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At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

APIC and CDC survey of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation and control practices in hospitals caring for children. Part 1: Patient and family isolation policies and procedures. Association for Professionals in Infection and Epidemiology, Inc.

BACKGROUND: The 1994 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention draft Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities did not exempt pediatric facilities from instituting controls to prevent nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) transmission. Many researchers contend that TB disease in children does not require such rigid controls. We surveyed acute-care pediatric facilities in the United States to determine adherence to patient and family isolation policies and procedures. METHODS: The study included 4 mailings of a survey to infection control professionals at 284 US children's hospitals and adult acute-care hospitals with > 30 pediatric beds. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 69%. Only 41% of respondents reported having a written TB policy specifically designed for pediatric patients. Whereas 98% of respondents isolated pediatric patients with confirmed pulmonary TB, only 69% reported isolation of patients with miliary TB, and 79% reported isolation of patients with positive gastric aspirates. TB isolation policies for adult visitors were in place at 69% of hospitals, and 50% of hospitals evaluated adults for TB as part of the child's TB treatment plan. A median of 3 contact investigations occurred at each of 47% of respondent hospitals in the preceding 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Isolation and infection control policies for children with pulmonary TB largely conformed to published guidelines but varied for children with nonpulmonary TB. Because the greatest risk of nosocomial TB transmission in pediatric facilities comes from adults with TB, a rapid TB screening process for parents and adult contacts accompanying affected children should be instituted at facilities caring for children.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

APIC and CDC survey of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation and control practices in hospitals caring for children. Part 2: Environmental and administrative controls. Association for Professionals in Infection control and Epidemiology, Inc.

BACKGROUND: The 1994 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention draft Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Facilities did not exempt pediatric facilities from instituting controls to prevent nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) transmission. Many researchers contend that TB disease in children does not require such rigid controls. We surveyed acute-care pediatric facilities in the United States to determine adherence to environmental and administrative control recommendations. METHODS: The study included 4 mailings of a survey to infection control professionals at 284 US children's hospitals and adult acute-care hospitals with > 30 pediatric beds. RESULTS: Isolation rooms (IRs) generally conformed to recommended guidelines; 92% of respondents reported IRs with > or = 6 air changes per hour, 90% reported 1-pass air and negative pressure, and 89% reported that IRs were private rooms. A sufficient number of inpatient IRs were reported by 88%, but only 42% had IRs in outpatient areas, and 19% had IRs in off-site clinics. Employee tuberculin skin-test programs were in place at 98% of facilities, but policies pertaining to implementation varied. Employees' use of personal respirators increased at respondent hospitals from 1991 to 1994, but as late as 1994, nearly one third still used surgical masks for high-risk procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Environmental and administrative controls used by respondent hospitals largely conformed to published guidelines. Because definitive studies that quantify the risk of nosocomial M tuberculosis transmission in pediatric settings have yet to be performed, pediatric facilities are required to have the same protections in place as do their adult counterparts.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Improving hospital-acquired infection rates: the CDC experience.

BACKGROUND: The National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System, begun in 1970 by the Centers for Disease Control to collect data on hospital-acquired infections, is one of the oldest continuously operating clinical performance indicator systems in the United States. Growth of the system, from 19 to 230 hospitals, has been accompanied by developments such as the evolution from hospitalwide to targeted surveillance, improved data processing and telecommunications for data collection and reporting, and risk adjustment. ELEMENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL SYSTEM: The NNIS System provides specific, standardized methods for data collection and uses device-associated, device-day rates to risk adjust the data and make it meaningful for interhospital comparison. The system has been used as a tool for improving quality of care through prevention of nosocomial infections. For example, an 800-bed teaching hospital's rate of ventilator-associated nosocomial pneumonia in the surgical intensive care unit-49.5 infections per 1,000 ventilator days-was in excess of the 90th percentile. Improvements in care, including changing tubing and cascades every 48 hours and Ambu bags every 24 hours, as well as increased clinical evaluation of patients, was followed 12 months later by a decrease to 25.8 infections, well below the 90th percentile. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION: Since 1992, staff from NNIS hospitals have met in a biennial conference to learn about advances in nosocomial infection surveillance and to share information with one another on infection control and quality improvement programs. CONCLUSIONS: The NNIS experience can be used as a source of guidance for assessing the effectiveness and utility of other indicator systems.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A European CDC.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2005

Reducing the risk of health care-associated infections by complying with CDC hand hygiene guidelines.

BACKGROUND: The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has made the reduction of health care-associated infections one of its National Patient Safety Goals for 2005. CASE STUDY: A 57-year-old man who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery was discharged from the hospital without any complications. During his routine follow-up surgery clinic visit two weeks later, his sternal wound was found to be infected. Wound and blood cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). IMPLEMENTING SOLUTIONS: Health care workers at Barnes-Jewish Hospital (BJH), St. Louis, attended a mandatory educational session that reviewed hand hygiene guidelines and the hospital policy related to hand hygiene and infection control. In addition, posters and flyers were posted. An increase in the use of alcohol hand rubs was found. In a later effort, a multidisciplinary hand hygiene campaign was launched at one of the BJC community hospitals. All physicians were sent hand hygiene materials and supplies, and signs were posted in key areas such as the hospital cafeteria. After a six-month period, the compliance rate increased from 35% to 53%. CONCLUSION: Hospital-related infections will never be completely eradicated, but many can be prevented.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recommendations for the control of Yersinia pestis infections. Recommendations from the CDC.

Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, is endemic in the western United States; 105 cases were reported between 1970 and 1979. Plague may manifest in one of three clinical forms; bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic. Bubonic and septicemic plague represent relatively little risk for human-to-human transmission to contacts, although heavily infected secretions, such as drainage from a bubo, pose a theoretical risk, especially if they are aerosolized from a syringe during diagnohree clinical forms; bubonic, septicemic, or penumonic. Bubonic and septicemic plague represent relatively little risk for human-to-human transmission to contacts, although heavily infected secretions, such as drainage from a bubo, pose a theoretical risk, especially if they are aerosolized from a syringe during diagnohree clinical forms; bubonic, septicemic, or penumonic. Bubonic and septicemic plague represent relatively little risk for human-to-human transmission to contacts, although heavily infected secretions, such as drainage from a bubo, pose a theoretical risk, especially if they are aerosolized from a syringe during diagnostic aspirations. Pneumonic plague may be highly contagious to contacts and poses a greater risk. The Plague Branch, Center for Disease Control recommends that all patients with plague be placed in strict isolation for the first 48 hours of treatment because of the possibility that pneumonia may supervene. If it does not, wound and skin precautions are adequate for the duration of hospitalization. Untreated plague pneumonia is an epidemiologic emergency. All contacts must be identified promptly and those with face-to-face exposure should receive abortive antibiotic therapy. All contacts should be under surveillance, with twice-daily temperature checks, for seven days.

Humans↗