product was still under review and the company anticipated approval during the first half of 2001 in both the US and Europe [396802]. Launch in the US had originally been scheduled for 2000 [387293], [396802] and Japanese launch is planned for 2004 or 2005 [405915]. In January 2001, Amgen reported that the first pivotal trial of darbepoetin alfa in treating oncology patients with anemia was successful [396526], [396802]. The company anticipated a phase III trial in US patients in 2001 for the oncology indication 13977941. In the fourth quarter of 2000, darbepoetin alfa entered phase I trials in Japan. Japanese development of darbepoetin alfa was being conducted by Kirin Brewery (under the research code KRN-321) [396653]. In January 2001, Genesis Pharma licensed the rights to distribute, market and sell darbepoetin alfa for the treatment of anemia, in Greece and Cyprus [396437]. MegaPharm Ltd signed an agreement with Amgen in February 2001, granting MegaPharm certain exclusive rights to distribute, market and sell darbepoetin alfa in Israel [398897]. In February 2000, Merrill Lynch predicted that darbepoetin alfa sales will be in excess of $1.4 billion at maturity [355817]. In October 2000, darbepoetin alfa annual sales were predicted to hit $3 billion [387293].

Anemia↗
PubMed1998

Net settler migration to Australia by birthplace: 1947-98.

"Between 1947 and 1998 there was a net inflow of 4.8 million migrants to Australia. Only 29.6 per cent were born in Britain and Ireland. Other surprising findings are that more were born in Indo China than Greece and Cyprus and that more were born in New Zealand than Italy."

Australia↗
PubMed2003

Commodities consumed in Italy, Greece and other Mediterranean countries compared with Australia in 1960s and 1990s.

Consumption figures for 15 major commodities (cereals, wheat, rice, maize, potato, pulses, olive oil, other vegetable oils, vegetables, fruits, wine, meats, animal fats, milk + products, and fish + seafood) were collected from FAO Food Balance Sheets during the 1960s (1961-1969) and late 1990s (1995-1999). For some nutritionists the "model Mediterranean diet" is the Italian or Greek diet of the 1960s, for others the concept of Mediterranean countries is more general. Analysis shows: (1) In the 1960s, Australia consumed more meat, milk, animal fat than Italy or Greece and less cereals, wheat, pulses, olive oil, vegetables, fruits and wine. (2) In the 1960s, Australia's olive oil, vegetables, fruits and wine consumption were within the range for all 18 Mediterranean countries (i.e. Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Croatia, Bosnia, Albania, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco). (3) In the 1990s, food consumptions have evolved; Australia's wine and milk consumption is now similar to Italy and Greece; consumption of wheat, olive oil, vegetables, fruits and fish are lower; consumption of potato, pulses, other vegetable oils and meat are higher than Italy or Greece. (4) Australia's consumption of the 15 commodities is within the range of all Mediterranean countries in the late 1990s, except wheat consumption was lower.

Australia↗
PubMed2003

Laboratory-based diagnosis of brucellosis--a review of the literature. Part II: serological tests for brucellosis.

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease transmittable to humans from infected animal reservoirs. Malta, Rock, Gibraltar, Cyprus or Mediterranean fever, Bang's disease, intermittent typhoid or typho-malarial fever, undulant fever, etc. are just various synonyms for brucellosis. Patients suffering from this disease show unspecific symptoms, e.g. fever, chills, malaise, arthralgia, headache, tiredness and weakness. Human brucellosis may be caused by four of totally six genetically and phenotypically closely related Brucella species, i.e. B. melitensis, B. abortus, B. suis and B. canis. Although many organ systems may be involved, brucellosis is rarely fatal. Therapeutic failure and relapses, chronic courses and severe complications like bone and joint involvement, neurobrucellosis and endocarditis are characteristic for the disease. A definite diagnosis requires the isolation of Brucellae from blood, bone marrow or other tissues. However, cultural examinations are time-consuming, hazardous and not sensitive. Thus, clinicians often rely on the indirect proof of infection. The detection of high or rising titers of specific antibodies in the serum allows a tentative diagnosis. A variety of serological tests has been applied, but at least two serological tests have to be combined to avoid false negative results. Usually, the serum agglutination test is used for a first screening and complement fixation or Coombs' test will confirm its results. As Brucella ELISAs are more sensitive and specific than other serological tests, they may replace them step by step. This review will summarize advantages and disadvantages of the serological techniques used in clinical laboratories for indirect verification of human brucellosis.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed2004

The role of the Thalassaemia International Federation in health professionals' education.

The Thalassaemia International Federation (TIF) was established in 1986. The Federation has two important objectives: 1. To promote the continued control of thalassaemia major in countries with existing policies aimed at control, and 2. To support the establishment of policies of control in every affected country of the world. Over the years TIF has: - Held workshops and seminars attended by over 7,000 from 35 countries - Organized 11 International Conferences attended by 5,150 from 62 countries - Organized field trips/delegation visits in 42 countries - Prepared, published and distributed 70,000 books to 96 countries - Trained physicians and scientists from medical centres in the UK, US, Italy, Greece and Cyprus - Initiated and co-ordinated projects and clinical studies overseen by international experts in over 50 countries. - Established a vast network of scientific collaborators from every corner of the world, and - Has promoted close and productive collaborations with major health organizations. One of the most important projects that TIF has conducted was a multi-centre study on endocrine complications in the different affected regions of the world. It is hopeful that through the analysis of data already obtained and expected, other projects related to blood transfusion therapy, iron chelation and chronic hepatitis could be organized.

Education, Medical↗