On the effect of different concentrations of glucose administered into human stomachs on their gastric acidity, pH, sodium, potassium, chlorides and calcium contents.
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Calcium↗
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Surface properties of membrane systems: interaction of electrolyte and lipid with Ca2+ ionophores.
When spread from organic solvents onto electrolyte solutions, the Ca2+ ionophores A23187 (I) and X537A (II) formed films with relatively high surface pressures potentials. Ionophores I had collapse pressures between 16 and 19 dynes/cm and nearly equal surface activity on distilled water and on 1000 mEq of either sodium chloride or calcium chloride. Film pressure did not reveal appreciable ion selectivity. However, the surface potential of I on calcium chloride solution was higher than that on sodium chloride, and the potential difference, delta(deltaV), of 40 mv was independent of the electrolyte concentration. In contrast, the ion selectivity of II was dependent on the electrolyte concentrations since the delta(deltaV) value between calcium chloride and sodium chloride was maximal (130 mv) on 1000 mEq and negligible on 500- and 2000-mEq salt solutions. The isotherms of phospholipid-ionophore films were markedly different from those of the individual components, although they revealed ionophore characteristics at low film pressures and phospholipid behavior at high film pressures. The magnitude of the surface potential indicated that dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine enhanced, whereas mitochondrial lipid and cardiolipin reduced, the preference of the two ionophores for Ca2+ over Na+. Since the ion selectivity was manifested most at both high electrolyte and high lecithin concentrations, the ionophore probably prefers the low dielectric constant of neutral lipid membranes to complex with the selected cation.
Animals↗
[Absorption of calcium by growing goats: effect of oxalates].
The influence of sodium oxalate and calcium oxalate upon calcium digestibility was studied in growing goats. Furthermore, and in the same animals, calcium absorption efficiency was estimated after performing duodenal fistula which allowed us to introduce calcium chloride or calcium oxalate and sodium oxalate, in order to avoid ruminal bacteria action upon the forementioned compounds. Finally, calcium absorption of an isolated intestine loop was studied in conscious goats with a Crocker Markowitz fistula, in the presence or absence of oxalate. The addition of sodium oxalate to the diet did not significantly decrease calcium absorption; but when calcium was given as oxalate, absorption was considerably lower. When calcium was introduced as calcium chloride through duodenal fistula, absorption was the same as when the substance was given in the diet. Calcium absorption drastically decreased when sodium oxalate was introduced directly into the duodenum, this fact is confirmed when calcium absorption is estimated in a jejunal loop, which shows that the differences found in relation to the effect of dietary sodium oxalate or directly introduced in duodenum are due to the substance destruction by ruminal bacteria.
Absorption↗
Surface modifications of titanium in calcium-ion-containing solutions.
The surface of titanium was modified in calcium-ion-containing solutions to improve bone conductivity. Three kinds of aqueous solutions for the modification were prepared using calcium nitrate, calcium chloride, and calcium oxide. The pH values of the solutions were 3.9, 7.4, and 12.6, respectively. At first, anatase powder was immersed in the solutions of 7 days to confirm the effect of the solutions on the modification. As a result, calcium titanate was formed on the anatase powder, indicating that the titanium surface was possibly modified by the solutions. Titanium plates were then immersed in the solutions at ambient temperature for 7 days, washed by deionized water, and dried. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy of surface-modified titanium revealed that the surface-modified layer contained calcium hydroxide and/or calcium titanate. The surface-modified layer in which titanium was modified was thickest in this order: calcium oxide, calcium chloride, and calcium nitrate solutions. Apatite was formed on the surface-modified titanium in Hanks' solution while apatite was undetected on unmodified titanium. Therefore, the surface modification of titanium may improve bone conductivity. The amount of apatite corresponded to the thickness of the surface-modified layer and the amount of calcium in the layer.
Apatites↗
Effect of various chlorides and calcium carbonate on calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chloride balance and their relationship to urinary calculi in lambs.
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Ammonium Chloride↗
Patterns of proteoglycan degradation by a neutral protease from human growth-plate epiphyseal cartilage.
The hypothesis is widely held that proteolytic degradation of proteoglycans in the lower hypertrophic zone of the growth plate may be involved in the initiation of mineralization in the zone of provisional calcification. However, a neutral protease that is responsible for the degradation of proteoglycans in the growth plate has not been identified, isolated, and characterized. In the work reported here, neutral protease activity in the growth plate is demonstrated for the first time, and some of the properties of the enzyme are described. Proteoglycans subunits were prepared from bovine nasal cartilage and calf costal cartilage by equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation under dissociative conditions. The proteoglycan subunits were labeled with 14C-formaldehyde. Homogenates from human growth plates were examined for neutral protease activity using the proteoglycan subunits as substrates. Following incubation of the proteoglycan subunits with growth-plate homogenates at pH 5.3 and at pH 7.5 in the presence and absence of ten-millimolar magnesium chloride and calcium chloride, the digestion products were examined by gel chromatography on Sepharose-2B and 6B columns. Column eluants containing proteoglycan-subunit degradation products were monitored for uronic acid, hexose, and radio-activity. Maximum extensive degradation of proteoglycan subunits occurred at pH 7.5 in the presence of ten-millimolar magnesium chloride and calcium chloride.
Animals↗
Surface properties of membrane systems: interaction of ketamine with monomolecular films of ganliosides and mitochondrial lipids.
Ketamine solutions did not form a film (pi=0) but had an appreciable surface potential (delta V=500 mv), indicating a significant array of +/- oriented charge dipoles at the air-water interface, as opposed to calcium chloride solutions whose delta V was zero. The delta V values of ganglioside films spread on the aqueous phase varied in the order water less than sodium chloride less than calcium chloride less than ketamine hydrochloride. At equivalent concentrations, calcium chloride was 500 times as effective as sodium chloride, and ketamine at the clinical concentrations of 10-20 microgram/ml (36-72 micrometer) was 6000 times as effective as calcium chloride in raising the surface potential of gangliosides; the delta V effect with mitochondrial lipid was in the reverse order; water less than sodium chloride = ketamine hydrochloride less than calcium chloride. This calcium-ketamine inversion indicates a unique specificity of ketamine for gangliosides. Since ketamine acts on the brain and did not affect mitochondrial respiration, the surface potential data suggest that part of the mechanism of action of ketamine could be its interaction with synaptic surfaces and, specifically, with the sialic acid of gangliosides and/or glycoproteins present on the synaptic membrane surface.
Absorption↗
Intrarenal site of action of calcium on renin secretion in dogs.
We studied the effects of intrarenal calcium infusion on renin secretion in sodium-depleted dogs in an attempt to elucidate the major site of calcium-induced inhibition of renin release. Both calcium chloride and calcium gluconate reduced renal blood flow and renin secretion while renal perfusion pressure was unchanged. These data indicate that calcium inhibition of renin secretion did not occur primarily at the renal vascular receptor; decreased renal blood flow is usually associated with increased renin secretion. Calcium chloride infusion increased urinary chloride excretion without affecting sodium excretion, and calcium gluconate failed to increase either sodium or chloride excretion. Also, the filtered loads of sodium and chloride were unchanged during the calcium infusions. These results give no indication that calcium inhibited renin secretion by increasing the sodium or chloride load at the macula densa. The effects of intrarenal calcium infusion on renin release were also assessed in dogs with a nonfiltering kidney in which renal tubular mechanisms could not influence renin secretion. The observation that calcium still suppressed renin release in these dogs provides additional evidence that the the major effect of calcium involved nontubular mechanisms. Thus, it appears likely that calcium acted directly on the juxtaglomerular cells to inhibit renin secretion.
Animals↗
[Comparative study of the activity of anti-arrhythmia agents in calcium chloride-induced arrhythmia in mice].
Calcium chloride (280 mg/kg intravenously) provokes arrhythmia, heart fibrillation and death of mice. Pretreatment with isoptin, etmozine, lidocaine, trimecaine, quinidine and novocainamide prevents rhythm disorders and animals' death. Isoptin, etmozine, lidocaine and trimecaine have been found the most effective. Atropine does not produce any protective action. The simplicity and availability of the method described enables one to apply it as a model for search of new antiarrhythmic drugs.
Animals↗
Appraisal of calcium oxalate solubility in sodium chloride and sodium-calcium chloride solutions.
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Calcium↗
Signaling of lysophosphatidic acid-evoked chloride current: calcium release from inositol trisphosphate-sensitive store.
In Xenopus oocytes, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) evoked inward currents at the holding potential of -60 mV, which were quickly desensitized upon repeated challenges of the compound at 10 nM or 1 microM. This desensitization was prevented by pretreatment with protein kinase A inhibitor or recovered by its post-treatment, but not by the pretreatment with an inhibitor of protein kinase C or calmodulin kinase II. From pharmacological studies, the LPA-evoked currents were found to be mediated by phospholipase C, calcium-mobilization from thapsigargin-sensitive Ca2+ stores, araguspongine E-sensitive inositol trisphosphate receptor, and calcium-dependent chloride channels.
Animals↗
The solubility and properties of a purified ichthyocol in salt solutions of neutral pH.
1. Purified citrate-extracted ichthyocol obtained from carp swim bladders has been further characterized with respect to its content of certain amino acids and carbohydrate substances. 2. The degree of solubilization or dispersion of ichthyocol by solutions of certain salts maintained in the range of neutral pH and at a temperature of 0-2 degrees C. has been determined. 3. While a number of salts of monovalent cations had no significant solubilizing effects on ichthyocol, ammonium chloride in a concentration of 1 M did cause solution of the protein. 4. Sodium thiosulfate in a range of concentrations caused the solubilization of ichthyocol but was most effective in an intermediate concentration of 0.25 M. 5. Several salts of divalent cations, in particular the chlorides of calcium, magnesium, and barium, and magnesium thiosulfate in concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 1 M caused the immediate and complete solubilization of the ichthyocol. 6. Solutions of ichthyocol in calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and sodium thiosulfate buffered or adjusted to pH 7.0, were studied with respect to intrinsic viscosity of the protein, optical rotation, ultracentrifugal sedimentation, and reconstitution into fibers. It was found in each case that the original characteristics of the collagen, as determined previously in acid solution, were maintained when the protein was dissolved in salt solutions of neutral pH. No evidence of denaturation or gelatinization could be found when ichthyocol was solubilized under the stated conditions. 7. Collagen in neutral solution with sodium thiosulfate, calcium chloride, or magnesium chloride was not attacked by trypsin as determined viscometrically at 20.0 degrees C., but was rapidly degraded by a purified bacterial collagenase.
Acids↗
Aggregation patterns of bile salts: crystal structure of calcium cholate chloride heptahydrate.
Crystals of calcium cholate chloride heptahydrate, CaC24H39O7Cl . 7H2O, are monoclinic, space group P2(1), with a = 11.918(2), b = 8.636(1), c = 15.302(3) A, beta = 97.93(3) degrees, V = 1559.9(8) A3, and Z = 2. A trial structure was obtained by Patterson and Fourier techniques and was refined by full-matrix least-squares calculations using absorption corrected CuK-alpha diffractometer data. The final R index is 0.047. The crystal structure contains bilayer-type arrangements, with hydrophobic portions of cholate rings sandwiched between layers of polar groups that are interacting with calcium ions and water molecules. The calcium ion is coordinated to five water molecules and to the two carboxylate oxygen atoms of the cholate residue. Two additional water molecules are involved only in crystal packing through the formation of hydrogen bonds. Cholate-cholate hydrophobic interactions involve contacts between the hydrocarbon portions of the carboxylate sidechains and the A and B rings. This results in a staggered packing pattern that is nearly identical to that found in crystals of sodium cholate and rubidium deoxycholate. Similar bilayer aggregation patterns may also be involved in the formation of bile salt micelles in aqueous media. The characteristic bilayer packing arrangement can accommodate a variety of cation-binding patterns, as evidenced by the finding that calcium, sodium, and rubidium ions interact with the polar faces of the bilayers in different ways. The carboxylate sidechain displays two different conformations in the crystal structure of calcium cholate chloride heptahydrate. Variation in sidechain conformation may be of importance in the adjustment required to accommodate different cation coordination schemes.
Bile Acids and Salts↗
Modulation of calcium-activated chloride current via pH-induced changes of calcium channel properties in cone photoreceptors.
The activity of calcium-activated chloride channels is controlled through the complex interaction of cellular mechanisms affecting calcium entry, buffering, and extrusion, and an unknown stoichiometric relation between intracellular Ca concentration and Cl channel activation. Here, we show that calcium-activated chloride current [ICl(Ca)] in cone photoreceptors is also highly sensitive to external pH, being strongly reduced by acidification and enhanced by alkylinization of the bathing medium. We propose that this modulation is accounted for by the pH sensitivity of Ca channel activation and permeation, already well characterized in other cells, which we now extend to cone photoreceptor Ca channels. Acidification of the external medium from a control pH of 7.4 shifts the Ca channel activation range positively by about 10 mV at pH 6.8, reducing the magnitude of calcium current with a consequent reduction of chloride current. Alkylinization shifts the Ca channel activation range negatively by about 8 mV at pH 8 and produces larger calcium currents during step depolarizations that in turn elicit larger chloride tail currents. Modulation of ICl(Ca) by pH suggests other consequences of the pH-induced shift in Ca channel gating, for one, modification of Ca-dependent transmitter release, which could be especially significant in photoreceptors where the cell's operating voltage range overlaps only the lower end of the Ca channel activation range.
Ambystoma↗
Ionized calcium concentration and cardiovascular function after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Patients who required cardiopulmonary bypass were studied to determine the postoperative incidence of hypocalcemia and to quantify the effects of intravenous (IV) calcium chloride on ionized calcium (Ca++) concentration in blood and on cardiac function. Patients either received no calcium chloride postoperatively (control), or received it as an intermittent IV bolus (5 mg/kg) or as a constant infusion (0.5 mg/kg/min) whenever Ca++ concentration was less than 1.8 mEq/L. Hemodynamic profiles were determined every 15 minutes during the first two postoperative hours. Regardless of Ca++ concentration and therapy, cardiac indices, stroke indices, and vascular resistances of all patients never differed significantly. No variable changed consistently, other than Ca++ concentration, in those patients receiving calcium chloride. We conclude that postoperative hypocalcemia occurs frequently after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery, but not to the degree that would be expected to cause cardiovascular depression, and is readily corrected with IV calcium chloride. Myocardial depression occurred in all patients, but likely resulted from other causes.
Calcium↗
Effects of calcium on renin and aldosterone.
A series of experiments was undertaken to assess the effects of calcium administration, in vivo, on renin and aldosterone secretion. In the anesthetized dog, renin secretion was decreased by renal arterial infusions of calcium chloride and calcium gluconate; aldosterone excretion was not affected. In the sodium chloride-deprived rat, dietary calcium chloride loading decreased plasma renin activity, whereas calcium gluconate did not. Both calcium salts increased aldosterone production. In the non-filtering, denervated, papaverine-treated dog kidney, renin release was stimulated by renal arterial infusion of verapamil. In the rat, chronic oral verapamil administration decreased plasma aldosterone but had no effect on renin. In humans, chronic oral verapamil decreased aldosterone responsiveness to infusion of angiotensin II. Thus, in vivo renin release is inhibited by hypercalcemia and stimulated by blocking calcium transport; conversely, aldosterone production is stimulated by a high calcium intake and inhibited by blocking calcium transport. These effects of calcium on renin and aldosterone may have implications for understanding the putative relation between calcium and hypertension.
Aldosterone↗
Chemical composition and protein properties of peanuts.
Because of the shortage of food proteins throughout the world, peanut has attracted the interest as potential source of protein for human as well as animal consumption. It was shown that peanut from the four different sources contained fair amounts of protein and its products. Mineral elements analysis revealed that K, Mg, Cu, Mn, Fe and P were present in nutritionally significant amounts in all samples. Moreover, K was found in high level. The nutritional value of protein is considered by its content of essential amino acids. Peanuts contained high levels of arginine and histidine. The remaining amino acids were present in substantial quantities except methionine, tryptophan and cystine were considered low. Peanut proteins were extracted from defatted flour by different solvents: deionized water, sodium chloride and calcium chloride solutions at different pH-values. The extracting ability at pH from 1-4 was decreased and increased at pH 4-5 by raising the concentration of sodium chloride solutions, respectively. Whereas on using sodium chloride solutions at pH 6-10, the percentage of extracted protein decreased again. Calcium chloride solutions suppressed protein extractability at all pH-values tested. Both mono and divalent salts increased protein extractability at pH 4-5.5 and the extraction increased with higher salt concentrations.
Amino Acids↗
Depression of sodium, chloride and calcium ions in the plasma of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and immature freshwater- and seawater-adapted eels (Anguilla anguilla L.) after acute administration of salmon calcitonin.
Goldfish showed a significant reduction in their plasma sodium and calcium levels 1 h after receiving 50 i.u. calcitonin per kg body weight. When 100 i.u. calcitonin were injected there was a significant fall in circulating levels of both sodium and calcium and also of chloride ions compared with those found in untreated control animals. Administration of calcitonin to immature eels adapted to either freshwater or seawater conditions showed no significant change in plasma ion composition at doses of 10 i.u. per kg body weight or less. However, doses of 50 and 100 i.u. caused significant reductions in plasma sodium, chloride and calcium ion levels compared with sham-injected control animals. When immature eels were given 100 i.u. calcitonin per kg body weight there were significant reductions in the plasma levels of sodium, chloride and calcium ions but the timing of these changes was slightly different. In freshwater-adapted eels, the depression of plasma sodium was seen after 30 min and lasted for up to 2 h, whilst depression of plasma chloride and calcium was not seen until 1 h after injection. In addition, whilst the lowering of plasma chloride ions lasted up to 2 h after injection, the plasma calcium had returned to the preinjection control level by this time. In seawater-adapted eels the depression of sodium, chloride and calcium levels was seen at 30 min and the effect continued for up to 2 h after injection when the depression was no longer apparent.
Anguilla↗