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PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination against cestode parasites.

Cestode parasites are important because they cause production losses, particularly in the sheep, beef and pig meat industries, and because some species are zoonotic parasites which cause serious disease in humans. Research on the development of vaccines to prevent infection with cestode parasites has concentrated on the taeniid cestodes. Two strategies can be adopted for vaccine research: vaccines against infection in the definitive hosts and vaccines for use in the intermediate hosts. The number and accessibility of definitive hosts would favour these as potential targets for vaccines over intermediate hosts, however little success has been achieved in demonstrating immune-mediated resistance to infection in definitive hosts. In comparison, immunity in the intermediate hosts is a prominent feature of the host-parasite relationship in taeniid cestodes. This has favoured the development of vaccines against Taenia and Echinococcus species in their intermediate hosts. This paper reviews the progress which has been made in vaccination against cestode parasites and the prospects for practical application of these vaccines.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Observations on the occurrence of Diplostomum spathaceum and Schistocephalus sp. in ninespine sticklebacks (Pungitius pungitius) from the Belcher Islands, Northwest Territories, Canada.

All 175 ninespine sticklebacks, Pungitius pungitius (Linné), collected from the Belcher Islands were parasitized by Diplostomum spathaceum (Rudolphi) and 43% by Schistocephalus sp. D. spathaceum metacercariae were mostly confined to a dorso-ventral band encircling the lens of the eye, and were concentrated in the anterio-dorsal sector of this band. The central area of the lens was thus relatively free of diplostomula, probably minimizing interference with the vision of the fish. The frequency distribution of D. spathaceum abundance in P. pungitius was closely approximated by a negative binomial, while that for Schistocephalus was best fitted by a Poisson. None of the fish condition factors examined appeared related to the intensity of the parasitic infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The Styx Field Trial: effect of treatment of the definitive host for tapeworms on larval forms in the intermediate host.

A 13-year assessment has been made of the effectiveness of a monthly drug treatment programme for the control of tapeworms in dogs in order to prevent hydatidosis (Echinococcus granulosus) and cysticercosis (Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis) in sheep. The age-specific prevalence of T. hydatigena in lambs was used as the principal indicator. The trial was carried out in the Styx Valley of the Maniototo Plain in the South Island of New Zealand.Over an 8-year period dogs were treated monthly with bunamidine hydrochloride at about 25 mg/kg with little effect on the prevalence of T. hydatigena in lambs. The addition of niclosamide at 50 mg/kg for 1 year also had little effect. Eggs appeared to survive from one season to the next. Those shed prior to the lamb-rearing season gave rise to endemic-type patterns; whereas patent infections occurring during this period rapidly gave rise to an epidemic-type pattern or a "cysticercosis storm". In this 9-year period there were 16 "cysticercosis storms" and all susceptible lambs were infected. These storms did not necessarily give rise to a similar prevalence on neighbouring farms, but may have contributed to the overall infective pattern. A similar situation occurred in the first year that nitroscanate at 100 mg/kg was introduced. During this 10-year period, arecoline surveillance of the dog population was undertaken in the remainder of the county and many dogs were found to harbour tapeworms. Both resident and introduced dogs may have contributed to the infective patterns in the Styx Valley.Treatment with nitroscanate was continued monthly in the Styx Valley and niclosamide was used in the remainder of the County for a further 3 years. There was a marked reduction in the age-specific prevalence and lambs on many farms were free from T. hydatigena at slaughter. However, one "breakdown" occurred and this was almost certainly autochthonous.Comparisons with an earlier period when arecoline surveillance was used in the Styx Valley, indicate that the present evidence favours a drug-orientated treatment programme of the definitive host for the control of cysticercosis. However, "breakdowns" caused by either autochthonous or itinerant sources have profound effects, since they involve all susceptible age-cohorts including those that have never been infected and those that have lost the immunity induced by an earlier infection.

Amidines↗
PubMed1990

Use of benzimidazole chemotherapy in human helminthiases: indications and efficacy.

The past two decades have seen some remarkable developments in anthelmintic chemotherapy in clinical medicine. Whereas praziquantel has revolutionized the management of many cestode and trematode infections, Gordon Cook explains how the introduction of the benzimidazoles - most importantly thiabendazole, mebendazole and recently albendazole (flubendazole, cambendazole, ciclobendazole, and triclabendazole have also been used on a very limited scale) - has had a major impact upon the safe and effective management of several important intestinal and systemic nematode and, to a leser extent, cestode infections.

Journal Article↗