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Results for “Cardiovascular System”

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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2005

[The functional condition of the cardiovascular system and adaptation abilities in patients with calculous cholecystitis].

Clinical and functional evaluation of the cardiovascular system in patients with various clinical course of chronic calculous cholecystitis was carried out in pre- and postoperative period under conditions of muscle rest and allowable physical activity using treadmill test. Physical activity modeling found a range of potential complications, which are most characteristic of elderly patients as well as patients with coronary heart disease and postinfarction cardiosclerosis (PC). The study shows that operative intervention in patients with PC should be scheduled not only with the remoteness of the old myocardial infarction taken into account, but also considering the degree to which the heart has preserved its capability of adapting to stressful situations.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[The cardiovascular system in pre-eclampsia. Pathophysiology and sequelae to be treated].

Physiologic alterations of the cardiovascular system during normal pregnancy are the basis of all discussions about the problem of preeclampsia and treatment. The main point has to be the sufficient blood supply to the fetus. In this review cardiovascular alterations in high and low pressure system have been reported. High arterial blood pressure, elevated total peripheral resistance, reduced plasma volume, hemoconcentration, reduced suspension stability and hyperviscosity are symptoms which can be treated. Clinical experiences with a hemodynamic adjusted treatment, giving firstly infusionary therapy for correcting hypovolemia with the aim of an improvement within the low pressure system which cause an increase of cardiac output and then secondly the use of only such antihypertensive drugs having favourable effects on the uteroplacental blood flow are good and confirm theoretical considerations.

Cardiovascular System↗
PubMed1962

Selectivity in the study of the cardiovascular system.

The principle of selectivity in the roentgenology of the cardiovascular system is now firmly established. The chambers of the heart and certain vascular beds lend themselves admirably to selective catheter or needle study, without the necessity of perfusing large segments of the cardiovascular bed which are irrelevant to a particular study.A technique of percutaneous transfemoral selective ciné coronary arteriography has been developed and applied to clinical subjects. Nevertheless, selectivity has specific limitations, and the use of the selective versus the nonselective approach must be weighed in each case, with the status of the patient as well as the requirements of the diagnostic investigation taken into account in reaching a decision.

Angiocardiography↗
PubMed2006

beta3-adrenoceptors in the cardiovascular system: putative roles in human pathologies.

The sympathetic nervous system is central for the neurohumoral regulation of the cardiovascular system and is largely involved in many cardiovascular diseases affecting millions of people around the world. It is classically admitted that beta-adrenoceptors (beta-AR) of the beta1 and beta2 subtypes mediate the effects of catecholamines on the force of contraction of cardiac muscle, and on the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. However, the molecular characterization in 1989 of a third beta-AR subtype, beta3, and later its identification in human heart has changed the classically admitted paradigm on the regulation of heart function by the beta-adrenergic system. In blood vessels, beta3-AR, like beta1 and beta2, produced a relaxation. But at the present time, the physiological role of beta3-AR is not clearly identified. Thus, the purpose of this review is to summarize the pharmacological and molecular evidence supporting the functional roles of beta3-AR in cardiovascular tissues of various species, including humans. In addition, this review discusses the potential role of beta3-AR in several cardiovascular diseases and emphasizes their putative involvement as new therapeutic targets.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1989

The effect of octanoic fatty acid on the cardiovascular system of the guinea pig.

The aim of the study was to clarify the role of octanoic acid (OA) in the development of cardiovascular disorders occurring in some liver diseases associated with high OA levels in blood serum. The effect of OA (caprylic acid) on the functional state of the cardiovascular system was studied in guinea pig by means of the thermodilution method and ultrasound Doppler echography. It was found that, as a result of its inotropic action, OA decreases arterial pressure and vascular resistance while increasing cardiac output. The effect of OA can be inhibited by the administration of indomethacin, a fact suggesting the prostaglandin system plays a role in the mechanism of cardiovascular action of OA. This hypothesis represents a new concept regarding the pathogenesis of the hyperdynamic cardiovascular syndrome in liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Morphological and functional aspects of the cardiovascular system related to aging: does "aging heart" exist?].

Elderly people are the most rapid growing segment of society, and heart disease is the most common cause of death in this population. The aging process is associated with anatomic and physiologic alterations in the cardiovascular system; consequently, the manifestations of disease in the geriatric population differ from those involving younger patients. To formulate diagnosis of "aging heart" in older patient may be difficult, because of atypical symptoms or of the acceptance of symptoms as manifestations of old age. Aging is, moreover, often associated with a decline in physical activity, which may result in cardiovascular "deconditioning". The treatment strategy is the same as in younger patients, but the higher incidence of adverse effects and complications demands special awareness. In this article we discuss about age-related structural and functional changes that occur in the cardiovascular system, including changes in the heart muscle, valves, conduction system and major arteries.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

A catalogue of genes in the cardiovascular system as identified by expressed sequence tags.

The heart, which is composed of all the cellular components of the circulatory system, is a representative organ for obtaining genes expressed in the cardiovascular system in normal and disease states. We used partial sequences of cDNA clones, or expressed sequence tags, to identify and tag genes expressed in this organ. More than 3500 partial sequences representing > 3000 cDNA clones have been obtained from either the 5' or 3' end of inserts derived from human heart cDNA libraries. Of 3132 cDNA clones analyzed by sequence similarity searching against the GenBank/EMBL data bases, 1485 (47.4%) were found to represent additional, previously undiscovered genes, whereas 267 clones were matched to human brain expressed sequence tags. Clones matching to known genes were catalogued according to their putative structural and cellular functions. cDNA probes from reverse-transcribed mRNAs of fetal and adult hearts were used to study differential expression of selected clones in cardiac development. Cataloguing genes expressed in the heart may provide insight into the genes involved in health and cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Physiological aspects of the aging cardiovascular system.

Most putative studies on the physiology of the aging cardiovascular system in humans have been cross-sectional. The results are therefore bedeviled by selective mortality and probably influenced by subclinical disease processes. Even accepting these problems, critical reading of the published literature shows that there is very little substantive evidence for the "well-known" age-related changes in cardiovascular physiology such as baroreflex impairment, sympathetic hyperactivation, adrenoceptor dysfunction, or neurohumoral abnormalities.

Aged↗
PubMed1987

Peptides in the mammalian cardiovascular system.

Ample immunocytochemical evidence is now available demonstrating that several peptides are present in the mammalian cardiovascular system where they are localised to nerve fibres and myocardial cells. The neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, tachykinins and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) are localised to large secretory vesicles in subpopulations of afferent or efferent nerves supplying the heart and vasculature of several mammals, including man. Although they often exert potent pharmacological effects on the tissues in which they occur their physiological significance has still to be established. They may act directly via specific receptors and/or indirectly by influencing the release and action of other cardiovascular transmitters. In marked contrast, atrial natriuretic peptide is produced by cardiac myocytes and considered to act as a circulating hormone.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

[New noninvasive methods of cardiovascular system function assessment].

Increasing development of noninvasive methods of the cardiovascular system assessment as a consequence of increasing experience and technological progress cause more increasing aviability and interest of this techniques from the side of clinicians and scientists. The aim of this study was to present two noninvasive techniques: photoplethysmography and impedance cardiography with explanations of the basis of action, possibilities and limitations. Employment of this two methods opening new perspectives in haemodynamic assessment in many clinical situations for instance: shock, pulmonary edema, heart insufficiency, arterial hypertension and eclampsia. These methods could optimize farmacotherapy or stimulation parameters in patients with heart stimulation as well as to come to know and understand correlations between autonomic nervous system activity and haemodynamic changes. Noninvasivity and low costs of these procedures cause that impedance cardiography and photoplethysmographic blood pressure measurement will become wide use and acceptable methods all over the world.

Cardiography, Impedance↗
PubMed2002

Interaction of the cardiovascular system with an implanted rotary assist device: simulation study with a refined computer model.

In recent years, implanted rotary pumps have achieved the level of extended clinical application including complete mobilization and physical exercise of the recipients. A computer model was developed to study the interaction between a continuous-flow pump and the recovering cardiovascular system, the effects of changing pre- and afterloads, and the possibilities for indirect estimation of hemodynamic parameters and pump control. A numerical model of the cardiovascular system using Matlab Simulink simulation software was established. Data of circulatory system modules were derived from patients, our own in vitro and in vivo experiments, and the literature. Special care was taken to simulate properly the dynamic pressure-volume characteristics of both left and right ventricle, the Frank-Starling behavior, and the impedance of the proximal vessels. Excellent correlation with measured data was achieved including pressure and flow patterns within the time domain, response to varying loads, and effects of previously observed pressure-flow hysteresis in rotary pumps. Potential energy, external work, pressure-volume area, and other derived heart work parameters could be calculated. The model offers the possibility to perform parameter variations to study the effects of changing patient condition and therapy and to display them with three-dimensional graphics (demonstrated with the effects on right ventricular work and efficiency). The presented model gives an improved understanding of the interaction between the pump and both ventricles. It can be used for the investigation of various clinical and control questions in normal and pathological conditions of the left ventricular assist device recipient.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1998

[ATP-sensitive K+ channels of the cardiovascular system].

ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are inhibited by intracellular ATP and activated by intracellular nucleoside diphosphates, and thus provide a link between cellular metabolism and excitability. They are widely distributed in various tissues including heart and vasculature, and thus may play essential regulatory roles in the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, KATP channels are the targets of two important classes of drugs, i.e., the antidiabetic sulfonylureas which block the channels, and a series of vasorelaxants called "K+ channel openers" which tend to maintain the channels in an open conformation. Recently, the molecular structure of KATP channels has been clarified in various tissues including cardiovascular system to be a complex of at least two subunits, i.e. SUR and Kir6.0. The KATP channels in heart and vascular smooth muscle now appear to be the complexes of SUR2A/Kir6.2 and SUR2B/Kir6.1, respectively. Further works are now in progress to understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for the control of KATP channel function by intracellular nucleotides and drugs.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗