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PubMed2006

[Emotional facial expression recognition impairment in Parkinson disease].

INTRODUCTION: some behavioral disturbances observed in Parkinson's disease (PD) could be related to impaired recognition of various social messages particularly emotional facial expressions. METHOD: facial expression recognition was assessed using morphed faces (five emotions: happiness, fear, anger, disgust, neutral), and compared to gender recognition and general cognitive assessment in 12 patients with Parkinson's disease and 14 controls subjects. RESULTS: facial expression recognition was impaired among patients, whereas gender recognitions, visuo-perceptive capacities and total efficiency were preserved. Post hoc analyses disclosed a deficit for fear and disgust recognition compared to control subjects. CONCLUSION: the impairment of emotional facial expression recognition in PD appears independent of other cognitive deficits. This impairment may be related to the dopaminergic depletion in basal ganglia and limbic brain regions. They could take a part in psycho-behavioral disorders and particularly in communication disorders observed in Parkinson's disease patients.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

(S)-emopamil, a novel calcium and serotonin antagonist for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. 2nd communication: brain penetration, cerebral vascular and metabolic effects.

The cerebral availability of the phenylalkylamine calcium antagonist (S)-emopamil ((2S)-2-isopropyl-5-(methylphenethylamino)-2-phenylvaleronitril e hydrochloride), was investigated in the anesthetized rat by computing the quotient of brain activity and integrated plasma activity 75 min after intraperitoneal injection of the 14C-labeled substance. The relative cerebral concentration defined in this way amounted to 2.05 for emopamil, 0.11 for verapamil and 0.03 ml/g for gallopamil, corresponding to a ratio of 70:4:1. The cerebral uptake of the same substances during a single capillary passage following intracarotid injection was determined by using tritiated water as an internal standard. Relative to the water the following brain uptake indices were obtained: (S)-emopamil 110.3, gallopamil 45.3 and verapamil 40.6%. According to these figures, emopamil is clearly superior to verapamil and gallopamil both with regard to cerebral availability and blood-brain barrier permeability. The effect of emopamil enantiomers on local cerebral blood flow was studied autoradiographically in the artificially ventilated rat anesthetized with nitrous oxide. The test substances were infused intravenously over 30 min, the determination of local cerebral blood flow being carried out 10 min after the end of the infusion. The numerical evaluation included 40 brain structures. In the investigated regions the infusion of 3 and 6 mg/kg (S)-emopamil led to an average blood flow increase of 24 and 52%, respectively. In the latter experimental group the values for the 22 cerebral structures showing a statistically significant effect were between 128 and 208% of control. In contrast, the application of 6 mg/kg (R)-emopamil did not lead to a significant change in blood flow in any of the areas.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

(S)-emopamil, a novel calcium and serotonin antagonist for the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders. 3rd communication: effect on postischemic cerebral blood flow and metabolism, and ischemic neuronal cell death.

The effect of (S)-emopamil ((2S)-2-isopropyl-5-(methylphenethylamino)-2-phenylvaleronitril e hydrochloride) treatment on postischemic cerebral blood flow and metabolism was investigated in nitrous oxide anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats. Forebrain ischemia was induced and maintained for 20 min by lowering arterial blood pressure to approximately 40 mmHg and clamping both carotid arteries. Local cerebral blood flow and glucose utilization were evaluated autoradiographically in 34 cerebral regions. In the cerebral blood flow studies intravenous infusion of 0.1 mg/(kg min) (S)-emopamil was begun 5 min after the end of ischemia. Local cerebral blood flow was determined 60 min later using [14C]iodoantipyrine. When the animals were treated with saline only, postischemic blood flow of 22 affected forebrain areas fell on average to 42 +/- 13% of nonischemic control. Treatment with (S)-emopamil increased perfusion of the same areas in a region-dependent fashion by an average of 54 +/- 19%, resulting in 63 +/- 17% of control values. The rise of blood flow in structures not directly affected by ischemia amounted to 52 +/- 27% (134 +/- 23% of control). In the studies on cerebral metabolism, the experimental animals received a total of 6 mg/kg (S)-emopamil by slow intravenous infusion before and during the ischemic episode. Determination of local cerebral glucose utilization was initiated after 50 min of postischemic recirculation using [14C]deoxyglucose. In the placebo-treated experimental group average glucose utilization of 14 forebrain areas was significantly lower (74 +/- 9% of control) than in the nonischemic control group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Communication and speech disorders and their relationship with psychic development and mental disorders in 8 year old children from the Lódź area].

AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the occurrence of communication and speech disorders among 8-year-old children in Lódź. The comorbidity of these disorders with mental and somatic disorders was also analysed. We have also studied the correlation between the level of language development and the level of psychic development, and the existence and character of mental disorders. METHOD: The study comprised 7881 children from Lódź, born in 1991. The design of the study was two-stage. Stage I consisted of a screening test, using the Questionnaire of Child-Environment Communication Development, which was sent to the parents of all children. On this basis a group of 58 children with communication disorders was identified, which were further evaluated in the stage II of the study. Stage II consisted of a psychiatric examination, Screening Logopedic Test acc.to Tarkowski, Child Developmental Questionnaire acc. to Rabe-Jabłońska and Gmitrowicz, somatic state evaluation and analysis of the available documentation. RESULTS: In 0.81% of the children communication disorders were found. Speech disorders were present in all cases: in 2/3rds expressive language disorders or mixed receptive-expressive language disorders, in the remaining cases phonological disorders. Estimated frequency of occurrence of specific disorders in the studied population was as follows: specific developmental language disorders 2.9/1000, acquired aphasia with epilepsy 4/10000, autistic disorder 6.4/10000. Over one third of children with a verbal communication disorder suffered also from various neurological and developmental disorders; most of the children showed abnormal mental development (f = 0.86) and mental disorders (f = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS: Poor language development correlated statistically significantly with mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder and behaviour disorders, caused by brain damage or brain dysfunction. Children with a communication disorder who demonstrated normal language development suffered from social maladaptation or ADHD statistically significantly more frequently.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The location of the deficits of emotional communication in dimensional models of schizophrenia].

Disordered communication of emotions belongs to the primary schizophrenia symptoms. The aim of this study was our attempt of the localisation of the deficits in emotional communication (its decoding and expression) in dimensional models of schizophrenia. The evaluation of emotionality in schizophrenia might be performed indirectly via negative dimension (for instance: apathy, diminished verbal fluency, flat or inappropriate emotional reactions), via excitement (elevated mood) and depression (decreased mood) or via cognitive dimension. Interpretation of emotional phenomena within the cognitive dimension remains an oversimplification. Brain emotional and cognitive systems act independently although they also reveal mutual interactions enabling the control of emotional behaviour via social learning of emotions. To conclude, to date emotional dimension in schizophrenia has not yet received satisfactory explanation which is in line with the complex nature of emotions. Thus the question regarding the location of emotions in dimensional models of schizophrenia still remains open.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed2002

ABR and auditory P300 findings in children with ADHD.

Auditory processing disorders (APD), also referred as central auditory processing disorders (CAPD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) have become popular diagnostic entities for school age children. It has been demonstrated a high incidence of comorbid ADHD with communication disorders and auditory processing disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate ABR and P300 auditory evoked potentials in children with ADHD, in a double-blind study. Twenty-one children, ages between 7 and 10 years, with a primary diagnosis of ADHD, participated in this experiment. Results showed that all children had normal ABR with normal latency for wave V. Results also showed that among 42 ears combined 52.38% did not have P300. For the medicated subjects we observed that among 28 ears, 42.85% did not have P300 and for the non-medicated 71.43% (N = 14 ears) did not have P300. Our results suggest that the medicated subjects had more presence of P300 (57.15%) than the non-medicated group (28.57%), though the absence of these potentials were high among the group--52.38%.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1992

A survey of the communication-impaired population of Tayside.

There are few published surveys that are designed specifically to describe the total population of clients with communication disorders who might potentially benefit from the use of a communication aid. Such data, however, would be useful in planning the funding and staffing of rehabilitation services in a region. Figures are also needed to identify populations whose needs are currently not being met and thus to establish areas of future developments both for service and research purposes. The survey reported here was carried out as part of a project concerned with the provision of augmentative communication to the neurologically impaired child and young adult. It was intended to produce a broad description of the communication-impaired population in Tayside. The survey was then used to identify detailed information about clients who may benefit from using a communication aid, and it also highlighted some provision and research issues. Access to communication aids for the non-speaking population was found to have been restricted by lack of funding, resources and opportunities for training for therapists in the use of augmentative and alternative communication. Future research and development should particularly address the needs of the aphasic population whose needs were not found to be met by currently available communication aids.

Communication Devices for People with Disabilities↗
PubMed2003

Challenges and strategies for conducting survey and focus group research with culturally diverse groups.

The professions represented by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association are serving a wide range of populations as diversity in the United States continues to grow rapidly. This article offers tentative guidance for and invites an open dialogue with other researchers interested in culturally sensitive research issues. Specifically, as the professions adopt an increasingly global perspective, it is likely that researchers will need to acquire skills in conducting research within culturally diverse populations. Within this article, research scenarios are discussed, in particular, methods for survey, interview, and focus groups. Topics such as preparing a research instrument, gaining access to clients, and effectively utilizing interpreters are presented. In brief, this article is designed as a beginning conversation about an increasingly important topic: conducting culturally sensitive research in communication disorders.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMed1986

Alterations in communication. Biopsychosocial aspects of aphasia, dysarthria, and right hemisphere syndromes in the stroke patient.

Aphasia, dysarthria, and right hemisphere syndromes will be discussed from several vantage points which are important in facilitating the nurse's role in the work of the speech pathologist. General guidelines for determining whether a patient exhibits a communicative disorder and is in need of further diagnosis and treatment will be delineated. Communication suggestions for family and staff and a checklist of deficit areas will be offered. Additionally, a description of possible psychological reactions to the disorder and their effect on the patient and his social network will be provided.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1995

Importance of communication training for psychiatric residents and mental health trainees.

Through the illustration of a clinical vignette and excerpts from interviews with trainees, this paper suggests that communication and communication disorders are essential issues in child psychiatry training. The vignette shows how communication issues pervade a multidisciplinary psychoeducational day treatment program. The importance of communication in the clinical experience and its impact on the professional preparation of psychiatry residents and mental health trainees are examined, and conclusions and recommendations for the goals of a training program in child psychiatry are presented which expand upon those findings.

Child↗