SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Bromides”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 469 records · Page 26Linked to original sources

PubMed1983

Pharmacokinetics of bromide ion--an overview.

The recent role of bromide as a residue in food and water necessitated its toxicological investigation. Although much was known already about the absorption, distribution and elimination of bromide, more data were required, especially for the rat. The pharmacokinetics in the rat were therefore investigated, with emphasis on cumulation and on the role of chloride in bromide elimination. This review recapitulates old and recent findings on the fate of bromide.

Absorption↗

PubMed2005

Determination of bromide in whole blood and urine from humans using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

We devised a sensitive and simple method for determination of bromide in whole blood and urine from humans using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bromide was alkylated with pentafluorobenzyl p-toluenesulphonate in the mixture of acetone and phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The derivative obtained was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with the positive-ion EI mode. The lower limit of detection for the compound was 1 mg/l. The calibration curve for bromide was linear over the concentration range from 2 to 100 mg/l. With use of this method, levels of bromide in whole blood and urine were determined in cases of poisoning by inhaled brominated hydrocarbons.

Benzoates↗

PubMed2005

Adsorption of fluoride, chloride, bromide, and bromate ions on a novel ion exchanger.

A novel ion exchanger based on double hydrous oxide (Fe2O3Al2O3xH2O) was obtained by the original sol-gel method from easily available and cheap raw materials and employed for adsorption of F-, Cl-, Br-, and BrO-3 from simultaneous solutions. Adsorbent was characterized by potentiometric titration, zeta-potential, and poremetrical characteristics. A technologically attractive pH effect of F-, Br-, and BrO-3 sorption on the investigated double hydroxide of Fe and Al, which is capable of working in the pH range 3 to 8.5, was observed. Kinetic data on fluoride and bromide sorption fit well the pseudo-second-order model. Isotherms of fluoride, bromide, chlorine, and bromate ion sorption on Fe2O3Al2O3xH2O were obtained at pH 4. The isotherm of F- sorption fit well the Langmuir model; sorption affinity (K=0.52 L/mg) and sorption capacity (90 mg F/g) were high. In the competitive adsorption of bromide and bromate, bromide dominated at equilibrium concentrations of the ions >40 mg/L. The mechanism of fluoride adsorption to the surface of the model cluster of the sorbent synthesized and the geometry of the cluster itself were modeled with the HyperChem7 program using the PM3 method.

Adsorption↗

PubMed2002

The determination of bromide in a local anaesthetic hydrochloride by capillary electrophoresis using direct UV detection.

The determination of residual amounts of bromide in a local anaesthetic hydrochloride by capillary electrophoresis was developed. Direct UV detection at 200 nm was used for the determination of the bromide content. The separation capacity of the system must be sufficient when bromide is determined in the presence of a large excess of chloride since electromigration dispersion of the highly concentrated chloride peak may impair the resolution. The background electrolyte (BGE) contained both acetonitrile and methanesulphonic acid in order to improve the selectivity and minimise the electromigration dispersion. The system was optimised with respect to resolution of the chloride and the bromide peaks by statistical experimental design using a multivariate optimisation program. The developed method was validated in accordance with the ICH guidelines and proved to be suitable for its intended use.

Anesthetics, Local↗

PubMed2002

Electrochemical removal of bromide and reduction of THM formation potential in drinking water.

Trihalomethanes (THMs), a by-product of the chlorination of natural waters containing dissolved organic carbon and bromide, are the focus of considerable public health concern and regulation due to their potential as a carcinogen by ingestion. This paper presents a promising new water treatment process that lowers the concentration of bromide in drinking water and thus, lowers the THM formation potential. Bromide is oxidized by electrolysis to bromine and then the bromine apparently volatilized. The electrolyzed water, when chlorinated, produces measurably lower amounts of THMs and proportionately fewer brominated THMs, which are of greater public health concern than the chlorinated THMs. Removing bromide should also reduce the formation of other disinfection by-products such as bromate and haloacetic acids.

Bromides↗

PubMed1999

Pyridostigmine bromide alters locomotion and thigmotaxis of rats: gender effects.

Male rats and female rats in the proestrous and metestrous stages of estrus were tested to determine the effects of pyridostigmine bromide on locomotion rate and thigmotactic response using doses of 3.0, 10.0, and 30.0 mg/kg. Thirty minutes after administration of the pyridostigmine bromide the rats were videorecorded for 2 h in a 1 m2 open-field arena. The rats' activities were analyzed for the drug's effect on speed throughout the 2 h and during six 20-min segments. Also, the times that the rats were observed moving through the central 50% of the arena were determined. Locomotion rates decreased significantly, and thigmotaxses increased significantly in all groups of rats as a dose response to pyridostigmine bromide. Habituation occurred over 2 h for both responses, primarily during the first 40 min. Female rats were more affected than males, but metestrous and proestrous females did not differ significantly in their responses. At the 30 mg/kg the effect was persistent throughout the test period. Proestrous females dosed at 30 mg/kg had much higher pyridostigmine bromide serum levels than metestrous females and males.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Ethylene glycol poisoning with a normal anion gap due to occult bromide intoxication.

Ethylene glycol poisoning causes metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap, due to production of organic acid anions during its metabolism. Bromide poisoning may cause a spuriously decreased anion gap when chloride determination is performed with a colorimetric technique. A 39-year-old woman with ethylene glycol poisoning presented in coma, with a hyperchloremic normal anion gap acidosis. The serum bromide level was found to be in the toxic range, confirming the diagnosis of bromide poisoning. Hemodialytic therapy resulted in resolution of electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities, and restoration of a normal state of consciousness. In this patient, clinically occult bromide intoxication caused a spurious lowering of the anion gap, normalizing what was in reality an increased anion gap due to ethylene glycol poisoning.

Acidosis↗

PubMed2002

Impact of high bromide intake in the rat dam on iodine transfer to the sucklings.

A significant impact of high bromide levels in the organism of the mother on iodine transfer to the sucklings was established in experiments with female Wistar rats. The observed decrease in iodine transfer to the young through mothers' milk and/or an increase in the bromide concentration in the milk, caused a decrease in body weight of the pups. Enhanced bromide levels also adversely affected the thyroid gland of the young. High bromide intake in the lactating dams caused a decrease in iodide accumulation in the mammary glands, and also an increase in iodide elimination through the kidneys.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Influence of bromide on electrochemistry of photosynthetic reaction center films on gold electrodes.

A strong influence of bromide ion was found on voltammetry of layered films of photosynthetic reaction center (RC) protein and polyions on gold electrodes. Similar, but not identical, cyclic voltammetry peaks were observed for polyion films on gold with and without RC when the buffer solutions contained bromide ion. CVs of RC films were quite different in the absence of bromide. These new findings suggest that previously published results were biased by significant background peaks involving bromide ion adsorption/desorption.

Bromides↗

PubMed2001

Determination of depleted uranium, pyridostigmine bromide and its metabolite in plasma and urine following combined administration in rats.

A simple and reliable method was developed for the quantification of depleted uranium, the anti nerve agent drug pyridostigmine bromide (PB;3-dimethylaminocarbonyloxy-N-methyl pyridinium bromide) and its metabolite N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide in rat plasma and urine. The method involved using solid phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of uranium, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reversed phase C(18) column, and UV detection at 280 nm for PB and its metabolite. Uranium was derivatized using dibenzoylmethane (DBM) then the absorbance was measured at 405 nm. PB and its metabolite were separated using a gradient of 1--40% acetonitrile in 0.1% triflouroacetic acid water solution (pH 3.2) at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min in a period of 14 min. Limits of detection were 2 ng/ml for uranium and 50 ng/ml for PB and its metabolite. Limits of quantitation were between 10 and 100 ng/ml for uranium and the other two analytes, respectively. Average percentage recovery of five spiked plasma samples were 83.7+/-8.6, 76.8+/-6.7, 79.1+/-7.1, and from urine 82.7+/-8.6, 79.3+/-9.5 and 78.0+/-6.2, for depleted uranium, PB and N-methyl-3-hydroxypyridinium bromide, respectively. The relationship between peak areas and concentration was linear for standards between 100 and 1000 ng/ml for all three analytes. This method was applied to analyze the above chemicals and metabolites following combined administration in rats.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1999

Use and monitoring of bromides in epilepsy treatment.

Bromides are no longer a mainstay of epilepsy therapy because of the significant toxicity associated with their use and the availability of safer agents. However, bromides occasionally find a niche in the treatment of patients with refractory seizures, particularly in pediatrics. When the decision to utilize this therapy is made, the clinician may be frustrated by the lack of concise, current information regarding bromides. This review provides an update on the mechanism of action, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, dose, and adverse effects of bromides.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Isolation and characterization of two linked alpha-chained cyanogen bromide fragments from fully cross-linked fibrin.

Fully cross-linked human fibrin was digested with cyanogen bromide and the resulting fragments were characterized and compared with the fragments produced upon cyanogen bromide treatment of fibrinogen alpha chains. The largest molecular-weight fraction isolated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 was reduced and alkylated, and upon rechromatography on Sephadex G-150 it eluted at the same place as the original material. This large molecular weight fraction was subjected to amino acid analysis and the amino-terminal sequences of its constituent chains were determined by both dimethylaminonaphthyl sulfonation (Dns) and thioacetylation procedures. The identified sequences corresponded to two cyanogen bromide fragments previously found in alpha chains isolated from fibrinogen, one of which has a molecular weight of about 30 000 and the other 6000. The latter is thought to be the carboxy-terminal penultimate cyanogen bromide fragment of the alpha chain.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

Simultaneous extraction of bromide, chloride, fluoride and sulfate from soils, waste- and building materials.

The simultaneous extraction of bromide, chloride, fluoride and sulfate was studied in soils, waste- and building materials. Acid, neutral and alkaline extractants were used; 0.01 mol l(-1) H(3)PO(4), milliQ-water and 0.01 mol l(-1) NaOH, respectively. The extracts were analysed by ion chromatography and ion selective electrode. Extracted concentrations were compared with the amount obtained by an alkaline smelt, as an approximation of the total extractable content. The results indicate that there is a significant difference in extraction behaviour between waste- and building materials and soils. Bromide and chloride were in general completely extracted from the former solid materials, but less than 10% and 50%, respectively, from soils. Fluoride is strongly bound in all investigated samples; less than 10% of the total content was extracted with any of the three extractants. The fraction of extracted sulfate varied between 4 and 87% of the total content, and was in general larger in waste- and building materials than in soils. Differences in extracted concentration between the 3 extractants occurred mainly for fluoride and sulfate. Extracted bromide was similar with all three extractants and extracted chloride showed differences for the various soil samples only. Increasing the NaOH concentration up to 1 mol l(-1) resulted mainly in an increase of extracted amount of fluoride and for soils also in extracted amounts of bromide and sulfate. Although, the results show that the composition of the solid material strongly influences the final pH of the extract and the extracted amount of investigated anions, application of Milli-Q water as an extractant might be a very fruitful option within the development of the Dutch Building Materials Decree.

Bromides↗

PubMed2003

Evaluation of disinfection by-products formation during ozonation of bromide-containing groundwater.

Ozonation of natural waters containing bromide ion leads to the formation of inorganic bromate and many organic by-products, only a few of which have been identified. The object of this article is to identify primary ozone disinfection by-products (DBPs) and to ascertain the effects of bromide (Br-) concentration, pH, natural organic material (NOM) characteristics, ozone dosage, and other water quality parameters on their formation in ozonated waters derive from seven groundwaters. The results of this study show that bromate formation is favored at high pH, high initial bromide concentrations, and high ozone dosage, but low dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and ammonia levels. On the other hand, organic by-products were favored at low pH, high bromide levels, and high O3/DOC ratios. In general, bromoform (CHBr3) and aldehydes concentration first increased, then diminished, as the dosage of ozone was increased. Ammonia appears to reduce both bromate and bromoform. Additional brominated organic by-products produced via ozonation of a variety of groundwaters in this study were monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN). The levels of these by-products are affected by the water quality characteristics. The background organic nitrogen (organic-N) content of the different water sources may be correlated with amounts of DBAN formed. It was also found that the characteristic of organic precursors have significant influences on brominated organic by-products formation. Humic acid demonstrated the highest CHBr3, DBAA, and 2,4-DBP formation, whereas hydrophilic neutral produced less CHBr3 and 2,4-DBP than the rest of the organic fractions but produced the highest amount of DBAN.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed1971

Effects of ethidium bromide on the cytochrome content and ultrastructure of L cell mitochondria.

Ethidium bromide intercalates between the bases of native DNA, resulting in several biological anomalies. The effects of ethidium bromide on the mitochondria of cultured mouse L cells were studied. At a concentration of 1 microg ethidium bromide/ml it was observed that concentrations of cytochromes a + a(3) and b decreased, a + a(3) more rapidly than b. In contrast, the concentration of cytochromes c(1) and c increased or remained the same as in control cells. Concomitant with the decrease of cytochromes a + a(3) and b was an enlargement of the mitochondria and a reduction in the cristae. The cristae that remained were abnormally organized. After prolonged treatment with ethidium bromide a second population of small, more normally organized mitochondria was apparent. These effects of ethidium bromide could be reversed.

Amines↗

PubMed1987

Comparison of oral and intravenous administration of sodium bromide for extracellular water measurements.

Extracellular water (ECW) is a component of body composition and an indicator of nutritional status. Although bromide has been used to measure ECW, no data regarding serial measurements are available. We attempted to validate giving bromide orally and to determine whether serial measurements of ECW are possible. Seven healthy adult volunteers were studied. Each received 1 cc 3% NaBr solution per kg body weight once intravenously and 3 times orally over 6 wk. Bromide concentrations were determined by neutron activation. ECW did not differ significantly at 2, 3, or 4 h after drug administration although there was a small but significant difference between modes of administration (p = less than 0.05). With repeated oral doses the estimate of ECW was unchanged; thus, oral bromide can be used for serial determination of ECW.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1976

Serum chloride analysis, bromide detection, and the diagnosis of bromism.

Current methods for determining serum chloride concentration vary in specificity. Laboratory detection of bromide in serum is usually dependent on spuriously high chloride values. In the absence of historical information, the chemical identification of bromide in serum may be the only diagnostic sign of bromism. Bromide may be found in as many as 1% of sera obtained from inpatients of a general hospital. Ion-selective electrodes and some thiocyanate methods for chloride analysis can be highly sensitive to bromide (interference). Chloride electrodes are also sensitive to iodide.

Aged↗

PubMed1988

Histologic features of thyroid gland in a patient with bromide-induced hypothyroidism.

A case of a 22-year-old woman with bromide-induced hypothyroidism is presented. There have been no reports dealing with changes in thyroid function and thyroid morphologic characteristics associated with bromide intoxication. The characteristic histologic features of the affected thyroid gland included a marked hyperplasia of follicles lined by tall columnar follicular cells with foci of papillary proliferation and a loss of colloid materials in the follicular lumen. Ultrastructurally, thyroid follicular cells showed a marked dilatation of rough endoplasmic reticulum containing no electron-dense materials. X-ray microanalysis of the thyroid follicular cells revealed the presence of significant amounts of bromide and an absence of iodine. These indicated that severe hypothyroidism in this patient might be related to the accumulation of bromide in the thyroid follicular cells.

Adult↗