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PubMed1984

A comparison of topical and systemic cefazolin for wound prophylaxis.

An experimental wound infection model was used to compare the effectiveness of topical and systemic cefazolin in the prevention of wound infection. Studies were conducted using both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as the contaminating organisms. Regardless of the wound pathogen studied, there were no significant differences between topical and systemic cefazolin with regard to wound bacterial concentrations and the incidence of wound infection.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1982

Phagocytosis and killing of cefazolin-exposed Staphylococci and Bacilli by mouse peritoneal macrophages.

The phagocytic and microbicidal capacity of proteose peptone-induced macrophages from Balb/c mice was assessed in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis in the presence of a subinhibitory concentration of cefazolin. Enhanced phagocytosis (50-60%) and a similar killing effect (99%) after two hours, incubation was noted towards both test organisms. Electron microscopy showed phagocytic activity on both control and antibiotic-treated strains. Since cefazolin does not penetrate macrophages, the peritoneal cell morphology and ultrastructure were unaffected by the drug.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Antibiotic prophylaxis in elective colon surgery: comparison of the combination of metronidazole (Flagyl)/cefazolin (Kefzol) with cefazolin alone].

In this prospective trial prevention of infectious complications after elective colonic surgery was studied. 34 patients receiving i.v. cefazolin were compared to 32 patients receiving oral metronidazol and i.v. cefazolin. No significant difference was observed concerning local wound infection, septicemia, anastomotic dehiscence or death. The rate of postoperative infection was 53% in group I, 34% in group II. No side effects of this prophylaxis were observed.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

GABA depletion in chick brain-stem after intraventricular injection of cefazolin.

The effects of cefazolin, given into the III cerebral ventricle at different doses were studied on GABA content, GAD and GABA-T in the brain-stem of young chickens (Gallus domesticus). A dose-dependent fall in GABA content was observed; GABA decrease was evident 15 min after the administration, reached its nadir at 60 min and disappeared at 120 minutes. Glutamate decarboxylase and GABA-transaminase activity were not significantly changed. Present experiments suggest the excitatory and convulsant effects of cefazolin in chicks are related to GABA depletion in the brain-stem.

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase↗
PubMed1980

[Incidence of bacteremia in heart catheterization: results of a prospective study on the prevention of endocarditis with cefazoline versus placebo].

145 consecutive patients scheduled for a cardiac catheterization were enrolled in a prospective double-blind randomized study to determine the incidence of bacteremia during and following catheterization and the usefulness of antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin versus placebo during this procedure. Four blood cultures were taken from each patient to evaluate the incidence of bacteremia vs. contamination. 15 of 296 (5.07%) and 11 of 284 (3.8%) cultures yielded bacteria in the placebo group (74 patients) and in the cefazolin-group (71 patients) respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the groups. These results, together with the spectrum of the organisms isolated and the clinical and laboratory findings, suggest that the isolation of bacteria was due rather to contamination than the result of bacteremia. It is concluded that antibiotic prophylaxis in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization is unnecessary and not indicated.

Blood↗
PubMed1995

[Ceftriaxone vs. cefazolin in obstetrical surgical prevention].

The cesarean section is associated with a high incidence of puerperal infections. The antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetric surgery may reduce infectious complications, nevertheless antibiotic prophylaxis only has proved to be effective in women with risk factors for the occurrence of infection. We made a comparative study of the prophylactic efficacy of the ceftriaxone a single dose versus cefazolin three doses, in women with risk factor for infection. There were enrolled 100 patients, 50 in each group. Six percent of the ceftriaxone group patients developed puerperal infections while 12% of the cefazolin group women developed this complication. The statistic analysis don't show difference between the groups. We consider the single dose prophylactic schema is better because its application is easier, administration is safety and reduces the risk of adverse reactions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Synergistic enhancement of in vitro antimicrobial activity of imipenem and cefazolin, cephalothin, cefotiam, cefamandole or cefoperazone in combination against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Synergistic enhancement of the in vitro antimicrobial activity of imipenem combined with cephalosporins against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been reported. In order to investigate which cephalosporin is more effective in enhancing the activity of imipenem against MRSA, the in vitro antimicrobial activities of imipenem, cefazolin, cephalothin, cefotiam, cefamandole and cefoperazone, alone and in combination, against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA were assessed. Using the checkerboard Mueller-Hinton agar dilution method, strong synergy was found in 97% to 100% of MRSA strains for imipenem and all tested cephalosporins except cefoperazone; fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices were < or = 0.5. Among the cephalosporins studied, cefamandole most markedly increased the activity of imipenem against MRSA, followed, in order of decreasing effect, by cefotiam, cephalothin, cefazolin, and cefoperazone. The synergistic effect of imipenem combined with cefamandole or cefotiam was confirmed using the broth dilution method with 2% of NaCl.

Cefamandole↗
PubMed1993

[Antibioprophylaxis with cefazolin in gastroduodenal surgery: preliminary study (17 patients)].

Antibiotherapy in surgery leads to a large amount of money expenses from the budget of hospitals according to many authors. So a short time well adapted antibioprophylaxis may be a better choice in gastroduodenal surgery. In a two years (July 1991-June 1993) prospective study in seventeen patients with stenosis on hemorragea complicating their gastroduodenal ulcer, 2 grs of Cefazoline are prior to surgery at induction first and then 1 gr each following 3 hours, until the end of the procedure in Orthopedics and Traumatology Hospital in DAKAR. At assessment the early results are good, without any superficial or deep infection. In comparison the length of admission was shorter. Despite our few cases, we strongly believe that antibioprophylaxis in gastroduodenal surgery using Cefazolin may be recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Synergistic enhancement of in vitro antimicrobial activity of cefmetazole and cefazolin, cefotiam, cefamandole or cefoperazone in combination against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. I. Effect of NaCl.

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of cephamycin, e.g. cefmetazole and cephalosporin, such as cefazolin, cefotiam, cefamandole and cefoperazone, alone and in combination, was studied employing 9 strains of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 30 strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Using the checkerboard agar dilution method, strong synergism was demonstrable in a majority of MSSA and MRSA strains for cefmetazole combined with these cephalosporins, with the minimum fractional inhibitory concentration index < or = 0.5. In the presence of a concentration < or = 6.25 micrograms/ml of these cephalosporins in Mueller-Hinton agar medium, the activity of cefmetazole against MRSA was most prominently potentiated by cefotiam, followed by cefamandole, cefazolin and cefoperazone. At a concentration of 12.5 micrograms/ml, cefotiam and cefamandole showed a similar effect in potentiation of cefmetazole activity. In hypertonic agar medium containing 4% NaCl, these synergistic combination effects were reduced. However, the activity of cefmetazole and cefamandole in combination under these conditions was influenced to a lesser extent and more potent than that of other combinations.

Cefamandole↗
PubMed1996

A randomized prospective comparison of antibiotic tissue levels in the corpora cavernosa of patients undergoing penile prosthesis implantation using gentamicin plus cefazolin versus an oral fluoroquinolone for prophylaxis.

PURPOSE: We performed a prospective randomized trial comparing the efficacy, safety and cost of parenteral antibiotics and oral fluoroquinolones for prophylaxis in penile prosthesis surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively randomized 20 consecutive patients undergoing penile prosthesis surgery to receive ofloxacin orally or gentamicin and cefazolin parenterally followed by cephradine orally. Intraoperatively corpora cavernosa tissue and simultaneous peripheral serum samples were evaluated for antibiotic levels. Median followup was 16 months (range 8 to 21, mean 15.35). RESULTS: There were no implant losses or reoperations and complications were comparable in the 2 groups. The difference in mean serum-to-tissue ratios of ofloxacin versus the combination of cefazolin and gentamicin was statistically significant (p < 0.03). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ofloxacin met or exceeded those of the 2 most common offending organisms, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli, in 80% of patients, which was comparable to the results of the parenteral regimen. Cost savings of the medications alone were more than $250,000 in the ofloxacin group. By eliminating a hospital stay of the 25,000 cases of penile prosthesis placement in the United States yearly a total cost savings of more than $36 million would be realized. CONCLUSIONS: When oral ofloxacin is given for prophylaxis in penile implant surgery, the procedure may be performed on an outpatient basis and health care dollars are saved.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

[Susceptibility to cefazolin, cefamandole and ceftazidime in Staphylococcus strains].

365 S. aureus and 165 Coagulase Negative Staphylococci were tested for susceptibility to methicillin, cefazolin, cefamandole and ceftazidime by standard broth microdilution and disc method. In staphylococci resistance to methicillin normally parallels resistance to beta-lactams, and it has been suggested that cephalosporins are not be used clinically if susceptbility tests show resistance to methicillin. Populations of methicillin resistant staphylococci are made up of a mixture of methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant cells (heteroresistant isolates). This phenomenon is the cause of differences in resistance in vitro to methicillin and tested cephalosporins. Cefamandole was the cephalosporin which retained most antibacterial activity against some methicillin-resistant isolates (MICm MRSA = 63.2 mg/L, MICm MRCNS = 67.4 mg/L). This antibiotic has extremely small resistant subpopulations, only detectable by high-inoculum screening or prolonged incubation of isolates in the presence of the drug. Cefazolin was the cephalosporin which had most antibacterial activity against all methicillin-susceptible isolates (MICm MSSA = 1.3 mg/L, MICm MSCNS = 1.6 mg/L). Among the 3 studied cephalosporins ceftazidime was found to be the least active against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococci (MICm MSSA = 25 mg/L, MICm MRSA = 334.5 mg/L, MICm MRCNS = 414.6 mg/L, MICm MSCNS = 26.7 mg/L).

Cefamandole↗
PubMed1974

Semiautomated turbidimetric microbiological assay for determination of cefazolin.

The Autoturb System, a semiautomated system for photometric bioassay, was used to determine cefazolin content. Suitable conditions for the assay using Streptococcus faecalis ATCC 10541 as the indicator organism included a medium pH of 6.0 to 7.0 and an incubation time of 3 to 3.5 h at 36 C. Multiple independent assays of samples from a common batch showed the test to be highly reproducible. Accuracy of the turbidimetric assay was evaluated by comparing data obtained from a chemical (hydroxylamine) and a biological (disk diffusion) assay. The available data show the turbidimetric assay to be a rapid, accurate, and reproducible method for determining the biological activity of cefazolin samples.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous liquid chromatographic analysis of the beta-lactam antibiotics cefazolin, cefadroxil, cephalexin, ampicillin, and cephradine in solution.

A liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of nanogram quantities of 5 broad-spectrum structurally related beta-lactam antibiotics (cefazolin, cefadroxil, cephalexin, cephradine, and ampicillin) in solution. The method uses a C18 reversed-phase column, UV absorption (240 nm) detection, and an aqueous mobile phase containing isopropyl alcohol and acetic acid. Relative resolution between the antibiotic peaks ranged from 1.7 to 5.9 for all peaks. Chromatographic retention times were 2.97, 3.92, 4.57, 5.37, and 6.56 min for cefazolin, cefadroxil, cephalexin, ampicillin, and cephradine, respectively. Accuracy, precision, linearity, and long term analytical reproducibility were determined by statistical analysis. Use of the proposed method to evaluate the degradation of cephradine solutions stored at room temperature illustrated its potential as a stability-indicating assay.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1978

Efficacy of penicillin G, cefazolin, and gentamicin in M-K medium at 4 degrees C.

Corneal-scleral shells are routinely stored in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium at 4 degrees C. Antibiotics are added to the medium to suppress bacterial growth. We examined the antibacterial activity of penicillin G potassium, 100 microgram/ml, cefazolin sodium, 100 microgram/ml, and gentamicin sulfate, 20 microgram/ml against test organisms in M-K medium at 4 degrees, 23 degrees, and 37 degrees C for periods up to 18 hours. Within the limits of the experimental conditions, none of the antibiotics used could be relied on to sterilize an inoculum of sensitive bacteria in M-K medium at 4 degrees C, the recommended storage temperature.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1988

Evaluation of single-dose cefazolin prophylaxis for toxic shock syndrome.

Otolaryngologists have increased their use of parenteral prophylactic antibiotics to prevent toxic shock syndrome following nasal surgery. This rare but potentially serious postoperative complication presumably requires nasal carriage of a toxigenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus by a susceptible patient. We investigated the effect of a single preoperative dose of intravenous cefazolin on nasal carriage of S aureus. Thirty patients were studied; 15 were S aureus carriers initially and 12 (80%) remained culture positive after prophylaxis and at the time surgery was completed. We conclude that this particular regimen is unlikely to have a major effect on the incidence of toxic shock syndrome following nasal surgery.

Cefazolin↗
PubMed1991

A prospective randomized trial of perioperative cefazolin treatment in axillary and groin dissection.

One hundred thirty-four patients undergoing axillary or inguinal lymph node dissection were randomized to receive perioperative treatment with either cefazolin or placebo. Risk factors for wound complications (age greater than 60 years, open wound, obesity, smoking, extremity edema, diabetes, arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease) were recorded. The rate of complications was 36% in 97 patients (72%) with any risk factor present, compared with 14% in patients with no risk factors. Complications were seen in 30% of patients: in 14% after axillary lymph node dissection, and in 64% after inguinal lymph node dissection. The risk of complications was 23% in the group administered antibiotic treatment compared with 36% in that administered placebo treatment. This trend toward fewer complications was seen only after axillary lymph node dissection, when the rate of complications was 8% in the antibiotic-treated group compared with 20% in the placebo-treated group. After inguinal lymph node dissection, the rate of complications was 69% in the antibiotic-treated group compared with 62% in the placebo-treated group.

Axilla↗
PubMed1990

Pharmacokinetics of dibenzylamine administered in a sustained drug delivery system with cefazolin.

The pharmacokinetics of dibenzylamine administered in a sustained drug delivery system with cefazolin was studied after i.m. administration of a dose of 1250 mg to healthy volunteers. The serum and urine levels of dibenzylamine were determined by a GLC technique using a specific nitrogen-phosphorus detector. Characterization of the kinetic parameters was performed by applying compartmental and non-compartmental analysis. Dibenzylamine was found to reach concentrations close to 300 ng ml-1 approximately 5 h after administration. The elimination constant had a value of 0.832 +/- 0.821 h-1 (mean +/- S.D.), which is higher than the release constant of the derivative (0.109 +/- 0.072 h-1) (mean +/- S.D.). These results show that release of dibenzylamine may be considered the limiting kinetic process, which governs the elimination of the product from the organism. Only a small amount of dibenzylamine is excreted in urine unchanged 3.43 +/- 3.28 per cent (mean +/- S.D.). Using the pharmacokinetic parameters calculated for dibenzylamine, a prediction has been made of the concentrations reached in a multiple dosage regimen after administration of a dose of 1250 mg every 24 h. The accumulation factor was 1.09.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Automated spectrophotometric assay of cefazolin.

An automated, stability-indicating, UV spectrophotometric assay for cefazolin is presented. The method employs a reaction with hydroxylamine and derives its stability-indicating power through comparison of reacted and unreacted aliquots of the sample. A double-probe sampling procedure is used. Good agreement with microbiological assays is obtained, and the coefficient of variation is about 1%.

Autoanalysis↗