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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1982

Reproduction, infant survival and productivity of a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus).

Starting with 4 pairs of marmosets, 204 young were successfully reared during 6 years. They were kept in family groups of 2- 10. Litter size varied from 1-4; singletons (2%), twins (35%), triplets (55%), and quadruplets (8%). The mean annual increase of weaned young was 3.24 per pair. The median interbirth interval was 154 days. Of 46 pairs of marmosets, 8 failed to produce young. Approximately 11% of young born were stillborn and a further 32% of all young born died within 3 weeks; perinatal mortality is largely a result of the failure of parents to rear more than 2 young. In only 2 of 68 triplet births did the parents rear the young unaided. 53% of young born were males but differential mortality reduced the final sex ratio for live young to 50-5% males. Females did not accept and rear the young after caesarian section. The linear regression of the growth curve for 5-17 months (where y = weight in grams and x = months) could be expressed as y = 16.6x + 163.6. The data form 4 marmoset colonies are compared and the relative efficiency of breeding methods discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Craniofacial growth in young marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

A cross-sectional study of craniofacial growth in young marmosets was performed. Selected linear craniofacial measurements were obtained from groups of 5 animals of each sex at 3 monthly intervals from birth to 1 year. These data provide a baseline for comparison with other colonies and in the assessment of teratogens on craniofacial development.

Aging↗
PubMed1984

Reference intervals for some clinical chemical parameters in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): effect of age and sex.

Reference intervals for some clinical chemistry parameters in the marmoset were calculated. The effects of age (250-300 days compared with 500-550 days) and sex on the values found was investigated. Alkaline phosphatase levels decreased with age, young males having higher plasma levels than young females, but no sex differences were discernible for older animals. Levels of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and sorbitol dehydrogenase were higher in older males than in younger females. Higher plasma iron levels were found in the males with increasing age. Age and sex effects for protein and albumin were interactive and further interpretation was therefore difficult. No significant age or sex effects were seen for cholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase or bilirubin.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

Morphological assessment of testicular maturity in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

The onset of spermatogenesis in relation to age, bodyweight and testes weight in 105 marmosets used in safety studies has been reviewed. The histological recognition of adverse effects on spermatogenesis is an important part of these studies and this survey indicates that male marmosets should be at least 50 weeks and preferably 60 weeks of age if an assessment of all stages of spermatogenesis is required for safety evaluation.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Canine tooth root infection as a cause of facial abscess in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

Facial abscesses in a colony of common marmosets were found to be caused by abscessation of an upper canine tooth root. Trauma to the upper canine, resulting in exposure of the pulp cavity, was thought to be the mode of infection. Radiography was the most useful diagnostic aid in establishing the nature and extent of the lesion. Antibiotic therapy alone was inadequate, and provision of drainage by extracting the tooth, in conjunction with antibiotics, proved the most effective treatment.

Abscess↗
PubMed1984

The effect of haemolysis on some clinical chemistry parameters in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

The effect of haemolysis on the levels of commonly analysed plasma constituents was investigated in the common marmoset. Results were divided into a) low levels of extra haemolysis (less than 2 g/l plasma haemoglobin) and b) high levels of extra haemolysis (greater than 2 g/l plasma haemoglobin). Mean changes in plasma constituent levels were examined and the correlation with increased haemolysis measured. Large changes in malate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase were found at low levels of haemolysis. With higher levels of haemolysis there were statistically significant changes in the levels of alanine aminotransferase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase. The significance of these findings is considered in relation to the interpretation of changes of plasma constituents as indicators of tissue/organ damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Long-term data on the reproduction and maintenance of a colony of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus) 1972-1983.

We have used our laboratory records to compare data on the reproduction and maintenance of common marmosets in different colonies and to provide additional information on the species in captivity. Data are presented for a period of 12 years. This was long enough to allow information on longevity, mortality, aggression and incest. In addition 543 infants were born from a total of 202 births. No seasonality was found and the highest proportion of births overall was that of triplets. A significantly greater proportion of males was born, but perinatal mortality reduced this to a proportion of 52.2% surviving males. The interbirth interval for all normal births ranged from 145 to 382 days, with a median of 158 days. There was no evidence that interbirth intervals increased with age. The proportion of non-breeding pairs was small (4 out of 28) and progesterone assays showed that these females were ovulating.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

A restraint system for the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

A method for restraining the marmoset in a primate chair is described. The device is inexpensive to construct, is reliable, and the majority of animals can be habituated to its use. The chair has been used in neurobiological studies employing electrophysiological recordings, with or without concurrent collection of serial blood samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Assessment of cage use by laboratory-bred common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

The way in which breeding families of laboratory-born marmosets used the space provided by their cages, and a small protruding 'veranda', was assessed in order to determine the popularity of the veranda as a form of environmental enrichment, and the extent to which the marmosets confined themselves to only part of the cage. The veranda was found to be of enduring interest to the marmosets whose occupancy of this space was an order of magnitude greater than the rest of the cage. The upper part of the cage was preferred to the bottom half. This preference was greater in larger cages and decreased when larger cages were temporarily reduced in size. It is unlikely, however, that the distribution of the occupancy of different parts of the cage resulted primarily from a fear of people in the holding room. The veranda, which was the most preferred place in the cage, was the nearest part of the cage to people in the room. Occupancy of the lower part of the cage increased when human observers sat on the floor, suggesting that some of the marmosets' behaviour comprised approaching, rather than avoiding, the observers, possibly for reasons of curiosity and social interaction.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Thyroid hyperactivity induced by methimazole, spironolactone and phenobarbital in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): histopathology, plasma thyroid hormone levels and hepatic T4 metabolism.

To determine drug-induced hyperfunction of marmoset thyroids due to inhibition of synthesis or enhancement of metabolic elimination of thyroid hormones, males were orally administered 10 and 30 mg/kg/day methimazole (MMI), 30 and 100 mg/kg/day spironolactone (SPL), or 50 mg/kg/day phenobarbital (PB) for 4 weeks. MMI caused marked hypertrophy of follicular epithelial cells in accordance with a significant decrease in the plasma thyroxin (T4) level. Hypertrophied epithelial cells were filled with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and reabsorbed intracellular colloids, and the luminal surface was covered with abundant microvilli. The colloid included vacuoles positive to anti T4 immuno-staining. SPL and PB also caused similar histomorphological changes, although they were less severe than those due to MMI and were not clearly associated with decrease in the plasma T4 levels. Hepatic T4 UDPGT activities tended to increase due to SPL and PB treatment, however, which were not so significant as increases in microsomal cytochrome P-450 contents. Some animals treated with SPL and PB showed marked increases in thyroid weights due to inactive dilated follicles. In conclusion, hyperactivity of thyroid follicles was induced in marmosets not only due to inhibition of T4 synthesis produced by MMI but also because of enhancement of hepatic T4 elimination produced by SPL and PB. However, hypertrophic effects of SPL and PB were less severe than MMI, because plasma T4 levels were maintained at almost pretreatment or control levels after SPL or PB treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Plasma prolactin concentrations during the ovarian cycle and lactation and their relationship to return of fertility post partum in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).

A heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay was used to measure plasma prolactin concentrations in 27 marmosets. The assay was valid for the marmoset because plasma levels of prolactin were increased in response to TRH and metoclopramide and suppressed in response to bromocriptine treatment. During the cycle there were no consistent changes in plasma prolactin concentrations. During lactation mothers suckling single or twin infants had higher prolactin levels than did non-suckling females and levels were highest with twins. No statistically significant delay in the resumption of ovulation post partum was observed for the suckling and non-suckling females; conception occurred in all but one marmoset by 70 days post partum. These results show that neither the suckling stimulus nor high levels of prolactin post partum delay the return of ovulation and fertility in the common marmoset, a result in contrast to that for all other primate species so far investigated.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Inhibition of ovarian function in subordinate female marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus jacchus).

Plasma concentrations of progesterone, cortisol, LH and prolactin were measured in dominant and subordinate female marmosets in 10 well-established peer groups. Subordinate females never ovulated, had a reduced LH response to LH-RH and showed no positive feedback LH surge after oestrogen administration. There was no evidence of elevated plasma cortisol levels or hyperprolactinaemia in subordinates and all showed a similar prolactin response to TRH in comparison with dominants. However, subordinates showed a reduced prolactin response to metoclopramide. These results clearly indicate that high circulating levels of cortisol or prolactin are not responsible for the inhibition of ovulation in female marmosets.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Plasma testosterone response to hCG stimulation in the male marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus jacchus).

In adult animals the intramuscular injection of hCG was followed by a rapid rise in plasma testosterone levels within 2-3 h and at doses of 40 and 80 i.u. hCG this primary response was followed by a second peak of testosterone at 48 h. Prepubertal marmosets also responded to hCG stimulation with a rapid increase in plasma testosterone levels within 3 h, but the magnitude of this peak was lower than that observed in adult animals and no biphasic pattern was observed. In adult and prepubertal animals a second dose of hCG (40 i.u.) administered 24 h after the initial injection failed to produce a further rapid increment in plasma testosterone levels.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

Relationship between ovarian and placental steroid production during early pregnancy in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus).

Concentrations of progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, oestrone and oestradiol-17 beta in peripheral and utero-ovarian vein blood were measured during the first 60 days of pregnancy. The same hormones were also measured in peripheral blood samples from non-fertile cycles. Peripheral levels of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, oestrone and oestradiol increased gradually during early pregnancy whereas concentrations of progesterone declined. The patterns of secretion of progesterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and oestrone, but not oestradiol, were significantly different in fertile and non-fertile cycles by 15 days after ovulation. Comparison of hormone values in peripheral and utero-ovarian vein samples from ovaries with and without corpora lutea (Days 7, 9, 13, 21, 40 and 60 of pregnancy) showed that: (a) progesterone was secreted by the corpus luteum until at least Day 40 by which time there was also placental secretion; (2) although 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone was secreted by the corpus luteum, the relative contribution of luteal and placental secretion after Day 21 was not clear; (3) oestrone secretion by the corpus luteum was no longer detectable by Day 40, but placental oestrone secretion appeared to be present by this time; (4) the corpus luteum did not secrete significant amounts of oestradiol at any stage of early pregnancy, although there was evidence for placental secretion by Day 40. These results suggest that progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum of early pregnancy continues beyond the time when oestrogen secretion has declined. The corpus luteum to placental shift in the marmoset appears to occur at a later stage of pregnancy than it does in the macaque monkey and probably also in man.

17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone↗