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PubMed1981

Class, religious participation and psychiatric symptomology.

The theories of Marx and Freud suggest that religion can reduce psychiatric symptomology by promoting authoritarian submission. Previous research is inconclusive. Data from a community survey is analyzed with controls for agreeing response-set bias, social desirability bias, and with tests for curvilinearity. It is found that authoritarianism is not related to either religious participation or denomination, nor is psychiatric symptomology related to participation or denomination. Authoritarianism is not related to symptomology. Lower class position is the principle determinant of psychiatric symptomology. Religious participation, denomination, and authoritarianism have no real affect on this. This particular aspect of the theories of Marx and Freud is rejected.

Authoritarianism↗
PubMed1999

Fertility policy in Ceausescu's Romania.

This study tests a model for the impact that Ceausescu's pro-natalist policies had on the Romanian fertility rate between 1967 and 1989. Using time-series analysis the authors' findings show that the Ceausescu regime continually struggled with the Romanian population to increase the national birthrate. As a result the regime's policies, there was a significant increase in overall fertility between 1967 and 1989, when the Ceausescu regime was overthrown. Reasons are offered as to why Romania pursued such policies and was able to make them work, while other Eastern and Central European regimes proved to be less able to sustain drives to increase national fertility. This article also presents a model of what has happened to the Romanian fertility rate since 1989, showing that there has been a significant decline in fertility in the post-Communist period.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2004

Syphilis as a social disease: experience from the post-communist transition period in Estonia.

Increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and radical social changes have taken place at the same time in Estonia. Our aim was to study the trends in syphilis incidence, selected sociodemographic factors and health status indicators during the economic transition. Associations were estimated by the ordinary least square regression method for change in and actual values of syphilis and tuberculosis incidence rate (IR), percentage of non-ethnic Estonians and urban population, homicides rate, unemployment rate and, birth rate. The analysis was performed by counties at three different time periods. Syphilis IR significantly correlated with the proportion of non-ethnic Estonians, urban population, tuberculosis IR and birth rate. Change of syphilis IR correlated significantly with concurrent changes in unemployment rate and tuberculosis IR. Our findings support the theory that syphilis is a social disease, thus emphasizing the importance of social factors in the occurrence of STDs.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Vladimir Bekhterev: his life, his work and the mystery of his death.

Bekhterev was one of the prominent scientists of his era. He played a crucial role in the study of the development of the brain's organization, neurophysiology and neuropathology and in the objective study of psychological phenomena. Due to a trick of fate, Bekhterev's name and scientific contributions were neglected and consigned to oblivion. In this article we would like to restore the historical injustice done to Bekhterev. Based on newly discovered documents and testimonies, we present little known details about his life history, his clinical work and the tragic circumstances of his death.

Communism↗
PubMed1999

Soviet psychiatrists under Stalinist duress: the design for a new Societ psychiatry and its demise.

A Scientific Session of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences met in 1950 in Moscow, to comply with the order of I.V. Stalin to institutionalize the theory of higher nervous activity of I.P. Pavlov. This Scientific Session decreed that annual scientific conferences should be held to consider problems related to Pavlovian physiology. In response to this call, a session on the Physiological Teachings of the Academician I. P. Pavolv on Psychiatry and Neuropathology was convened in Moscow in 1951. Certain influential Soviet psychiatrists - V.A. Giliarovski, M.O. Gurevich and A. S. Shmarian were condemned for adhering to anti-Marxist ideology and to psychiatric theories conceived by Western psychiatrists. The named psychiatrists acknowledged the correctness of the accusations, admitted their errors, and promised in the future to follow Pavlov's teachings on psychiatry. The session's Presidium urged the development of a New Soviet Psychiatry based upon experimental and clinical findings and consistent with the Pavlovian conceptualization of higher nervous activity, which considered pychiatric and neurotic syndromes in terms of the dynamic localization of the brain's functions. Long-range consequences of the 1951 session are considered.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2003

Legal forms and reproductive norms.

This article draws on Pashukanis's concept of legal form and on O'Brien's concept of synthetic value to argue that legal form plays a role in reproductive relations by constructing legal subjects as the bearers of reproductive responsibilities. Pashukanis conceived of legal form as playing a particular role in capitalist exchange relations by interpellating subjects as the bearers of property rights. O'Brien argued that reproduction's specific value is synthetic value, which represents the value of integrating nature and reason in species continuity. Synthetic value is distinct from exchange value or emotional value which may also attach to reproductive process. By working through Pashukanis's method of extracting legal form from specific social relations and by adapting it to reproductive relations, an example is provided of how legal form analysis can be extended beyond the particular context of capitalist exchange relations. Just as legal form constitutes owners and non-owners as legal subjects, so it constitutes reproducers and non-reproducers. By tracing the way in which law attributes reproductive responsibility, legal form analysis shows us how law draws a line between wanting to attribute responsibility and not to attribute it, and this contradiction is a hook which social forces such as sexuality, gender, race, class and disability can latch on to in pushing legal form to shape reproductive responsibilities in a particular way. Each legal form is also externally contradicted by other legal forms. When law negotiates a balance between the reproductive norms of responsibilities and rights, it demonstrates how particular legal forms manage the interaction of different sets of social relations, such as reproduction and exchange.

Capitalism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nursing in the People's Republic of China.

In June, 1994 Dr. Grayce Roessler led a group of nurses to China to attend and present at international nursing conferences in Beijing and Shanghai. Dr. Roessler, an internationally known transcultural nursing leader, has traveled extensively in China (some 36 trips over 20 years). Her first trip to China, focused on nursing, took place in the fall of 1981 as a member of the American Nurses Association (ANA). The ANA group was invited to China by the Chinese government and the Chinese Nurses Association (CNA). Subsequent to that visit, she became involved in working with the Chinese Ministry of Health, the Chinese Nurses Association, and several of the CNAs in various cities throughout China. In an effort to assist in the preparation of Chinese nurses as teachers and administrators in the evolving health care system, Dr. Roessler facilitated a one year (1985-86) study program in the United States (Golden West College, Huntington Beach, California) for a group of 20 Chinese nurses. It was the first time in history that a number of Chinese nurses had studied at one institution with American nurses in the United States. Dr. Roessler has since coordinated several international conferences in China and arranged for American nurse experts in various fields to present at these meetings. In addition, she has traveled independently as a teacher and consultant and has taken numerous nursing study tour groups to many countries as part of continuing educational experiences. In this issue of the Journal of Transcultural Nursing, Dr. Roessler presents her reflections on nursing in China from a historical and transcultural nursing leader's perspective.

China↗
PubMed2004

Self-reported health in Poland and the United States: a comparative analysis of demographic, family and socioeconomic influences.

This study compares the social determinants of individual health between the United States, a capitalist society, and Poland, a 'post-communist' society. The effects of demographic factors, family characteristics and socioeconomic status on self-reported health are estimated with OLS regression using data from the 1994 American and Polish General Social Surveys. The results show lower self-reported health and more rapid declines in health for people over 60 in Poland than in the United States. Also, in Poland, women report worse health than do men while the opposite is found for the United States. The relationships between education, income and health were stronger in the United States than in Poland. Age, gender and SES may operate differently in the two countries because of a gap in social development (e.g. varying living standards and styles, health care systems and cultural attitudes) between the West and the former Eastern Europe.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

International Training and Research in Central and Eastern Europe: The University of Iowa model.

In 1995, with support from the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health, The Center for International Rural and Environmental Health (CIREH) at The University of Iowa began developing the multi-level International Training and Research Program in Occupational and Environmental Health, focusing on countries in Central and Eastern Europe that were formerly under socialist control and have particular occupational and environmental health needs after decades of neglect and mismanagement. The purpose of the program is to prepare health science professionals to return to their home countries with new skills, added confidence, and leadership capabilities in public health to lead their colleagues and institutions in meeting the needs in their respective countries and establish active national and international networks and collaborations. By December 1998, 19 trainees had completed the five-month program and returned home to conduct workshops for others in their countries. Details of the program are presented.

Communism↗