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PubMed1995

Early disruptive behavior, IQ, and later school achievement and delinquent behavior.

A series of structural equation model is developed to examine the relationship between early externalizing behaviors (conduct problems, attention deficit) and IQ measured at age 8 years, academic achievement over the period 10 to 13 years, and delinquent behavior to the age of 15 in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. These models indicated that early externalizing behaviors and IQ were related to later academic achievement and delinquent behavior by two quite distinct but highly correlated developmental sequences. In one sequence early conduct problems were predictive of later delinquency but were not directly related to later academic achievement. In the other sequence, attention deficit and IQ were prognostic of later school achievement but were not directly related to delinquency. Further, the apparent correlations between academic achievement and delinquency were adequately explained by the common and correlated effects of early behavior and IQ on later achievement and delinquency. These conclusions remained unchanged when the sample was stratified by gender, and when further explanatory factors were introduced into the model.

Achievement↗

PubMed1995

The Developmental Behavior Checklist: the development and validation of an instrument to assess behavioral and emotional disturbance in children and adolescents with mental retardation.

Describes the development and validation of the Developmental Behavior Checklist (DBC), a standardized instrument completed by lay informants to assess behavioral and emotional disturbance in children and adolescents with mental retardation (MR). Items describing common behavioral and emotional problems in this population were generated by extracting descriptions from 664 case files of children and adolescents with behavior disorders seen at a specialist developmental assessment service over 12 years. These items were reduced to a set of 96 items administered to a sample of 1,093 children and adolescents with mental retardation and then submitted to a principal components analysis. Six interpretable and partly validated subscales were obtained which explained 36% of the total variance and had satisfactory internal consistency. Interrater and test-retest agreement were satisfactory for both total scale score and for scores on each of the subscales. Good evidence of concurrent validity was provided by substantial positive correlations between total scores on the DBC completed by lay informants and the ratings of experienced psychiatrists based upon interviews and scores on two standardized instruments that must be completed by health professionals. The discriminative validity of the total score as assessed by area under the ROC curve was excellent (92%). Standardized norms for the DBC are derived from an epidemiological study of behavior problems in children and adolescents with mental retardation undertaken in two Australian States. Norms are available for the mild, moderate, severe, and profound MR groups and for the MR population as a whole.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

A systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions to reduce HIV risk behaviors of Hispanics in the United States and Puerto Rico.

This systematic review examines the overall efficacy of HIV behavioral interventions designed to reduce HIV risk behaviors or incident sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among Hispanics residing in the United States or Puerto Rico. Data from 20 randomized and nonrandomized trials (N = 6,173 participants) available through January 2006 were included in this review. Interventions successfully reduced the odds of unprotected sex and number of sex partners, increased the odds of condom use, and decreased the odds of acquiring new STD infections. Interventions successful in reducing the odds of any sex risk behavior used non-peer deliverers; included >or=4 intervention sessions; taught condom use or problem solving skills; or addressed barriers to condom use, sexual abstinence, or peer norms. Interventions that included the Hispanic cultural belief of machismo or those developed based on ethnographic interviews were successful in reducing the odds of sex risk behaviors among non-drug users. Interventions targeting injection drug users (IDUs; N = 3,569) significantly reduced the odds of injection drug use and the odds of sharing cotton or cookers, but did not significantly reduce the odds of engaging in risky sex behavior or needle sharing. Further development of culturally appropriate HIV prevention interventions for Hispanic populations, particularly men and persons living with HIV, are warranted.

Female↗

PubMed2005

Prevention of child behavior problems through universal implementation of a group behavioral family intervention.

The aim of this mental health promotion initiative was to evaluate the effectiveness of a universally delivered group behavioral family intervention (BFI) in preventing behavior problems in children. This study investigates the transferability of an efficacious clinical program to a universal prevention intervention delivered through child and community health services targeting parents of preschoolers within a metropolitan health region. A quasi-experimental two-group (BFI, n = 804 vs. Comparison group, n = 806) longitudinal design followed preschool aged children and their parents over a 2-year period. BFI was associated with significant reductions in parent- reported levels of dysfunctional parenting and parent-reported levels of child behavior problems. Effect sizes on child behavior problems ranged from large (.83) to moderate (.47). Positive and significant effects were also observed in parent mental health, marital adjustment, and levels of child rearing conflict. Findings are discussed with respect to their implication for significant population reductions in child behavior problems as well as the pragmatic challenges for prevention science in encouraging both the evaluation and uptake of preventive initiatives in real world settings.

Australia↗

PubMed1980

Behavior-dependent evoked potentials in the hippocampal CA1 region of the rat. I. Correlation with behavior and EEG.

As an alternative approach to the study of hippocampal function in relation to behavior, the averaged evoked potentials (AEPs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collaterals (SCH), the alveus and the contralateral hippocampus were recorded at various depths in the hippocampal CA1 region of freely moving rats with chronically implanted electrodes. Significant correlations between AEPs, behavior and EEG were found. At one end of the continuum of AEPs were those recorded during large irregular activity (LIA), an EEG pattern associated with slow-wave sleep or awake-immobility. These AEPs had large early peak and low-amplitude late peaks. At the order end of the continuum, during high frequency theta EEG associated with behaviors such as walking, postural change or phasic paradoxical sleep. AEPs had a smaller early peak, increased later peak(s) and appeared oscillatory. The evoked population spike, a synchronous postsynaptic firing of CA1 neurons, was smaller during behaviors associated with theta than during those associated with LIA. It is postulated that a recurrent inhibitory circuit within the hippocampus can account for the change of the AEPs with EEG and behavior and with stimulus intensity. During theta EEG, the negative feedback may increase such that the evoked population excitatory postsynaptic potential and the evoked population spike decrease and ascillatory response is more readily elecited. The excitability state of hippocampal CA1 may be described by the negative feedback gain in this model.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Do forebrain structures compete for behavioral expression? Evidence from amphetamine-induced behavior, microdialysis, and caudate-accumbens lesions in medial frontal cortex damaged rats.

The neurochemical basis of behavioral changes following medial frontal cortex damage were investigated. Experiment 1 examined locomotion in response to D-amphetamine (1.5 and 5 mg/kg) in rats that had received bilateral aspirative lesions of the medial frontal cortex alone or in combination with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions of the nucleus accumbens or caudate-putamen. Relative to controls, medial frontal cortex rats were initially hypoactive (day 1 postoperative) but rapidly became hyperactive (days 5-15 postoperative). Locomotor-time profiles and stereotypy ratings showed that amphetamine produced a selective enhancement of locomotion at the expense of stereotyped behavior. Nucleus accumbens lesions blocked the locomotion but enhanced stereotyped behavior in the medial frontal cortex damaged rats, suggesting that amphetamine-enhanced locomotion is dependent upon the integrity of the nucleus accumbens. In Experiment 2, intracerebral microdialysis was used to examine whether alterations in dopamine (DA) or monoamine metabolites in the nucleus accumbens or caudate-putamen accompanied the lesion-induced changes in locomotion. There were no differences in extracellular DA or monoamine levels between control rats and medial frontal cortex rats when tested on day 1 or day 15 postsurgery, either when they were at rest, while they walked on a motor-driven belt, or after amphetamine treatment. Therefore, it seems unlikely that changes in amphetamine-induced locomotion following medial frontal cortex lesions are related to underlying modifications in dopaminergic activity in the nucleus accumbens. It is suggested that neural structures compete for behavioral expression and that postlesion behavioral alterations reveal the competitive advantage of remaining intact neural systems.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗

PubMed1994

Recovery of olfactory behavior. II. Neonatal olfactory bulb transplants enhance the rate of behavioral recovery.

Previous experiments in this laboratory have shown that transplants of a fetal olfactory bulb into a neonatal rat are viable and that they establish connections with the olfactory peduncle and olfactory cortex. The focus of this experiment was to investigate the anatomical correlates of any behavioral recovery seen in rats that had one olfactory bulb removed along with an immediate transplant of a fetal olfactory bulb. Anatomical details, such as transplant organization and olfactory nerve repenetration patterns were analyzed using a variety of histological and immunohistochemical techniques. The rats in this experiment showed behavioral recovery of olfactory ability. The recovery rates observed in these animals were compared to two other groups of rats that this laboratory has shown to be behaviorally competent: normal rats and rats with neonatal ablations of the olfactory bulb but no transplant. Although the animals with transplants did not recover to completely normal levels of olfactory ability, they did start behavioral testing in a more behaviorally competent condition than rats with simple neonatal lesions. Anatomical analysis revealed that the transplanted olfactory bulb was heavily penetrated by incoming olfactory nerve fibers but olfactory nerve penetration was not limited to the transplanted olfactory bulb. The extra-bulbar host regions that were penetrated included the orbital frontal cortex and three olfaction-related areas; olfactory cortex, olfactory peduncle and the subependymal cell layer. The olfactory nerve penetration patterns observed beyond the transplant were essentially the same as those observed in rats with only neonatal lesions of the olfactory bulb. Thus, multiple pathways may have contributed to the recovery observed in the rats with olfactory bulb transplants.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Multidimensional behavioral analyses show dynorphin A-(1-13) modulation of methamphetamine-induced behaviors in mice.

The effects of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of dynorphin A-(1-13) on methamphetamine-induced behavioral alterations in mice were determined by using multidimensional behavioral analyses. Methamphetamine (0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg s.c.) produced a marked increase in linear locomotion, circling, rearing and/or grooming behaviors. The behavioral effects of methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg s.c.) were almost completely antagonized by pretreatment with the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, S(-)-sulpiride (3.0 and/or 10.0 mg/kg i.p.), but not with the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, SCH 23390 (0.01 or 0.03 mg/kg i.p.). Although dynorphin A-(1-13) (3.0 or 12.5 micrograms i.c.v.) alone did not produce any significant effects on behavior, the methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg s.c.)-induced increase in circling ipsilateral to the injection side was markedly enhanced by dynorphin A-(1-13) (12.5 micrograms i.c.v.). In contrast, the peptide (12.5 micrograms i.c.v.) inhibited the methamphetamine (1.0 mg/kg s.c.)-induced increase in rearing, whilst the increase in grooming remained unchanged. The effects of dynorphin A-(1-13) (12.5 micrograms i.c.v.) were fully reversed by the opioid antagonist, Mr 2266 (5.6 mg/kg s.c.). These results suggest that the unilateral administration (i.c.v.) of dynorphin A-(1-13) inhibits the activity of dopamine-elicited neurotransmission, resulting in an increase in ipsilateral circling and in a decrease in rearing.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Estrogen-behavior correlates in the reproductive physiology and behavior of the ruffed lemur (Lemur variegatus).

The animal subjects of this study consisted of seven male-female pairs, living an open-air, off-exhibit area of the San Diego Zoo. Daily urinary estrogen levels in each of five females were measured and daily behavioral observations of the seven pairs were made. Behavioral patterns aligned by objectively determined, discrete physiologic events were analyzed to determine their temporal correlation to changes in estrogen excretion. The data indicate that approximately one-sixth of the female behaviors and one-third of the male behaviors sampled were significantly correlated to urinary estrogen levels in the females (P less than 0.05-0.005). In addition, both attractivity and receptivity were distinguishable and their component behaviors in males and females were found to be related to the estrogen profile. Proceptivity, however, was only weakly identified and its description in this sample population was ambiguous. Mating was observed to occur exclusively on 1 day, presumably the day of ovulation.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses during conditioned active and passive behavior in the defensive burying/probe avoidance paradigm: effects of ipsapirone.

Plasma epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations were determined in the rat before, during, and after a 15-min exposure to a nonelectrified probe on day after receiving electric shock (1.5 mA) through a probe mounted on the wall of the home cage. Rats displayed burying (active coping) if sawdust was provided on the floor and immobility (passive coping) if bedding was absent both during training and testing. The conditioned burying was accompanied by high plasma NE but low E and CORT concentrations, whereas immobility was associated with high CORT and low NE levels. A forced switch from the active to passive coping (training with and testing without sawdust) led to the highest rise in E concentration. The 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone, with anxiolytic properties, dose-dependently (0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg, IV) reduced defensive burying behavior and increased the amount of time spent on feeding behavior in the presence of bedding material. Both plasma E and CORT levels were further elevated by the higher dose of ipsapirone. In the absence of bedding material, ipsapirone failed to affect immobility behavior, but it dose-dependently elevated the stress-induced increase in E, NE, and CORT concentrations. Accordingly, the behavioral anxiolytic action of the 5-HT1A agonist ipsapirone was restricted to active coping, whereas neuroendocrine activation by the drug was present in all conditions. It is suggested that the effects of ipsapirone on behavioral coping and neuroendocrine regulation are produced by different populations of 5-HT1A receptors in the brain.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Appetitive sexual behavior in male rats: 2. sexual reward and level-changing behavior.

Anticipatory level-changing behavior is a form of appetitive sexual behavior displayed by male rats prior to introduction of a female in a bilevel testbox. Analysis of this level-changing behavior may serve as assessment of sexual motivation. Because ejaculation affects appetitive aspects of sexual behavior, measures purporting to assess sexual motivation should be effected by ejaculation. We observed that ejaculation prior to testing reduced the number of anticipatory level changes of a male rat. This reduction was greater when tested after two than after one ejaculation. Our results support the concept that analysis of anticipatory level-changing behavior can be used to measure sexual motivation.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Stimulation of mounting behavior but not lordosis behavior in ovariectomized female rats by p-chlorophenylalanine.

Treatment with 126 mg/kg of the 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days or daily treatment with 40 mg/kg of PCPA stimulated the display of mounting behavior, including ejaculatory patterns, by ovariactomized hormonally untreated female rats. PCPA treatment failed to induce lordosis behavior and did not affect the induction of lordosis behavior by daily injections of 2.0 mug/kg estradiol benzoate. These results show that mounting and lordosis behavior can be dissociated and it is suggested that these two sexual behavior patterns may be regulated by different neurotransmission mechanisms.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Effects of branched-chain fatty acids on GABA-degradation and behavior: further evidence for a role of GABA in quasi-morphine abstinence behavior.

An increase in GABA-ergic activity has been implicated in the initiation of quasi-morphine abstinence behavior by di-n-propylacetate (DPA). Two structural analogues of DPA, namely, the branched-chain-fatty acid 2-methyl, 2-ethylcaproic acid and 2,2-dimethylvaleric acid have now been used to study this relationship between behavioral and biochemical effects. A correlation appeared to exist between the K1 of these compounds for succinic semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase, the second enzyme in the degradation of GABA, and the doses exerting a maximum effect on behavior. On the other hand concurrent inhibition of GABA-transaminase seemed to suppress the behavioral effects of the fatty acids. This apparent paradox can possibly be explained by supposing a different action of the fatty acids in distinct compartments of the brain, suggesting an important role for increased GABA-ergic activity in the neuronal compartment in the initiation of the quasi-morphine abstinence behavior.

4-Aminobutyrate Transaminase↗

PubMed1989

Isolation-induced social behavioral deficit: a proposed model of hyperreactivity with a behavioral inhibition.

The behavior of mice isolated for 7-9 days (isolated mice) was compared to that of mice reared in groups (grouped mice). The method consisted of counting the number of escape attempts of the mice placed under an inverted beaker. When individually observed the isolated mice attempted to escape slightly but significantly more often than the grouped mice. When a pair of mice (one isolated + one grouped) were tested together, the number of escape attempts of the isolated mice was half of that of the grouped mice: this phenomenon was named the isolation-induced social behavioral deficit. These opposed behaviors may mean the same thing: an hyperreactivity to the novelty. In a variety of new situations under the beaker (presence of a lifeless object, of a grouped mouse or of an isolated mouse), the isolated mice were more reactive than the grouped mice. In conclusion, the social behavioral deficit test may be seen as a model of hyperreactivity with a behavioral inhibition.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

On the development of behavioral tolerance to organophosphates. III: Behavioral aspects.

As part of a study on the mechanisms underlying behavioral tolerance to cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphates (OP's) the present investigation was focussed on behavioral procedures affecting the development of tolerance. The effects of chronic administration of the OP's DFP (600 micrograms/kg SC) and soman (60 micrograms/kg SC) were compared in rats. These doses do not cause detectable effects upon close observation of the animals. As was found before, behavioral tolerance developed following DFP, but not following soman. Repeated behavioral testing affected the development of tolerance. Cross-tolerance between these two inhibitors was not found. Surprisingly, when DFP was administered 48 hr after soman, all animals were observationally normal, and when soman was given 48 hr after DFP the majority of the animals died. This indicates that the sequence in which these inhibitors were administered was of major importance. It is concluded that practice-related and/or state-dependent factors are important for the development of behavioral tolerance and that one should be careful in making generalizing statements about tolerance to cholinesterase-inhibiting OP's.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Analysis of observed behaviors displayed by depressed patients during a clinical interview: relationships between behavioral factors and clinical concepts of activation.

In 61 drug-free depressed patients, relationships were studied between observed behaviors and measures of common clinical concepts of activation. The behaviors were observed during a clinical interview and analyzed with ethological methods. Activation was assessed by means of self-ratings (Thayer, AD-ACL) and global judgement (Hamilton, retardation, agitation). Various aspects of patients' speaking and listening behaviors were recorded and analyzed, such as looking, head movements, yes-nodding and no-shaking, leg movements, gesturing, and body and object touching. A factor analysis was applied, enabling grouping of behaviors without using a priori concepts. Five factors reflected different aspects of a conversation: restlessness (leg and hand movements), speech, active listening (head movements and intensive body touching, during listening), speaking effort (looking, gesticulating, head movements, during speaking), and eagerness (yes-nodding and no-shaking). Significant positive relationships were found between the speech factor, the speaking effort factor and the restlessness factor on the one hand, and activation on the other. The eagerness factor was related negatively with activation. The results give insight into the organization of behavior during an interview, and show how this is related to clinical concepts of activation.

Adult↗

PubMed1982

Problem behavior and psychiatric impairment within a developmentally disabled population I: behavior frequency.

This report summarizes information about problem behavior and psychiatric impairment in a population of over 30,000 individuals receiving developmental disabilities services. Teenage and adult individuals displayed more problem behaviors than young children or the elderly, more markedly mentally retarded individuals were more likely to display problem behavior, individuals in less restrictive residential settings displayed less problem behavior than those in more restrictive settings, and persons with psychiatric impairment displayed more frequent problems than persons without psychiatric impairment. The proportion of developmentally disabled persons with a psychiatric impairment was positively associated with presence of problem behaviors classified as affective or cognitive. Implications for community placement and further research are addressed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Effects of in vivo behavioral rehearsal on the learning of assertive behaviors with a substance abusing population.

Forty-three residents of a substance abuse treatment center were randomly assigned to (a) Assertiveness Training with Behavioral Practice (ATBP); (b) Assertiveness Training with Journal (ATJ), or (c) Waiting List Control (WLC). Using the Behavioral Assertiveness Test and the Gambrill-Richey Assertion Inventory, subjects in the ATBP group showed greater gains than the ATJ group on one behavioral measure, while both the ATBP and ATJ groups changed more than the WLC group on the Gambrill-Richey Response Likelihood scale. Behavioral rehearsal (homework compliance) was not consistently related to outcome, calling into question the value of the widespread use of homework assignments in behavioral treatments.

Adult↗