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PubMed2005

Staphylococcal skin infections in children: rational drug therapy recommendations.

Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most common and troublesome of bacteria causing disease in humans, despite the development of effective antibacterials and improvement in hygiene. The organism is responsible for over 70% of all skin and soft tissue infections in children and accounts for up to one-fifth of all visits to pediatric clinics. Skin and soft tissue infections that are predominantly caused by S. aureus include bullous and non-bullous impetigo, folliculitis, furunculosis, carbunculosis, cellulitis, surgical and traumatic wound infections, mastitis, and neonatal omphalitis. Other skin and soft tissue infections may also be caused by S. aureus but are often polymicrobial in origin and require special consideration. These include burns, decubitus ulcers (particularly in the perianal region), puncture wounds of the foot, as well as human and mammalian bites. Treatment of staphylococcal skin infections varies from topical antiseptics to prolonged intravenous antibacterials, depending on severity of the lesions and the health of the child. The treatment of choice for oral antibacterials remains the penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as flucloxacillin. Cefalexin and erythromycin are suitable cost-effective alternatives with broader cover, although care must be taken with the use of macrolides because of development of resistance to multiple families of antibacterials, particularly the lincosamides. Other cephalosporins such as cefadroxil and cefprozil are also effective, can be given once daily and have a better tolerability profile -- while azithromycin has a further advantage of a 3-day course. However, all of these agents are more expensive. Although the antibacterials have been given for 10 days in most clinical trials, there is no evidence that this duration is more effective than a 7-day course. In children requiring intravenous therapy, ceftriaxone has a major advantage over other antibacterials such as sulbactam/ampicillin and cefuroxime in that it can be given once daily and may, therefore, be suitable for outpatient treatment of moderate-to-severe skin infections. Newer-generation cephalosporins and loracarbef are also effective and have a broader spectrum of activity, but do not offer any added benefit and are significantly more expensive. Skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are still relatively uncommon in children. Well children with community-acquired MRSA infections can be treated with clindamycin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole), but must be observed closely for potentially severe adverse effects. In severe infections, vancomycin remains the treatment of choice, while intravenous teicoplanin and clindamycin are suitable alternatives. Linezolid and quinupristin/dalfopristin are currently showing great promise for the treatment of multi-resistant Gram-positive infections. While the choice of antibacterial is important, supportive management, including removal of any infected foreign bodies, surgical drainage of walled-off lesions, and regular wound cleaning, play a vital role in ensuring cure.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1996

"Corynebacterium aquaticum" wound infection after high-pressure water injection into the foot.

The organisms presently named "Corynebacterium aquaticum" have their natural habitat in water and are increasingly often isolated in clinical specimens, but are very seldom the proven cause of infection. A case of a 24-year-old man with a "C aquaticum" wound infection secondary to a high-pressure water injection injury in the foot is described. Cefadroxil and cefuroxime were used for treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Aminoglycosides do not improve the efficacy of cephalosporins for treatment of acute pyelonephritis in women.

A prospective, coordinated, randomized multicentre trial was conducted to determine whether tobramycin 160 mg intravenously (i.v.) once daily for 2 days would improve the efficacy of cefotaxime 1 g i.v. twice daily for 2 days followed by a 10-day course of oral cefadroxil 1 g twice daily, in the treatment of community-acquired acute pyelonephritis in women. Of 73 patients enrolled in the study, 51 could be evaluated according to the protocol. There were no significant differences in bacteriological cure rates between the combined treatment with tobramycin/cefotaxime and cefotaxime alone, either at short-term follow-up (63.0% vs 59.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) for difference in proportions -23.4% to 31.2%), or up to 7 weeks after cessation of treatment (42.9% vs 52.2%; 95% CI, -18.0% to 36.6%). A modified intention-to-treat analysis showed no difference in clinical efficacy between the two regimens (68.6% vs 69.2%; 95% CI, -22.9% to 24.1%). Tobramycin seemed to enhance the resolution of inflammation by a more rapid decline in C-reactive protein levels. The high recurrence rates after treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in this and previous studies of acute pyelonephritis may be explained by adverse ecological effects rather than failure to eradicate the infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

beta-Lactam antibiotic modulation of murine neutrophil cytokinesis.

Fourteen cephalosporins, 11 penicillins and 1 monobactam were evaluated for their in vitro modulation of murine neutrophil cytokinesis. As a result, the beta-lactam antibiotics were placed into 6 groups based on their effect on random (R) and FMLP-directed (D) migration [Group 1 (no effect): cephalosporin C; Group 2 (R-->D decreases): cloxacillin, cefotaxime, ceftazadime, cefuroxime, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephadine, nafcillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, ampicillin, oxacillin, aztreonam; Group 3 (R increases D-->): cephaloridine; Group 4 (R increases D increases): cefsulodin; Group 5 (R increases D decreases): cefoperazone, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, 6-amino-penicillanic acid; Group 6 (R decreases D decreases): cefadroxil, cefazolin, penicillin G, methicillin]. Trypan blue exclusion studies showed that inhibition of R and D by Group 6 beta-lactam antibiotics is not due to overt cytotoxicity. beta-lactam antibiotics inhibiting D also increased neutrophil adherence to plastic at a concentration of 1000 microM. Finally, the [Ca++] inhibitor chlorpromazine significantly abrogates beta-lactam- and FMLP-directed migration at a test concentration of 1 microM.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Detection limits of antimicrobials in ewe milk by delvotest photometric measurements.

The Delvotest method detection limits per manufacturer's instructions at a fixed reading time of 3 h for 24 antimicrobial agents were determined in ewe milk by photometric measurement. For each drug, eight concentrations were tested on 20 ewe milk samples from individual ewes. Detection limits, determined by means of logistic regression models, were (microg/kg): 3, amoxycillin; 2, ampicillin; 18, cloxacillin; 1, penicillin "G"; 34, cefadroxil; 430, cephalosporin "C"; 40, cephalexin; 20, cefoperazone; 33, Ceftiofur; 18, cefuroxime; 6100, streptomycin; 1200, gentamycin; 2600, neomycin; 830, erythromycin; 100, tylosin; 180, doxycycline; 320, oxytetracycline; 590, tetracycline; 88, sulfadiazine; 44, sulfamethoxazole; 140, sulfametoxypyridazine; 48, sulfaquinoxaline; 12,000, chloramphenicol; and 290, trimethoprim. Whereas the beta-lactam antibiotics, sulphonamides, and tylosin were detected by Delvotest method at levels equal to those of maximum residue limits, its sensitivity needs to be enhanced to detect aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim residues in ewe milk or to develop an integrated residue detection system for ewe milk with different sensitive microorganisms for each group of antiinfectious agents.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed2003

The importance of Bi-Digital O-Ring Test in the treatment of multiple hepatic abscesses: a case history.

The Bi-Digital O-Ring Test has been very useful in the identification of bacterial and viral infections, as well as other etiological agents, in difficult clinical cases. Case report of a patient with multiple hepatic abscesses (pylephlebitis induced hepatic abscess is the most difficult abscess to treat), in which the etiological agent was suggested through Bi-Digital O-Ring Test with excellent clinical evolution after modification of previously ineffective multi anti-microbial treatment is presented. 45 years old, female with a history of pain at right hypochondria for 15 days, with jaundice, oscillating fever and shivering. Computerized tomography showed liver with multiples nodules in the parenchyma with additional appendicitis. An appendectomy was performed with drainage of intra abdominal abscesses. Treatment with metronidazol, ceftazidim and amicacine was performed with no improvement while the general condition of the patient was deteriorating progressively in the following 3 weeks. Bi-Digital O-Ring Test was then performed to determine the etiological agent and the drug compatibility test among effective antimicrobial agents. Based on the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, the main etiological agent was found to be Enterobacter aerogenes. Amongst the three antibiotics that were being used, only metronidazol was effective and the other 2 was cancelled its effect. Based on Bi-Digital O-Ring Test findings two new antibiotics (cefadroxil and imipenen), were added to metronidazol and additional cilantro tablets by Hayashibara, Japan was given, and Selective Drug Uptake Enhancement Method performed, with excellent clinical, laboratory testing and tomography improvement within 10 days. Bi-Digital O-Ring Test suggested the etiological agent, and effective and mutually compatible antibiotics for treating the abscesses which resulted in a good clinical evolution, characterized by relief of fever and reduction of the hepatic abscesses in a short period and followed complete disappearance of hepatic abscess.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2005

[Activity of cefpodoxime against pathogens causing respiratory, urinary or soft tissue infections].

BACKGROUND: Cefpodoxime is a new antimicrobial in the Chilean market, recommended for treatment of respiratory and urinary tract infections. AIM: To study the susceptibility of common pathogens isolated from Chilean patients to cefpodoxime and other antimicrobials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The in vitro activity of cefpodoxime, expressed as Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, was studied in 331 S pneumoniae, H influenzae, M catarrhalis, E coli, S aureus and S pyogenes strains, isolated between 2000 and 2004 from respiratory, urinary and soft tissue infections, respectively. RESULTS: Eleven percent of S pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin, 11% were resistant to cefuroxime and 10% to cefpodoxime. All H influenzae isolates were susceptible to cefpodoxime. No H influenzae isolates were resistant to second or third generation cephalosporines. Four percent of H influenzae isolates were resistant to ampicillin by ss-lactamase production. In contrast 81% of M catarrhalis strains were resistant to ampicillin. Six percent of E coli isolates were resistant to cefpodoxime, 9% to cefuroxime, 11% to cefadroxile and 50% to ampicillin or trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. Cefpodoxime was the most active antimicrobial against S pyogenes. CONCLUSIONS: Cefpodoxime, recently introduced in Chile, is a good alternative for the treatment of common respiratory and urinary tract infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1983

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of MDL 19,592, an oral cephalosporin.

MDL 19,592 is a new semisynthetic cephalosporin with a good therapeutic potential against Gram-positive bacterial infections when administered orally or parenterally. In the oral treatment of benzylpenicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in mice, MDL 19,592 was superior to cephalexin, cephradine, cefaclor, cefadroxil and cefroxadine. These in vivo results reflect the in vitro superiority expressed by MDL 19,592 over the other oral cephalosporins against staphylococci. Additionally, MDL 19,592 orally was superior to cefazolin and cephalothin administered subcutaneously and to a number of penicillinase-resistant penicillins given orally or subcutaneously in the treatment of S. aureus mouse infections. MDL 19,592 killed S. aureus cells at the same or faster rate than did cephalexin or cephradine. As compared to cephalexin, MDL 19,592 was marginally superior in vitro against Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. In vivo, MDL 19,592 was significantly the more effective of the two against S. pyogenes and marginally more effective against S. pneumoniae. Against Gram-negative organisms, with the exception of Haemophilus influenzae, cephalexin was the more potent of the two antibiotics both in vitro and in vivo. Administered orally to mice, MDL 19,592 was absorbed as rapidly as cephalexin with both drugs attaining similar concentrations in the blood. MDL 19,592, like cephalexin, was minimally bound by mouse serum.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Interactions of a nonpeptidic drug, valacyclovir, with the human intestinal peptide transporter (hPEPT1) expressed in a mammalian cell line.

The results of previous work performed in our laboratory using an in situ perfusion technique in rats and rabbit apical brush border membrane vesicles have suggested that the intestinal uptake of valacyclovir (VACV) appears to be mediated by multiple membrane transporters. Using these techniques, it is difficult to characterize the transport kinetics of VACV with each individual transporter in the presence of multiple known or unknown transporters. The purpose of this study was to characterize the interaction of VACV and the human intestinal peptide transporter using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells that overexpress the human intestinal peptide transporter (hPEPT1) gene. VACV uptake was significantly greater in CHO cells transfected with hPEPT1 than in cells transfected with only the vector, pcDNA3. The optimum pH for VACV uptake was determined to occur at pH 7.5. Proton cotransport was not observed in hPEPT1/CHO cells, consistent with previously observed results in tissues and Caco-2 cells. VACV uptake was concentration dependent and saturable with a Michaelis-Menten constant and maximum velocity of 1.64 +/- 0.06 mM and 23.34 +/- 0.36 nmol/mg protein/5 min, respectively. A very similar Km value was obtained in hPEPT1/CHO cells and in rat and rabbit tissues and Caco-2 cells, suggesting that hPEPT1 dominates the intestinal transport properties of VACV in vitro. VACV uptake was markedly inhibited by various dipeptides and beta-lactam antibiotics, and Ki values of 12.8 +/- 2.7 and 9.1 +/- 1.2 mM were obtained for Gly-Sar and cefadroxil at pH 7.5, respectively. The present results demonstrate that VACV is a substrate for the human intestinal peptide transporter in hPEPT1/CHO cells and that although transport is pH dependent, proton cotransport is not apparent. Also, the results demonstrate that the hPEPT1/CHO cell system has use in investigating the transport kinetics of drugs with the human intestinal peptide transporter hPEPT1; however, the extrapolation of these transport properties to the in vivo situation requires further investigation.

Acyclovir↗
PubMed1999

Ibuprofen combined with antibiotics suppresses renal scarring due to ascending pyelonephritis in rats.

PURPOSE: In acute pyelonephritis renal scarring may be decreased by immediate antibiotic therapy. Unfortunately in children there is often a delay in starting treatment, which increases the likelihood of renal scarring. In rodents immediate antibiotic therapy is effective for preventing renal scar formation resulting from experimentally induced pyelonephritis. However, the same treatment beginning 72 hours after infection does not prevent renal scarring in this paradigm. We examined whether delayed administration of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent ibuprofen only or combined with antibiotics suppresses renal scarring in a model of ascending pyelonephritis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An inoculum of 5x10(9) organisms per ml. of Escherichia coli strain BH-5 was instilled into the bladder of rats and the urethra was occluded for 4 hours. Groups of animals were and were not treated with 15 mg./kg. cefadroxil or 10 mg./kg. ibuprofen given twice daily for 5 days, or the 2 drugs combined. Treatment began 72 hours after inoculation. In an additional group of rats sterile phosphate buffered saline was instilled into the bladder. In each rat the kidneys were examined grossly and microscopically 6 weeks later. RESULTS: Combined antibiotics and ibuprofen significantly inhibited gross renal scarring compared with no treatment or antibiotics only (p<0.05). No difference in renal scarring was detected in animals that received no treatment versus those that received antibiotics or ibuprofen only (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Renal scarring resulting from acute pyelonephritis in this rat model is not decreased by delayed treatment with antibiotics only. The addition of ibuprofen to antibiotic therapy is effective for decreasing renal scarring due to acute pyelonephritis even when treatment is delayed for 72 hours.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Functional evidence for presence of PEPT2 in rat choroid plexus: studies with glycylsarcosine.

PEPT2 expression has been established in brain and, in particular, mRNA transcripts and PEPT2 protein have been identified in choroid plexus. However, there is little evidence for the functional presence of this peptide transporter in choroid plexus tissue. In this study, we examined the in vitro uptake of a model dipeptide, glycylsarcosine (GlySar), with whole tissue rat choroid plexus in artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Our findings are consistent with the known transport properties of PEPT2, including its proton dependence, lack of sodium effect, specificity, and high substrate affinity for dipeptides. Kinetic analysis showed saturable transport of GlySar with a Michaelis constant (K(m)) of 129 +/- 32 microM and a maximum velocity (V(max)) of 52.8 +/- 3.6 pmol/mg/min. GlySar uptake (1.88 microM) was not inhibited by 1.0 mM concentrations of amino acids (glycine, sarcosine, L-histidine), organic acids and bases (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, tetraethylammonium), or non-alpha-amino cephalosporins (cephaloridine, cephalothin). In contrast, di- and tripeptides (GlySar, glycylproline, glycylglycylhistidine), neuropeptides (carnosine), and alpha-amino cephalosporins (cefadroxil, cephalexin) inhibited the uptake of GlySar by 85 to 90% at 1.0 mM. These findings indicate that PEPT2 is functionally active in choroid plexus and that it might play a role in neuropeptide homeostasis of cerebrospinal fluid. The ability of PEPT2 to transport drugs at the choroid plexus also may be important for future drug design, delivery, and tissue-targeting considerations.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of broad spectrum beta-lactamases on in vitro sensitivity of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to oral cephalosporins].

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases which confer resistance to oxymino cephalosporins, are derived from common TEM-1, TEM-2 and SHV-1. beta-lactamases by mutations which alter the configuration of active site and expand their spectrum of activity. The aim of this investigations was to determine the effect of these enzymes on in vitro susceptibility of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to oral cephalosporins. beta-lactamases were characterised by isoelectric focusing and polymerase chain reaction. The susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates harboring these enzymes to oral cephalosporins was determined by broth-microdilution method and the stability of these antibiotics to enzyme degradation was tested by macroiodometric method. Based on the isoelectric point beta-lactamases were assigned into three groups: SHV-2 type (pI 7.6), SHV-5 type (pI 8.2) and TEM-1 derivates (pI 5.4). All types of beta-lactamases described in this investigation were associated with high level of resistance to older cephalosporins like cephalexin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, cefotiam, cefprozil and cefadroxil and to amoxycillin too. Third generation oral cephalosporins like ceftibuten and cefetamet were more stable in the presence of beta-lactamases but some of the strains were resistant to these antibiotics too. SHV-5 beta-lactamases producers displayed higher level of resistance to most of oral cephalosporins compared to SHV-2 and TEM producing strains. According to the results of this investigation oral cephalosporins cannot be considered as a therapeutic option for the treatment of infections caused by ESBL producing K. pneumoniae isolates.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Localized pustulosis induced by betalactams.

Localized forms of pustular drug eruptions related to antibiotics are uncommon and their mechanism is still unknown. We describe herein a patient who developed numerous pin-head pustules without erythema in the peribuccal area after ingestion of ceftibuten and amoxicillin. The relationship with these drugs was confirmed by single-blind oral challenges. The following tests were performed: prick and intradermal tests with benzylpenicilloyl polylysine, minor determinant mixture, benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin; patch tests were also carried out with benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, cloxacillin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefazolin, ceftibuten and cefaclor. All cutaneous tests were negative. Controlled single-blind challenge tests were performed with amoxicillin, cefadroxil, ceftibuten, cefuroxime, cefaclor, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. All betalactam antibiotics tested gave a positive reaction, with good tolerance of other antibiotics; this would appear to indicate a specific mechanism of hypersensitivity and not an unspecific reaction to wide spectrum antibiotics.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The ECO*SENS Project: a prospective, multinational, multicentre epidemiological survey of the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary tract pathogens-interim report.

The ECO*SENS Project is the first international survey to investigate the prevalence and susceptibility of pathogens causing community-acquired, uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. At 240 centres in 17 countries, female patients presenting with symptoms of uncomplicated UTIs were asked to provide a urine sample for testing for the presence of leucocytes and bacteria. The bacteria were identified and their susceptibility to 12 antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of UTIs was determined. The objective of the survey was to collect 5000 urine samples to obtain approximately 3500 isolates of defined uropathogens. This interim report includes the results from 1960 urine samples, 75% of which contained a uropathogen. Escherichia coli accounted for the majority (80%) of uropathogens isolated in all 17 countries. The rates of resistance among E. coli strains were: ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole, 30%; trimethoprim alone or with sulphamethoxazole, 15%; nalidixic acid, 6%; ciprofloxacin, 3%; amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, mecillinam, cefadroxil, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin, 2%. The use of ampicillin, sulphonamides and trimethoprim alone or with sulphamethoxazole needs to be reconsidered. The seemingly rapid increase in quinolone resistance among community-acquired E. coli in some of the countries gives cause for concern.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

The ECO.SENS Project: a prospective, multinational, multicentre epidemiological survey of the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary tract pathogens--interim report.

The ECO.SENS Project is the first international survey to investigate the prevalence and susceptibility of pathogens causing community-acquired, uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women. At 240 centres in 17 countries, female patients presenting with symptoms of uncomplicated UTIs were asked to provide a urine sample for testing for the presence of leucocytes and bacteria. The bacteria were identified and their susceptibility to 12 antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of UTIs was determined. The objective of the survey was to collect 5000 urine samples to obtain approximately 3500 isolates of defined uropathogens. This interim report includes the results from 1960 urine samples, 75% of which contained a uropathogen. Escherichia coli accounted for the majority (80%) of uropathogens isolated in all 17 countries. The rates of resistance among E. coli strains were: ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole, 30%; trimethoprim alone or with sulphamethoxazole, 15%; nalidixic acid, 6%; ciprofloxacin, 3%; amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, mecillinam, cefadroxil, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin, < or =2%. The use of ampicillin, sulphonamides and trimethoprim alone or with sulphamethoxazole needs to be reconsidered. The seemingly rapid increase in quinolone resistance among community-acquired E. coli in some of the countries gives cause for concern.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Evaluation of the in vitro Activity of Cefprozil Relative to Other Oral Antimicrobial Agents Against Bacteria in Clinical Specimens from Patients in São Paulo With Respiratory Tract Infections.

Cefprozil is a new oral second generation cephalosporin. Its in vitro antimicrobial activity was evaluated against 371 recent clinical isolates from patients with respiratory infections. We tested the susceptibility of 244 streptococci (96 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 105 group viridans streptococci, 32 Streptococcus agalactiae, and 11 group A beta-hemolitic streptococci) 107 Haemophilus influenzae, and 20 oxacillin-susceptible S.aureus (OSSA). The isolates were susceptibility tested against cefprozil, cefaclor and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid by the E-test method; and against cefadroxil, cefuroxime, cefetamet, erythromycin, and azythromycin by disk diffusion. The methods and the susceptibility categorization followed the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) procedures. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was slightly more active againstH.influenzae (MICs(90) 0.5µg/mL) than cefprozil or cefaclor (MICs(90) 4 and 2µg/mL respectively). Cefprozil demonstrated potent activity against streptococci. Against S.pneumoniae, cefprozil was 2-4 fold more active than cefaclor (MICs(90)0.125 and 0.38µg/mL, respectively). S. pneumoniae susceptibility was 84% to penicillin, 95% to erythromycin and 97% to azithromycin by disk diffusion. Viridans streptococci showed higher MICs for cefprozil and cefaclor (MICs(90) 4µg/mL and 8µg/mL, respectively) and only 50% susceptibility to the macrolides. Cefprozil was four times more active than cefaclor and as active as amoxieillin/clavulanic acid against group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and S.agalactiae. These three compounds showed similar activity against OSSA. In conclusion, cefprozil demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against bacterial species responsible for respiratory infections in São Paulo.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

[The use of veterinary drugs during pregnancy of the dog].

To point out which antibiotics and NSAIDs are safe to use during pregnancy of the dog and which are not, a simple system for classification has been developed for veterinarians. To find out more information about what drugs and during what stage of pregnancy veterinarians prescribe, a random survey was carried out among veterinarians who work primarily with companion animals. To develop this system for classification, literature concerning the teratogenicity of veterinary drugs was evaluated. The results of the survey indicate that the possibility of a pregnancy is rarely taken into account when prescribing medications and that many drugs that have not been proven safe, are prescribed. From the evaluation of literature follows that benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid, cefadroxil, cefalexin and lincomycin are the safest and therefore the agents of choice during pregnancy. It would be better if NSAIDs were not to be used during the last stage of pregnancy, because they might cause delay of the delivery. Drugs that might be teratogenic should be avoided unless there is no alternative and the possible benefits for the bitch outweigh the risks for the foetus.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2002

[Effect of subinhibitory levels of selected antibiotics on susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains to phagocytosis and killing by rabbit granulocytes].

The aim of the study was to assess the of chosen antibiotics in subinhibitory concentrations (sub-MIC) on the sensitive of Staphylococcus aureus cells to phagocytosis and killing by rabbit granulocytes. The following antibiotics were used: cloxacillin, cefadroxil, cefuroxim, cefotaxim, gentamicin, netilmicin, lincomicin, doxycycline and riphamicin. A total of 144 S. aureus strains with varied sensitivity to these antibiotics were selected for the study. The experiment used granulocytes isolated from rabbit blood and S. aureus strains incubated for 18 h in TSB broth containing antibiotics in the concentrations of 0.1 MIC, 0.2 MIC and 0.5 MIC, and in the antibiotics-free medium. Phagocytosis was assessed by the method of differential staining with acridine orange and crystal violet, allowing simultaneous determination of phagocytised and killed S. aureus cell counts. The findings revealed that the culture of S. aureus in the presence of all the antibiotics used in subinhibitory concentrations increased significantly the susceptibility of most S. aureus strains to phagocytosis and killing by granulocytes. The above effect usually occurred in the concentrations of 0.1 MIC (54.2%), more seldom in 0.2 MIC (13%) and 0.5 MIC (15% of strains). Each group of S. aureus contained some which showed no change in susceptibility following culture with the chemotherapeutic agents in subinhibitory concentrations (26.3%). Insensitive strains to the subinhibitory effects were equally common among susceptible (27%), intermediate (23%) and resistant (26%) strains of S. aureus to the antibiotics used. No statistically significant reduction was noted in phagocytosis or killing by rabbit granulocytes. No correlation was observed between the susceptibility to the subinhibitory effects of the antibiotics involved and their biochemical mechanisms.

Animals↗