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[Continuous bio-hydrogen production by mesophilic and thermophilic cultures].
Anaerobic biological hydrogen productions were achieved successfully in two lab-scale anaerobic hydrogen production reactors under mesophilic (37 degrees C) and thermophilic (55 degrees C) conditions, respectively. The mesophilic reactor, a CSTR, was operated over 4 months by seeding with river sediments and feeding with glucose solution, in which the highest hydrogen production rate was 8.6 L/(L x d) and the substrate hydrogen production molar ratio (H2/glucose) was 1.98. After seeded with anaerobic methanogenic granules, a UASB reactor was thermophilically operated by feeding with sucrose solution and during its steady operation period, the hydrogen production rate was 6.8 L/(L x d) and the substrate hydrogen production molar ratio (H2/sucrose) was 3.6. Within the produced gas, the H2 percentages were about 43% and others were CO2, no methane could be detected. Thermophilic hydrogen-producing granules were successfully cultivated in the UASB reactor, which were grey-white in color, the diameters were about 0.8 - 1.2 mm, and typical settling velocities were about 30 - 40 m/h. Through SEM a great number of bacilli could be found on the surface of the granules which made the surface rough. Total DNA of these two hydrogen production sludges were extracted and purified, and the PCR and DGGE process were conducted, the results indicate that most of the eubacteria in two sludges are the same, but the dominant species are obviously different with each other.
Anaerobic sustainability for integrated biomethanation of sugar mill waste and municipal sewage.
The study investigates the viability of biogas generation by integrating the biodegradable waste product of sugar industry viz., pressmud with municipal sewage using biomethanation process. The total solid content of pressmud and sewage mixture was optimized with respect to maximization of biogas yield with continuous monitoring over several operating parameters. Optimum total solid content of 5% found to yield 80 m3 of biogas per ton of pressmud compared to 65m3 per ton of conventional digestion of pressmud alone. It is estimated that 3.4 x 10(8) m3 of biogas can be generated through integrated biomethanation from the potential of4.2 million tons ofpressmud available annually in India.
A tiny but powerful microbial fuel cell.
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The development of superficial infraslow potential oscillations of the brain in chick embryos.
The development of superficial infraslow potential oscillations (ISPO) of brain hemispheres, cerebellum and optic lobes was studied in chick embryos between day 9 and 21 of incubation. The ISPO were firstly registered in brain hemispheres at day 10 of incubation, i.e. 5 days before the onset of spontaneous EEG activity. The ISPO in 10-day-old embryos had an average frequency of 9.9 c/min and an amplitude of 0.14 mV. During further development till hatching the frequency decreased to 7.5 c/min and the amplitude increased to 1.39 mV. Similar ISPO with the same developmental trend were also registered from the surface of the cerebellum and optic lobes. Superficial ISPO were not synchronized either between both hemispheres or between different fields of the same hemisphere.
Impact of Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) on biogassification of potato waste.
A study was conducted on anaerobic digestion of potato waste and cattle manure mixture, inoculated with 12% inoculum and diluted to 1:1 substrate water ratio at 37 +/- 1 degrees C. Initially pH of substrate was found to be 4.5 to 5.0. Lime and sodium bicarbonate solutions were employed to adjust the pH to 7.5. Biogas production continued up to 10 and 7 days, when lime and sodium bicarbonate solutions were used to adjust the pH, respectively. Biogassification potential was studied in response to different ratio of waste and cattle manure. Biogas production rate was higher when potato waste and cattle manure were used in 50:50 ratio. Effect of two different concentrations (2.5 and 5.0 ppm) of three heavy metals viz. (Ni (II), Zn (II) and Cd (II)) on anaerobic digestion of substrate (potato waste--cattle manure, 50:50) was studied. At 2.5 ppm, all the three heavy metals increased biogas production rate over the control value. The percentage increase in biogas production over the control was highest by Cd, followed by Ni and Zn. In all the treatments, methane content of biogas increased with increase in time after feeding. Various physico-chemical parameters viz. total solids, total volatile solids, total organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand considerably declined after 7 days of digestion and decline was greater in presence of heavy metals as compared to control. The physico-chemical parameters revealed maximum decrease in the presence of 2.5-ppm concentrations of heavy metals with the substrate. Among all the three heavy metals employed in the study, Cd++ at 2.5 ppm was found to produce maximum biogas production rate. The use of three heavy metals to enhance biogas production from potato and other horticultural waste is discussed.
Microbial fuel cells--challenges and applications.
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Biodegradation of high concentration phenol containing heavy metal ions by functional biofilm in bioelectro-reactor.
Functional microorganisms to high concentration phenol containing Cr6+ and Pb2+ were cultured and biofilm was formed on polypropylene packings in bioelectro-reactor. It was found that the biodegradation capability of such biofilm to phenol changed with the applied voltage. Under the optimal electric field conditions (voltage of 3.0 V, electric field of strength 17.7 V/m and current density of 1.98 A/m2), biodegradation efficiency of phenol aof concentration of 1200 mg/L increased 33% compared to the instance without applying electric field. However, voltage had inverse effect on biodegradation, as microorganisms were killed under strong electric field. Voltage had little effect on heavy ions elimination. Higher absorption rate of Cr6+ and Pb2+ was observed when changing pH from acidic to neutral. The experiment results indicated that, after treatment, 10 L phenol of 2400 mg/L was biodegraded completely within 55 h and concentrations of Cr6+ and Pb2+ dropped to less than 1 mg/L within 12 h and 6 h, from initial values of 50 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively.
Supercritical gasification for the treatment of o-cresol wastewater.
The supercritical water gasification of phenolic wastewater without oxidant was performed to degrade pollutants and produce hydrogen-enriched gases. The simulated o-cresol wastewater was gasified at 440-650 degrees C and 27.6 MPa in a continuous Inconel 625 reactor with the residence time of 0.42-1.25 min. The influence of the reaction temperature, residence time, pressure, catalyst, oxidant and the pollutant concentration on the gasification efficiency was investigated. Higher temperature and longer residence time enhanced the o-cresol gasification. The TOC removal rate and hydrogen gasification rate were 90.6% and 194.6%, respectively, at the temperature of 650 degrees C and the residence time of 0.83 min. The product gas was mainly composed of H2, CO2, CH4 and CO, among which the total molar percentage of H2 and CH4 was higher than 50%. The gasification efficiency decreased with the pollutant concentration increasing. Both the catalyst and oxidant could accelerate the hydrocarbon gasification at a lower reaction temperature, in which the catalyst promoted H2 production and the oxidant enhanced CO2 generation. The intermediates of liquid effluents were analyzed and phenol was found to be the main composition. The results indicate that the supercritical gasification is a promising way for the treatment of hazardous organic wastewater.
[Biological wastewater treatment and simultaneous generating electricity from organic wastewater by microbial fuel cell].
An air-cathode microbial fuel cell (ACMFC) was successfully started up using anaerobic activated sludge as inoculums, generating a voltage of 0.24V after inoculations for 110 h. When using acetate and glucose as substrate, voltage of 0.38V and 0.41V (based on external resistance of 1000 omega) is obtained; meanwhile, the maximum power density reaches 146.56 mW/m2 and 192.04 mW/m2 respectively, suggesting that organic wastewater can be used to produce electricity. Removal efficiency of 99% (acetate) and 87% (glucose) is achieved simultaneously, demonstrating that ACMFC can treat organic wastewater. Electron recovery efficiency as low as 10% for both acetate and glucose is observed mainly due to aerobic respiration of microorganisms caused by diffusion of oxygen molecular from the cathode, leading to electron loss. MFCs are capable of converting chemical energy presented in organic wastewater into electricity energy with accomplishments of wastewater treatments simultaneously, which possibly captures considerable benefits in terms of environments and economics.
Continuous electricity generation at high voltages and currents using stacked microbial fuel cells.
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[Modern power industry and its effects on the environment (review)].
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[EEG in neuropediatrics (author's transl)].
After remarks about the history of pediatric electroencephalography some particularly important neurophysiological and especially electroencephalographical studies out-of the last ten years are reviewed: polygraphic studies in healthy and sick newborns, spectralanalytical investigations of the EEG in twins, infants and older children. The review is closed by some critical considerations about possibilities and limitations of the automatic analysis of the childhood EEG.
A muscle powered cardiac assist device for right ventricular support: total assist or partial assist?
A muscle powered cardiac assist device (MCAD) for right ventricular support requires optimized diastolic filling to obtain full stroke and acceptable fluid dynamics. A valved and spring-assembled skeletal muscle ventricle (SMV) was designed as a prototype MCAD, regardless of fluid dynamics. The present study addresses the optimal bypass method for right ventricular support, and predicts the future design for an implantable MCAD. Latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) of 11 dogs were conditioned electrically for a one year maximum, and transformed into fatigue-resistant muscles (Type I fibers). Superior and inferior vena cavae were anastomosed using one arm of a Y-shaped vascular graft, as an inflow conduit, and the outflow conduit was placed on the main pulmonary artery. SMV was wrapped with transformed LDM and the bypass method was varied by SVC and/or IVC ligation. SMV demonstrated sufficient right ventricular support on total bypass (70% compared with control output), and the maximum pump off-to-on flow ratio (200%) was obtained. Maximum SMV power output was 0.27 X 10(6) erg, which was equivalent to that of canine right ventricle. Right atrial-to-pulmonary artery bypass was also constructed by using SMV in another 14 dogs, and also showed that total bypass was preferable for optimal SMV diastolic filling. In conclusion, specific requirements for a future MCAD include a subsystem assembly such as a spring, magnet, or alternative auxiliary muscle pump assembly for MCAD filling, and total bypass with optimized fluid dynamics and anatomic fitting.
Mechanical transduction in biological systems.
Mechanical transduction, the transformation of cellular deformation into an electrochemical response, is essential to the survival of both cells and higher organisms. In the specialized sensory organs, mechanotransducers are responsible for the sensations of hearing, touch and vibration, local gravity, kinesthesis, and probably osmoreception. In the viscera, mechanoreception provides sensory feedback on organ volume and pressure. At the cellular level, mechanoreceptors are known to provide feedback for avoidance reactions in free-swimming protozoans and for the gravitational and tactile reactions of plants. Mechanotransducers are probably essential in regulating cell volume and cell division. The known properties of mechanotransducers can be accounted for by ion channels whose gating is controlled by membrane strain.
Recent developments in cardiac pacing.
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Bioinstrumentation: twentieth century slave.
Instrumentation represents an extension of human ability to sense, to monitor, and to record data for interpretation. The devices can supplement failing physiologic functions. They are the products of fertile imaginations, tedius and fastidious development, and scientific and technologic knowledge. As such, the devices have infiltrated health care. The time is ripe for nursing actively to take advantage of the capacities and potentials of these tools, which slavishly and untiringly carry out tasks and relay information that can contribute to the well-being of patients and the advancement of nursing.
Myoelectric prosthetic replacement in the upper-extremity amputee.
Myoelectric upper-extremity prostheses, which have opened up a new world of freedom and function for upper-extremity amputees, are examined in terms of patient acceptance, ease of use, and durability of the unit.