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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Rice--the pivotal genome in cereal comparative genetics.

Over the past 15 years rice has been the focus of intense co-ordinated research activity to apply the new molecular biology to this key staple. The fact that rice has a small tractable genome and the development of genetic and genomic tools not available in any other cereal have now ensured the promotion of rice as a favoured research target. However the discovery that gene content and gene order--genome colinearity--have been maintained among all the Poaceae family for some 60 million years of evolution has elevated rice yet further to the status of a 'model' organism. Rice tools can be applied in research on the other major cereals, wheat and maize, and many aspects of rice genetics can be transferred to the many minor economic grass species that have not themselves warranted extensive research and breeding. In this paper we describe some of the applications of the discovery of extensive synteny among the grasses.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening of chemiluminescence constituents of cereals and DPPH radical scavenging activity of gamma-oryzanol.

The chemiluminescence (CL) constituents of cereals were detected by CL using the H(2)O(2)-acetaldehyde system. The cereals tested, such as rice, millet and sorghum, exhibited various levels of CL activity. The gamma-oryzanol fraction was extracted from brown rice and separated into four constituents by HPLC. The four constituents were identified as cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycroartanyl ferulate, campesteryl ferulate and beta-sitosteryl ferulate. Free radical scavenging activities with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and CL intensities of four constituents (gamma-oryzanol components) were measured and compared with that of gallic acid, which is a typical free radical scavenger. Four constituents scavenged DPPH radicals and scavenging activities were proportional to CL intensities. Concentrations of four CL constituents required to quench 50% (IC(50)) of the free radicals ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 mmol/L. We demonstrated that measurement of CL intensities was a rapid and convenient method for screening DPPH radical scavenging activities of rice.

Bepridil↗
PubMed1988

Two-dimensional electrophoresis of cereal prolamins: applications to biochemical and genetic analyses.

Three complementary two-dimensional systems for the analysis of cereal prolamins are described. These are electrophoresis at pH 3.1 followed by electrophoresis at pH 9.2, isoelectric focusing (IEF) followed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions followed by SDS-PAGE with reduction. They together give information on the pIs, Mrs and charge properties of the individual prolamin components, and on their interactions to form oligomers stabilized by inter-chain disulphide bonds. The three systems are then compared for their effectiveness in analysing unreduced prolamin I fractions from wheat and rye, and the IEF/SDS-PAGE system for analysing reduced and pyridylethylated prolamin fractions from all the major cereals. Finally, applications of the systems in biochemical and genetic studies are discussed and illustrated with three examples: analysis of the structural relationships of the S-rich prolamins (B hordeins and gamma-type hordeins) of barley, determination of the interactions of wheat and rye prolamin subunits in a 2RS/2BL translocation line, and the mapping of genes for alpha-type prolamins in the wild grass Haynaldia villosa.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1980

[Heavy metal content of cereals and potatoes].

By means of atomic absorption spectrometry, the authors determined the cadmium, zinc, copper and manganese contents in potatoes and cereals from three territories differently burdened by heavy-metal immissions (rural region, overcrowded urban region, region with non-ferrous metal industry). Of these elements, cadmium was most enriched, followed (by a wide margin) by zinc and copper, whereas the manganese level was slightly higher in the burdened region II (compared to the burdened region I) and somewhat lower in the burdened region III. Compared to normal values (0.035--0.080 p.p.m.), i. e., values found in non-burdened regions, the cadmium contents were some 2- to 6-fold higher in air-dry samples of wheat, barley and rye from the burdened regions, some 30-fold higher in oats, and some 3- to 4-fold higher in potatoes (normal values, on a dry-weight basis, (0.140 p.p.m.). As to cereals, the zinc levels were, at the most, some 2-fold higher than the normal values (29--34 p.p.m.), the copper contents were, at the most, some 1.5-fold higher than the normal values (4.1 bis 4.8 p.p.m.), whereas the manganese levels (normal values, 14--30 p.p.m.) were less by half. In potatoes, the zinc contents were but slightly higher than the normal values (18.5 p.p.m., on a dry-weight basis), the copper levels (4.6 p.p.m., on a dry-weight basis) were some 2-fold higher, and the manganese contents (7.2 p.p.m., on a dry-weight basis) were somewhat reduced. On an average 26% (region with non-ferrous metal industry) or 13% (normal region) of the heavy metals are removable from potatoes by washing. On the basis of the results obtained and of data from the literature, an estimate is calculated for the expected values in territories differently burdened by heavy-metal immissions. Finally, targeted suggestions are given for preventing or impeding the entrance of heavy metals into the biocycle.

Cadmium↗
PubMed1983

[Formation and occurrence of cancer-producing hydrocarbons in cereals and possibilities for their reduction].

According to the authors' investigations every inhabitant of the GDR takes between 0.2 and 1.0 mg BaP. per year by food consumption including amounts of 0.03 to 0.17 mg on account of cereals and mill products. For the contamination of cereals the following sources are in consideration: environmental contamination on account of industry dust (distant from industry 0.1 to 0.6, near to industry 0.3 to 4.2 micrograms BaP/kg), passing over from soil to plant (with model experiments with soils more than 10 000 micrograms BaP/kg up to 22.3 micrograms BaP/kg dry matter) as well as technologically caused contamination for instance by direct fume-and-gas drying (with the use of raw lignite up to 10 micrograms BaP/kg). As it can be concluded from model experiments BaP passes to flour at milling in dependence of the extraction rate. By separating the husks prior to milling more than 50% of BaP can be removed from the stock.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1997

Mold spectrum of four cereal brands of the German crop 1995.

The concentration of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) of 80 cereal grain samples of the German harvest 1995 was investigated. In addition to this, the total as well as the inherent mycoflora of two winter wheat and two winter rye brands which showed the highest EPS-concentration was detected on maltsalt agar (NaCl 5%). Surface disinfection with 1% NaOCl for the determination of the internal mycoflora caused a significant reduction in number and kind of fungi. However, the mycoflora of all samples was dominated by fungi of the genera Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Fusarium spp. and Epicoccum purpurascens (in decreasing order) occurred to a minor extent. A possible contamination of the cereal grains with mycotoxins of Alternaria and Cladosporium is discussed.

Aspergillus↗
PubMed1997

Zearalenone: incidence, toxigenic fungi and chemical decontamination in Egyptian cereals.

An investigation was made for the occurrence of Zearalenone (ZEN) and Zearalenone producing fungi in cereals (corn, 50 samples; rice, 45 samples; wheat, 40 samples) collected from Egypt. ZEN was detected in 15 of 50 corn samples with an average concentration of 22.3 ppb. The incidence of ZEN in rice samples was 8.9% (4 samples of 45), and the average was 15.5 ppb. Out of 40 wheat samples 5 samples were contaminated with ZEN (12.5%) with an average of 8.8 ppb. Seventy-nine Fusarium strains belonging to 9 different species were isolated from Egyptian cereals, and when tested for ZEN production only 26 isolates were Zearalenone producer. Efficiency of H2O2 for destruction of ZEN in contaminated corn was studied at different concentration (3, 5 and 10%). The results revealed that per cent of disappearance of ZEN was found to be dependent upon the concentration of H2O2, temperature and period of exposure. The highest per cent of degradation was 83.9%, with 10% H2O2 at 80 degrees C for 16 h, followed by 75% at the same conditions for 8 h, while the lowest one obtained by 3% H2O2 at 50 degrees C for 2 h.

Edible Grain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rice proteomics: a cornerstone for cereal food crop proteomes.

Proteomics-a systematic study of proteins present in a cell, tissue, organ, or organism at a particular moment during the life cycle-that began with classical two-dimensional electrophoresis and its advancement during the 1990s, has been revolutionized by a series of tremendous technological developments in mass spectrometry (MS), a core technology. Proteomics is exerting its influence on biological function of genes and genomes in the era (21st century) of functional genomics, and for this reason yeast, bacterial, and mammalian systems are the best examples. Although plant proteomics is still in its infancy, evolving proteomic technologies and the availability of the genome sequences of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn, and rice (Oryza sativa L.), model dicotyledoneous and monocotyledoneous (monocot) species, respectively, are propelling it towards new heights, as evidenced by the rapid spurt in worldwide plant proteome research. Rice, with an immense socio-economic impact on human civilization, is a representative model of cereal food crops, and we consider it as a cornerstone for functional genomics of cereal plants. In this review, we look at the history and the current state of monocot proteomes, including barley, maize, and wheat, with a central focus on rice, which has the most extensive proteomic coverage to date. On one side, we highlight advances in technologies that have generated enormous amount of interest in plant proteomics, and the other side summarizes the achievements made towards establishing proteomes during plant growth & development and challenge to environmental factors, including disease, and for studying genetic relationships. In light of what we have learned from the proteomic journey in rice and other monocots, we finally reveal and assess their impact in our continuous strive towards completion of their full proteomes.

Crops, Agricultural↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HPLC-PAD-APCI/MS assay of phenylpropanoids in cereals.

A new, rapid HPLC-PAD-APCI/MS assay has been developed in order to measure accurately the amount of p-coumaric, E- and Z-ferulic acid and the dehydrodimers of ferulic acid in cereal grain. In the positive ionisation mode, MS patterns gave additional information for the identification of the dimers. The time required and the quantities of solvents employed in the developed analytical method are much lower than those involved in previously available assays of these compounds, thus making the method suitable for the screening of cereal genotypes. Application of the method to accessions of maize, wheat and sorghum showed that E-ferulic was the most abundant phenylpropanoid, whilst the major dimer was 8-O-4' dehydrodimer of ferulic acid followed by the 5-5' and then the 8-5' forms. Maize grains, especially of the Mexican landraces, contained the highest levels of these dimers.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1992

A region of heterogeneity adjacent to the 5s ribosomal RNA gene of cereal rusts.

Total genomic DNA was isolated from three cereal stem rusts, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, f. sp. secalis, f. sp. avenae, and two cereal leaf rusts, P. recondita f. sp. tritici and P. coronata f. sp. avenae, and analyzed for the presence of heterogeneity in the intergenic region of the ribosomal DNA repeat unit. A 1 kb region of the repeat unit between the 26s and the 5s rRNA genes (IGR-1) was amplified by PCR and was found to be heterogeneous within each isolate and variable in size between races and species. The PCR results were confirmed by Southern blot analysis of native DNA. In an isolate of race C36(48), heterogeneity appeared to be due to variable numbers of 0.1 kb subrepeats in IGR-1. Nine wheat stem rust strains representing nine different races produced a unique pattern of heterogeneity while two different isolates of one race were identical, as were five of another. This may provide a rapid method for race identification in wheat stem rust. Heterogeneity and polymorphism in rye stem rust, oat stem rust, wheat leaf rust, and oat crown rust, was less pronounced than in wheat stem rust. In the course of this work, the 5s rRNA gene was located and its position and orientation within the ribosomal repeat unit was established.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

A case report on a minor contamination of nivalenol in cereals harvested in Canada.

An investigation for the occurrence of nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in cereals (ten wheat, one rye and one corn) harvested in Canada have been carried out using a procedure, which is rapid and sensitive for Fusarium mycotoxins. NIV, DON and ZEN were detected in 4, 9 and 9 out of ten wheat samples, and their average levels in the positives were 23 ng/g, 1257 ng/g and 9 ng/g, respectively. One rye and one corn were also contaminated with a minor amount of NIV. This is the first evidence for the natural occurrence of NIV in cereals grown in Canada, though its level was far less than DON.

Canada↗
PubMed1982

Cereal prolamin evolution and homology revealed by sequence analysis.

Prolamin mixtures were isolated from oats, rice, normal and high-lysine sorghum, two varieties of pearl millet, two strains of teosinte, and gamma grass and subjected to NH2-terminal amino acid sequence determinations. In each case (except for rice, whose prolamins apparently have blocked or unavailable NH2-terminal residues), primarily a single sequence was observed despite significant heterogeneity, suggesting that prolamin homology in each cereal arose through duplication and mutation of a single ancestral gene. Comparisons were then made to prolamin sequences previously determined for wheat, corn, barley, and rye. Within genera, different varieties or subspecies exhibited few differences, but more distantly related genera, subtribes, and tribes showed increasingly large differences. Within the subfamily Festucoideae, no homology was apparent between prolamins of oats and those of the subtribe Triticinae (including wheat, rye, and barley, for which prolamin homology was previously demonstrated). Within the subfamily Panicoideae, corn was shown to be closely related to teosinte but more distantly to Tripsacum. Sorghum was shown to have diverged less from corn than had millet. These comparisons demonstrate that prolamin sequence analyses can successfully predict and clarify evolutionary relationships of cereals.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1984

[An automated photometric method for determining niacin and niacinamide content in grain and cereals].

The subject of this report is an automated photometric method for the determination of the content of total niacin in grain and cereal food. The customary coupling reagent sulfanilic acid has been replaced by 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid; CNCl is produced in the flow through system directly from KCN and chloramine T. The composition of reagents, the procedure and the analytical manifold are specified. 30 analyses/h can be performed. The accuracy and reproducibility of the automated method is good. In a range of 0.5-4.0 micrograms/ml niacin and a total content of 10-135 mg niacin/kg dry matter an average variation coefficient of vk = 0.74% (n = 10) was obtained. When lack of homogeneity of samples and variation in alkaline hydrolysis are included average vk to +/- 2.43% at the same range of niacin. The content of total niacin in various kinds of grain and in enriched ready to eat cereal foods was determined.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1994

Protein quality of weaning foods based on locally available cereal and pulse combination.

Locally available cereals and pulses such as rice (Oryza sativa), kangini (Setaria italica), sanwak (Echinochloa frumentacea), green gram (Vigna radiata) and jaggery were used to formulate three weaning foods. Cereal, pulse and jaggery were mixed in the ratio of 70:30:25. Roasting was the main processing technique used in the formulation of these weaning foods. The developed weaning foods had 5.06 to 5.68 g moisture, 10.28 to 13.71 g protein, 2.91 to 3.77 g ash, 1.08 to 1.87 g fat, 14.42 to 14.98 mg iron, 1.03 to 1.27 g crude fibre, and 357 to 374 Kcal. The weaning foods had a nutrient composition within the range prescribed by the Indian Standard Institute for processed weaning foods. The study indicated that the weaning foods obtained from locally available food stuffs have the potential of being produced locally, adaptable for household consumption and can be good substitute for commercial formulae.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Effect of addition of bovine milk and vegetable milks on the in vitro availability of iron from cereal meals.

Studies were carried out on the in vitro availability of iron from a standard cereal meal with and without the addition of bovine milk (BM), groundnut milk (GM) and soybean milk (SM). Further, availability of iron from these milks per se was also investigated. Estimation of the total iron content from BM, GM, and SM revealed that it was highest in case of SM followed by GM and BM. This trend was reversed for percent available iron which was highest for BM followed by GM and SM. The in vitro availability of iron from the cereal meal was low (3.7%). Addition of BM and GM enhanced the availability of iron from the standard meal whereas SM had no particular enhancing quality. The practical implications of the findings for iron nutrition in humans are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Trypsin inhibitors and nutritive value in cereals.

Chemical assays demonstrated that rye and barley cultivars contained relatively high levels of trypsin inhibitor activity as compared to oat and wheat cultivars, and there was a low degree of stability to prolonged wet treatment. In feeding trials with broiler chicks, incorporation of 67% raw barley or 50% raw rye in the rations enhanced feed intake and weight gains, and the marginal increases in pancreas weight were not reversed by feeding autoclaved cereals. Raw rye cultivars fed at the 75% level in mouse diets reduced weight gains, feed efficiency, protein digestibility, protein efficiency ratio and biological value. Autoclaving to inactivate trypsin inhibitors, or ether extraction to remove the resorcinols, failed to improve the nutritive value of rye diets for mice. It appeared that the protease inhibitors in the four cereals were relatively weak inhibitors of trypsin in the digestive system despite stability to dry heat and acid pH.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Determination and occurrence of zearalenone in cereals and mixed feeds].

An HPLC method with fluorescence detection is described for the determination of zearalenone in cereals and mixed feeds. Samples are extracted with chloroform at low pH and cleaned up using an acid-base treatment or gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). Mixed feeds must additionally be cleaned up with extraction columns, because of their different compositions. With the extraction procedure described and GPC clean-up, ochratoxin A can be determined simultaneously. The limit of determination for zearalenone is 2.5 micrograms/kg. The average recovery rate, tested in the range 3.5 to 85 micrograms/kg was found to be 97%. Using this method, 91 samples of cereals and mixed feeds, harvested in 1989, were examined. The contamination rate was 42%. The results are discussed.

Animal Feed↗