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PubMed1977

Relationship between food intake and insulin response to oral glucose tolerance test in short lean children.

Based on diet questionnaires and food intake analysis, a study was made of the eating habits of 35 lean children and adolescents with constitutional familial short stature. The children were divided into four groups according to their plasma insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test (normal or low) and to the season during which the test was given. No statistically significant differences in caloric intake were found. The overall total caloric intake in all groups was 166 to 190% of the recommended dietary allowances set by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. It is concluded that the insulin response to the oral glucose tolerance test is not related to caloric intake.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Nutritional studies in the weanling rat with normophagic hypothalamic obesity.

Weanling male hypothalamic-obese Sprague-Dawley rats (VMNL) and sham-operated controls (CON) fed stock diet for 2 weeks postoperatively ate similar amounts, but VMNL laid down more fat and less body weight per calories. Three equicaloric diets of different macronutrient (MN) content each were fed for 21 days. Diet selection: VMNL selected more carbohydrate (CHO) diet and protein diet but similar amounts of fat diet; total caloric intake was comparable. Percent diet selection showed the identical pattern. MN intake: VMNL ingested more percent CHO, less percent protein and similar percent fat as CON. Refeeding after 2-day fast: both groups selected similar amounts of diets, but VMNL ingested less protein. High protein diet along (9 days): both groups increased caloric intake over previous regimens, weight gain and caloric intake were similar, but Lee Index was higher in VMNL. Stock diet (32 days): VMNL showed normal body weight gains but higher Lee Index despite hypophagia. They utilized calories similarly for body weight gains but more poorly for fat deposition than CON. After death several key plasma substrates were similar in both groups but epididymal fat pads were heavier in VMNL.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1991

Effects of dietary fiber supplementation on glycemic control in dogs with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus.

The effect of a high insoluble-fiber (IF) diet containing 15% cellulose in dry matter, high soluble-fiber (SF) diet containing 15% pectin in dry matter, and low-fiber (LF) diet on glycemic control in 6 dogs with alloxan-induced insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was evaluated. Each diet contained greater than 50% digestible carbohydrate in dry matter. A crossover study was used with each dog randomly assigned to a predetermined diet sequence. Each dog was fed each diet for 56 days. Caloric intake was adjusted weekly as needed to maintain each dog within 1.5 kg of its body weight measured prior to induction of diabetes mellitus. All dogs were given pork lente insulin and half of their daily caloric intake at 12-hour intervals. Mean (+/- SEM) daily caloric intake was significantly (P less than 0.05) less when dogs consumed the IF diet vs the SF and LF diets (66 +/- 3 kcal/kg, 81 +/- 5 kcal/kg, and 79 +/- 4 kcal/kg, respectively). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher when dogs consumed the LF diet vs the IF and SF diets (182 +/- 37 IU/L, 131 +/- 24 IU/L, and 143 +/- 24 IU/L, respectively). Mean postprandial plasma glucose concentration measured every 2 hours for 24 hours, beginning at the time of the morning insulin injection, was significantly (P less than 0.05) lower at most blood sampling times in dogs fed IF and SF diets, compared with dogs fed the LF diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Fluoxetine decreases fat and protein intakes but not carbohydrate intake in male rats.

Administration of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, results in decreases in food intake and body weight. The present study investigated whether the anorectic actions of fluoxetine were due to a general decrease in caloric intake or macronutrient specific. Male Long-Evans rats were maintained on a dietary self-selection regime with separate sources of protein, fat, and carbohydrate. During the acute phase of the experiment, nutrient intakes were measured 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after injections of 0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg fluoxetine hydrochloride. Fluoxetine significantly decreased protein and fat intakes in a dose-related manner at all measurement times. In comparison, fluoxetine had a less pronounced effect on carbohydrate intake. During the chronic phase, rats were divided into two groups, one receiving daily injections of 10.0 mg/kg fluoxetine, and the other, vehicle injections. Drug injections continued for 28 days, and were followed by a 28-day withdrawal period. Rats given fluoxetine on a chronic basis consumed significantly less calories and gained significantly less weight than rats injected with the vehicle. Both caloric intake and body weight returned to control values during the withdrawal period. Fat and protein intakes also were significantly reduced throughout the drug injection period, and were restored to baseline levels during the withdrawal period. In contrast, carbohydrate intake was not reduced on an absolute basis, and actually was increased as percent of total caloric intake during the drug period. The results of this experiment call into question the idea that increased serotoninergic activity is related to selective reductions in carbohydrate intake.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

How restrained eaters perceive the amount they eat.

The cognitive model of binge eating states that it is the awareness of a broken diet that disinhibits the restrained eater. It is, according to that model, the perception of having overeaten that triggers disinhibited eating. However, although the perception of the amount eaten plays a central role in cognitive restraint theory, it has never directly been tested how restrained subjects perceive the amount of food they eat. In the present studies, participants were given ad libitum access to large amounts of palatable food and both their perception of the amount eaten and their estimated caloric intake were compared with the amount they actually ate. The restrained participants in these studies ate more than the unrestrained participants. In the first and second studies, the restrained participants consumed 571 and 372 'forbidden' calories respectively, without having the feeling that they had eaten very much, let alone too much. Moreover in both studies, the restrained eaters underestimated their caloric intake, whereas unrestrained eaters estimated their caloric intake quite well. The potential implications of the present findings for the cognitive restraint model are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Influence of moderate daily wine consumption on body weight regulation and metabolism in healthy free-living males.

OBJECTIVE: Although previous studies have clearly demonstrated that energy from alcohol may not be efficiently utilized to maintain body weight when it comprises 20% or more of the daily caloric intake, there is considerable debate regarding the influence of moderate alcohol consumption (< or = 5% of the total daily caloric intake) upon metabolism, substrate utilization and body weight regulation. Consequently, the objectives of this study were to determine whether moderate alcohol consumption could influence body weight via changes in substrate utilization, oxygen consumption or alterations in dietary macronutrient content. METHODS: Fourteen male subjects (mean age = 32.1 years) participated in a 12-week, free-living, crossover trial in which they either drank red wine (270 ml; 13% v/v ethanol) daily for 6 weeks and then abstained for the next 6 weeks or vice-versa. RESULTS: Whether wine was imbibed or not, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were demonstrated for any of the following variables: body weight, body fat percentage, skinfold thickness, resting metabolic rate, respiratory quotient, caloric intake, dietary macronutrient content, or fasting insulin or glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: In free-living subjects over a 6-week period, the addition of two glasses of red wine to the evening meal does not appear to influence any measured variable which may adversely affect body weight or promote the development of obesity during this time period.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Evidence that the amount of food consumed in early life fixes appetite in the rat.

Rats were raised in litters of 22 (low caloric intake) or litters of 4 (high caloric intake). At the end of 62 wk, rats from large litters were approximately 140 g lighter than those from small litters even though all animals were permitted unrestricted access to food after weaning. One factor responsible for the smaller body size was a lower voluntary food intake after weaning (8,188 +/- 205 g vs. 9,808 +/- 193 g; P less than 0.001). These results provide evidence that the amount of food consumed during suckling plays an important role in determining the habitual food intake of rats in later life. In a separate experiment, rats were raised in litters of 4, 13, 17, or 22. The results show that as litter size increased from 4 to 22, a corresponding reduction in the voluntary intake of food occurred. These results provide evidence that by controlling the food intake of the newborn rat it is possible to "program" the animal for a desired voluntary food intake in later life.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Preserved fetal plasma amino acid concentrations in the presence of maternal hypoaminoacidemia.

The effects on the conceptus of persistently decreased maternal plasma amino acid concentrations were studied in pregnant rats by the infusion of glucagon (0.21 mg/day) to the mother from day 14 to 20 of gestation with a subcutaneous, osmotically driven minipump. Controls received diluent. The experimental animals either had normal caloric intake and weight gain, or diminished caloric intake with no weight gain. Both experimental groups exhibited a decrease in plasma total amino acid concentration of approximately 50%. Maternal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were unaffected except for slight decreases in the low weight gain group. At cesarean section on day 20, fetal weight was unaffected in the normal weight gain group, while the low weight gain animals exhibited intrauterine growth retardation. Fetal plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were unaffected. Despite the marked decrease in maternal plasma total amino acid concentration, fetal plasma total amino acid concentration was unaffected. Individual plasma amino acid concentrations in the normal weight gain mothers and fetuses revealed a spectrum of changes. Some maternal amino acids were decreased by more than 60% (alpha-aminobutyric acid, asparagine, threonine, glutamine, alanine) while others were unaffected (tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, histidine). In general, amino acids that were decreased in the mother exhibited no change or a lesser decrease in fetal plasma concentration, while those that were unaffected in the mothers showed increased fetal concentrations. Fetuses from the low weight gain mothers had plasma amino acid profiles that were similar to those of the normal weight gain mothers.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1980

[Dietary behavior during pregnancy (author's transl)].

A study on dietary behavior during pregnancy was performed between June and December 1975 at the Saint Antoine Maternity Hospital in Paris. In addition to the routine clinical examinations at the 3rd, 6th, 8th and 9th month of pregnancy, the women were systematically questioned on their dietary and tobacco habits. Results show that: (1) the mean caloric intake is constant during the first trimester and then significantly decreases in the last two trimesters (2) the fatter the woman before pregnancy, the lower the caloric intake at the successive examinations (3) the total weight gain is positively related to the caloric intake during the first trimester, but not related to the dietary data observed at the 6th, 8th or 9th examinations (4) birth weight seems to be more related to body size before pregnancy than to weight gain.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cord blood and postnatal serum leptin and its relationship to steroid use and growth in sick preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of prenatal and postnatal glucocorticoids use on serum leptin and weight gain in sick preterm infants and its correlation with caloric intake. METHODS: Serum leptin was measured in 24 neonates at day 1 (cord), 14 and 28 by radioimmunoassay. Total caloric intake (enteral and parenteral) and weight were measured on days 14 and 28 of life. RESULTS: Mean birth weight and gestational age of study infants were 864 +/- 273 g (mean +/- SD) (range 520-1755 g), and 26.6 +/- 2.4 weeks (23-32 weeks) respectively. Cord blood leptin was greater in infants whose mothers received antenatal steroids (1.98 +/- 1.05 ng/ml vs 0.94 +/- 0.39 ng/ml, p=0.004). Serum leptin increased postnatally from 1.52 +/- 1.0 ng/ml at birth to 2.2 +/- 1.3 ng/ml on day 28 of life (p=0.03). Mean serum leptin had an inverse exponential relationship with postnatal weight gain by day 28 of life (R2=0.56). Total caloric intake on days 14 and 28 of life did not correlate with postnatal weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: Increased serum concentration of leptin following glucocorticoids may be associated with poor weight gain in sick preterm infants.

Betamethasone↗
PubMed1990

Dietary intake of women runners.

One hundred and three women who were habitual distance runners and 74 age-matched physically inactive women provided three-day diet records. Intergroup differences in intakes of energy nutrients, micronutrients, cholesterol and fiber were evaluated via analysis of variance and, to assess qualitative differences, via analysis of covariance with total caloric intake entered as the covariate. Women runners reported consuming more carbohydrate (192.4 vs 165.0 g.d-1) and less fat (57.5 vs 66.1 g.d-1) than did the inactive women (p less than .05). After controlling for the non-significant intergroup difference in caloric intake, these differences persisted and protein intake was lower in the runners. Cholesterol and saturated fat intakes were lower and fiber intake was greater in the runners, with and without control for differences in caloric intake. These data suggest that female runners, when compared to inactive counterparts, tend to follow dietary practices that conform more closely to the current recommendations of health authorities.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intestinal transit and body weight responses to ovarian hormones and dietary fiber in rats.

A two-part experimental design was used to study the effects of ovarian hormone cessation, hormone supplementation, and dietary fiber composition on body weight, appetite, and intestinal transit. In Part 1, effects of ovarian hormone status on body weight and baseline and stimulated intestinal transit were measured in chow-fed rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized (OVX), then injected daily (22 days) with estrogen (E), progesterone (P), the combination (E + P), or placebo. Controls were sham operated and placebo injected. Among OVX rats, E and E + P had the least body weight gain (9%, 6%); placebo and P had the greatest (36%, 34%). In OVX-P, baseline intestinal transit (measured in anesthetized rats as distance traveled by a charcoal marker) was relatively low, but vagal stimulation via centrally administered thyrotropin-releasing hormone evoked an increase significantly larger than that in other groups. In Part 2, experiments probed the interacting effects of ovarian hormone cessation and dietary fiber composition on body weight and baseline intestinal transit. Caloric intake was measured to determine the contribution of altered appetite. Rats were OVX or sham operated, then fed liquid diets with or without dietary fiber (25 days). OVX fiber-fed rats had significantly higher caloric intake, weight gain, and baseline intestinal transit than other groups. Caloric intake did not fully account for group differences. These results demonstrate modulation of GI function by ovarian hormones and dietary fiber.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

A study of oral nutritional support with oxandrolone in malnourished patients with alcoholic hepatitis: results of a Department of Veterans Affairs cooperative study.

A Veterans Affairs cooperative study involving 273 male patients was performed to evaluate efficacy of oxandrolone in combination with an enteral food supplement in severe alcoholic hepatitis. All patients had some degree of protein calorie malnutrition. On an intention-to-treat basis, only minimal changes in mortality were observed. However, in patients with moderate malnutrition mortality on active treatment at 1 mo was 9.4% compared with 20.9% in patients receiving placebo. This beneficial effect was maintained so that after 6 mo on active treatment 79.7% of patients were still alive, compared with 62.7% of placebo-treated patients (p = 0.037). Improvements in both the severity of the liver injury (p = 0.03) and malnutrition (p = 0.05) also occurred. No significant improvement was observed with severe malnutrition. To better determine the effect on therapeutic efficacy, we compared results with those from a nearly identical population (cooperative study 119) treated with oxandrolone but not given the food supplement. Patients were stratified according to their caloric intake (greater than 2,500 kcal/day was considered adequate to supply energy needs and promote anabolism). For patients with moderate malnutrition and adequate caloric intake, oxandrolone treatment reduced 6-mo mortality (4% active treatment vs. 28% placebo [p = 0.002]). For patients with moderate malnutrition and inadequate calorie intake, oxandrolone had no effect on mortality (30% active treatment vs. 33% placebo). In cases of severe malnutrition, oxandrolone had no effect on survival. However, adequate caloric intake was associated with 19% mortality, whereas patients with inadequate intake exhibited 51% mortality (p = 0.0001). These results indicate that nutritional status should be evaluated in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. When malnutrition is present, vigorous nutrition therapy should be provided, and in patients with moderate malnutrition oxandrolone should be added to the regimen.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Caloric restriction as a mechanism mediating resistance to environmental disease.

It has been observed that susceptibility to many degenerative diseases increases concurrently with industrialization and rising living standards. Although epidemiologic studies suggest that specific environmental and dietary factors may be important, caloric intake alone (as reflected in body size) may account for much of the differential risk observed among diverse human populations. It has been suggested from animal studies that caloric intake may be the primary effector for many hormonal, metabolic, physiologic, and behavioral responses that coordinate reproductive strategy to apparent availability of food. When caloric intake is excessive, particularly at critical developmental stages, physiologic priorities are set for body growth and fecundity rather than for endurance and longevity. The converse occurs during periods of famine, thus increasing the probability that sufficient individuals survive to restore the population when conditions improve. Calorically restricted rodents have significantly longer reproductive and total life spans than their ad libitum-fed controls and exhibit a spectrum of biochemical and physiologic alterations that characterize their adaptation to reduced intake. These include reduced stature, hypercorticism in the absence of elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, increased metabolic efficiency, decreased mitogenic response coupled with increased rates of apoptosis, reduced inflammatory response, induction of stress proteins and DNA repair enzymes, altered drug-metabolizing enzyme expression, and modified cell-mediated immune function. The overall profile of these changes is one of improved defense against environmental stress. This has been suggested as the mechanistic basis for the protective effects of low body weight on radiation and chemically induced cancers in experimental animals. It may also explain the significantly higher thresholds of acute toxicity observed when calorically restricted rodents are exposed to certain test compounds.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1999

[Alzheimer's disease and nutrition].

Weight loss is a nutritional problem commonly associated with Alzheimer disease. Two types of weight loss have been described. A severe weight loss correlated with a decrease in daily caloric intake and with increased difficulties in performing the activities of daily living. A slowly progressive but clinically significant loss, not associated with either a decrease in caloric intake or an inflammatory syndrome. It is difficult to explain this type of weight loss as subjects have adequate caloric intakes. Several hypothesis are however considered as increased energy requirements (which can result from increased energy expenditure, from increased metabolic disorder, or from increased growth hormone secretion), or mesial temporal cortex atrophy. But, at the present time, no study can give a proper explanation. Vitamin deficiencies, specially vitamin B6, B12 and folates, high homocysteine level, antioxidants deficiencies (especially, vitamin E deficiency), iron, counter, and phenol derived could also influence the memory capacities and have an effect upon cognitive impairment, as reported in epidemiological studies. The prevention of nutritional deficiencies in patients with Alzheimer's disease, could be one of the strategies to improve the caregiver and the patients quality of life.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Food, water and ethanol consumption by rats under a fixed-interval schedule of food presentation.

Rats could lever press 24 hours a day for 97 mg food pellets under a fixed-interval (FI) 90 second schedule. During the first 4 days, an ethanol solution was the only available fluid, after which both water and ethanol solutions were available. At ethanol concentrations (w/v) of 5%, 7.5% and l0%, total caloric intake and total fluid intake remained constant, while ethanol consumption was inversely proportional to the concentration of the solution. When the FI 90s schedule was changed to FI 45 s, or to FI 180 s, there were only small changes in total caloric intake, total fluid intake and in percentages of total fluid consumption and total caloric intake as ethanol. The data suggest that the intake of ethanol under this fixed-interval schedule depends more on the ethanol concentration than on the calories obtained from ethanol drinking.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1994

Calorie intake, frequency of stool and duration of diarrhoea in children in rural south Sumatera, Indonesia.

One hundred twenty-five children 12-30 months old in a rural area of South Sumatera, Indonesia, were followed for 6 months to observe the changes in caloric intake during their first episodes of diarrhoea. The reasons for these changes were explored. Efforts have also been made to test the association between caloric intake and frequency of stools or duration of diarrhoea. Fifty-three first diarrhoeal episodes occurring in 53 children were analyzed. During months when diarrhoea occurred, the average caloric intake during diarrhoeal episodes was 61.98% of the recommended requirements for age, compared with 74.57% of the recommended requirements for age on days without diarrhoea. Thus, there was a 17% reduction during diarrhoea (p < .05). Children with high intake (> 74.57% of recommended requirements) had more stools (p < .05 day 1; p = .059 day 2) but not significantly fewer days of diarrhoea than those with low intake (< 74.57%). Anorexia was the only dominant factor in causing reduced intake. We conclude that the reduced intake is a consequence of child anorexia and is associated with fewer stools but no change in duration. We, therefore, emphasize that mothers should be more attentive in persuading the anorectic child to eat more. This is because, although frequency of stools may increase during the first days of diarrhoea as a result of more feeding, the time to recovery is no longer than when food is reduced, and because increased feeding helps to prevent malnutrition.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

No effects of glycogen depleting exercise and altered diet composition on mood states.

To investigate the effects of glycogen depleting exercise and dietary composition on mood, 14 males completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire under four conditions. A control condition (CON) of ad libitum diet preceded any experimental manipulation. Subsequently, three treatments were administered randomly in a counterbalanced design: a) following a glycogen-depletion protocol and 3 d on a high-carbohydrate diet (93% of total caloric intake as carbohydrate [CHO]), b) following a glycogen-depletion protocol and 3 d on a low-CHO diet (23% of total caloric intake as CHO), and c) following 3 d of recorded ad libitum dietary consumption. Conditions a and b simulated phases of popular glycogen-loading protocols, and condition c served as a second control condition confirmed by records of dietary intake. The POMS measured tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, anger-hostility, vigor-activity, fatigue-inertia, and confusion-bewilderment. A composite score of total mood disturbance (TMD) was computed by summing the subscale scores (weighting vigor-activity negatively). Dietary composition (fat, protein, and CHO content) differed significantly (P less than 0.001) among the three treatments, but total caloric intake was not different. No significant differences were found among the treatment and control conditions for TMD or any POMS subscale score. We find no evidence that the 3-d glycogen loading protocol we employed with healthy, moderately fit, young males can be expected to confound performance measures by altering mood.

Adult↗