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PubMed1990

An infrared heat source for temperature control of a small microscope flow bath.

A simple, inexpensive, and easily installed infrared heat source with temperature controller for small superfusion baths used in electrophysiologic experiments is described. The output of a thermal sensor in the bath is amplified and sent to a feedback circuit which in turn controls the voltage supplied to a tungsten/halogen bulb focused on the bath. Fluctuation from the set point is no more than 0.2 degrees C with good fluid level control. Judging from the lack of change in the cardiac action potential duration, heart cells do not preferentially absorb infrared radiation.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2003

Free residual chlorine in bathing water reduces the water-holding capacity of the stratum corneum in atopic skin.

Some patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) develop dry skin or exacerbated cutaneous inflammations with frequent swimming in public pools or after bathing. We examined the effects of residual chlorine in bathing water on the function of the stratum corneum (SC) in patients with AD and determined the lowest chlorine concentration showing an effect. In addition, we investigated the relationship between the free residual chlorine concentration in bathing water and the water-holding capacity of the SC in patients with AD. Twenty patients with AD and 10 normal control (NC) subjects were included in this study. The hydration status of the SC on the flexor surface of the forearm was measured with a corneometer before and after the subject's arms were immersed in tubs filled with comfortably hot water (40 degrees C) containing residual chlorine at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L for 10 minutes in a room maintained at normal temperature (24 degrees C) and relative humidity (55%). The water-holding capacity of the SC after immersion was calculated by integration of the hydration status determined every 30 seconds over a period of 10 minutes. In the patients with AD, the average SC hydration status after immersion in comfortably hot water containing residual chlorine at 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L was significantly lower than that following immersion in water containing a negligible concentration of residual chlorine (i.e., less than 0.03 mg/L) (p<0.05). In the NC subjects, significant differences were observed only between the 2.0 mg/L and the negligible residual chlorine groups (p<0.05). The water-holding capacity of the SC was significantly decreased with a residual chlorine concentration of 0.5 mg/L or higher in the patients with AD (p<0.01). However, in the NC subjects, a significant decrease in water-holding capacity was observed only at a residual chlorine concentration of 2 mg/L (p<0.01). These results indicate, first, that the water-holding capacity of the SC in patients with AD is more sensitive to free residual chlorine exposure than that in NC subjects without AD. Second, these results suggest that free residual chlorine exposure in patients with AD may play a role in the development or exacerbation of AD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

A survey of bathing and showering practices in children with atopic eczema.

We evaluated the emollient use and bathing habits of children with atopic eczema (AE) managed at the paediatric dermatology clinic of a university teaching hospital, using children with noneczematous skin diseases as controls. Disease severity of AE in the preceding 12 months was evaluated by the Nottingham Eczema Severity Score. Three-quarters of patients with or without eczema preferred showering to bathing. Patients with AE were more likely to use bath oils than soap and to use emollients after a bath/shower. Review cases, however, were more likely to take a shower and for a longer time (10-30 min) than first-visit eczema patients. These habits did not vary with season or disease severity. Emulsifying ointment was the most commonly used agent for the bath/shower. Most patients applied emollient immediately after a bath/shower. However there were still significant proportions of AE patients who used soap (40% of first-visit vs. 27% of review cases) and who did not apply emollients after a bath/shower (25% of first-visit vs. 23% of review cases). It is important to determine whether this problem is due to inadequate patient education or whether other factors lead to poor compliance.

Baths↗
PubMed1980

Influence of the Taurus radiowave blood warmer on human red cells. Hemolysis and erythrocyte ATP and 2,3 DPG concentrations following warming by radiowaves, microwaves and water bath.

The warming properties of the Taurus radiowave blood warmer were studied. The safety limits were the same as for microwave warming (Haemotherm). Hemolysis was noted in units with a hematocrit over 0.75 or containing less than 300 g of blood. The effects of radiowave, microwave and water bath warming on the erythrocyte ATP and 2,3 DPG concentrations were compared. Statistically highly significant differences were found between all these methods. Warming of blood in a +35 degrees C water bath for 3 min had no effect on these parameters. There was, however, a tendency for ATP and 2,3 DPG levels to decrease after 60 min water bath incubation (+37 and +45 degrees C), but to increase levels following electromagnetic warming depending on the age of the warmed erythrocytes. Thus, electromagnetic radiation appeared to influence the red cell metabolism, which cannot be explained by the effect of temperature alone.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1997

A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model assessment of methyl t-butyl ether in groundwater for a bathing and showering determination.

Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline additive that has appeared in private wells as a result of leaking underground storage tanks. Neurological symptoms (headache, dizziness) have been reported from household use of MTBE-affected water, consistent with animal studies showing acute CNS depression from MTBE exposure. The current research evaluates acute CNS effects during bathing/showering by application of physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) techniques to compare internal doses in animal toxicity studies to human exposure scenarios. An additional reference point was the delivered dose associated with the acute Minimum Risk Level (MRL) for MTBE established by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. A PBPK model for MTBE and its principal metabolite, t-butyl alcohol (TBA) was developed and validated against published data in rats and humans. PBPK analysis of animal studies showed that acute CNS toxicity after MTBE exposure can be attributed principally to the parent compound since the metabolite (TBA) internal dose was below that needed for CNS effects. The PBPK model was combined with an exposure model for bathing and showering which integrates inhalation and dermal exposures. This modeling indicated that bathing or showering in water containing MTBE at 1 mg/L would produce brain concentrations approximately 1000-fold below the animal effects level and twofold below brain concentrations associated with the acute MRL. These findings indicate that MTBE water concentrations of 1 mg/L or below are unlikely to trigger acute CNS effects during bathing and showering. However, MTBE's strong odor may be a secondary but deciding factor regarding the suitability of such water for domestic uses.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Effects of bathing on Pseudomonas and Klebsiella colonization in patients with spinal cord injuries.

This study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization in humans with spinal cord injuries who were using the external urinary collection system showed that meticulous bathing with the bar soap issued by the hospital did not eliminated colonization and was frequently associated with the shifting of these bacteria to adjacent sites on the body. Bacterial counts of the skin showed that bathing did reduce the numbers of P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae found on the skin surface and temporarily eliminated these bacteria from some sites. The persistence of these organisms for long periods, even when patients were meticulously bathed, indicates that P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae may become part of the resident flora in these patients.

Bacteriuria↗
PubMed1983

Electrocardiographic changes due to sauna bathing. Influence of acute reduction in circulating blood volume on body surface potentials with special reference to the Brody effect.

Sauna bathing causes profuse sweating, which could lead to an acute reduction in the circulating blood volume and the intraventricular blood volume. Sauna bathing thus provides a good clinical model with which to evaluate the inter-relation between the body surface potentials and the intraventricular blood mass. After bathing the internal dimension of the left ventricle in diastole was appreciably decreased, whereas the spatial QRS magnitude and the magnitudes of the R and Q waves in lead Z and of the S wave in lead X were significantly increased. These findings indicate that a decrease in the intraventricular volume was accompanied by an increase in the body surface potential and contradict the Brody effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of 8-MOP aqueous bath and 8-MOP ethanolic lotion (Meladinine) in local PUVA therapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Local PUVA (psoralen plus UVA light) is an effective outpatient treatment for patients with palmoplantar eczema or psoriasis. In this study, the efficacy, applicability and patient acceptance of two local forms of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) PUVA therapy were compared. METHODS: The study design was a left-right comparison (n = 37): the left hand or foot was treated with (aqueous) 8-MOP bath PUVA whereas the right received (ethanolic) 8-MOP lotion PUVA. After 1 month, the more successful treatment was continued on both sides until lesions cleared. RESULTS: Both therapies were effective and both useful for particular clinical applications: patients with erosive lesions and rhagades appreciated the gentleness of bath PUVA. Those with pustules or hyperkeratotic lesions appreciated the greater effectiveness of 8-MOP lotion PUVA. The total UVA dose and number of sessions to clearance were smaller with 8-MOP lotion. There was no difference in the length of the relapse-free period. Therapy nonresponders usually became apparent within the first 12 sessions. CONCLUSIONS: The difference between bath PUVA and lotion PUVA can be described as 'gentle' versus 'strong' therapy. The better therapy depends on clinical indication.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1999

Carcinogenic risk of bath PUVA in comparison to oral PUVA therapy.

The potential carcinogenic risk of bath PUVA therapy was compared to that of systemic (oral) PUVA. An analysis of the epidemiological data on cancer risk following bath PUVA with trimethylpsoralen does not support the conclusion that bath PUVA per se is less carcinogenic than systemic PUVA with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that both the concentration of 8-MOP in the target organ for PUVA carcinogenicity (skin) at the relevant time point (time point of UVA irradiation) and the extents of biological effects in the skin are comparable following bathwater or systemic 8-MOP administration. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of PUVA arise from the same photochemical reaction mechanisms as do the carcinogenic effects. Theoretically, the ratio of (desired) cytotoxic versus (undesired) mutagenic effects could increase with increasing efficiency of the PUVA therapy itself. On the basis of the available evidence, it is concluded that all forms of PUVA therapy, independently of the route of 8-MOP administration, contribute to a small but dose-dependent increase in nonmelanoma skin cancer risk.

5-Methoxypsoralen↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The preference and importance of bathing, toileting and mouth care habits in older persons.

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to describe bathing, toileting, and mouth care habits and preferences of older persons, as well as the importance of such habits. DESIGN AND METHODS: Fifty-eight community-dwelling older persons were administered the Self-maintenance Habits And Preferences in Elderly questionnaire (SHAPE) during a one-on-one interview with a research assistant. Preferences were described by frequency distributions and mean importance for each item was calculated. Gender differences in preferences were examined using chi(2) analyses, t tests were used to compare importance levels. RESULTS: Women reported spending a longer time bathing, they were more likely to have privacy while bathing, to use a washcloth, a regular size towel, and less likely to use a large towel than were men. One-third of the women reported using some type of absorbent undergarment, while no men did so. Mouth care was the category that received the highest importance ratings. Although order of importance of items was similar across genders, women assigned higher levels of importance to these items than did men. Importance ratings given to atypical habits, such as unusually long or more than 1 bath/day, were higher than those attributed to more usual habits. IMPLICATIONS: Knowledge of the range and importance of such self-care practices can provide information useful in the development of programs and for individualized care.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Short- and long-term effectiveness of oral and bath PUVA therapy in urticaria pigmentosa and systemic mastocytosis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that oral PUVA is effective in urticaria pigmentosa. Long-term results, however, are unknown. OBJECTIVE: We studied the long-term effectiveness of oral PUVA treatment in urticaria pigmentosa as well as in systemic mastocytosis. In addition, the success of bath PUVA was examined in these diseases. METHODS: Twenty patients with urticaria pigmentosa and systemic mastocytosis treated by oral PUVA were examined retrospectively for a time period of up to 18 years. We studied the duration of improvement and correlated these results with the total PUVA dose, the skin type and the age of onset. Four patients were treated by bath PUVA therapy. RESULTS: In oral PUVA therapy an improvement was seen in 14 out of 20 patients (70%). There was no difference in the response rate between urticaria pigmentosa and systemic mastocytosis and there was no correlation with the total PUVA dosage. The duration of the treatment's success ranged from a few weeks to more than 10 years. 25% of the patients showed an improvement for more than 5 years. Patients with onset during childhood and early adolescence and patients with skin types I and II responded favourably to the treatment. Bath PUVA therapy was without effect in our 4 patients. CONCLUSION: Oral PUVA is very effective for the long-term treatment of urticaria pigmentosa as well as systemic mastocytosis.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1993

The bath: a nursing ritual.

This article examines the bath as a nursing ritual, using examples from the literature from the 1880s to the present time. Selections from nursing periodicals and other literature are used to support the connections between past and present nursing practices in relation to bathing and hygienic care. The bath represents part of the essential character of nursing and is rooted in the beliefs, art, and science of the profession. It is a channel for many other nursing activities and responses, and as such, occupies a necessary part of nursing's repertoire and identity.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2005

Treating dry skin and pruritus with a bath oil containing soya oil and lauromacrogols.

The efficacy and safety of a bath oil containing soya oil and anti-pruritic lauromacrogols have been demonstrated in experimental and clinical studies. In order to generate more efficacy and safety-related data on the day-to-day use in paediatric practice, a post-marketing surveillance study has been conducted. More than 3500 patients--the vast majority (61.4%) aged 0-4 years--were included in this investigation. Atopic eczema was diagnosed in 86.4% of the cases. The average duration of treatment was 42 days. The results confirm that the anti-pruritic bath oil is both well-tolerated and effective in treating dry and itchy skin diseases. The sum score of symptoms decreased during the treatment period from 7.21 to 2.71 mean score points. The physicians assessed the global efficacy in 89.4% of the cases as 'very good' or 'good'. Anti-pruritic properties of the combination were rated 'very good' or 'good' in 84.3%. The local tolerability was stated to be 'good' or 'very good' in 96.8% of the patients. In total, only 10 out of the 3566 patients, 0.28% respectively, experienced discomfort.Moreover, the physicians estimated that the bath oil therapy helped to reduce therapeutics like steroids in nearly 60% of patients. The potential to reduce use of external steroids and other specific therapeutics is also of particular relevance from a pharmacoeconomic point of view.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Bed baths--an initiation ritual for the nurse].

It's a experience, at the Fundamental Nursing Laboratory, for the "Bath in the Bed" practice with 22 graduating from the UERJ nursing course, the object was to record the teaching strategy procedure, identify the students representations and feelings with her own bath and characterize, after the sensibility dynamic developed in "LIVING EXPERIENCES", her feelings. The explorer-qualitative research was implemented in 1997. Among the results there are the proper categories of the knowledge construction on the "Bath in the Bed": Incentive for body dirt cleaner; Incentive to pleasure--the relax body; Incentive to comfort--free body and Incentive to sensations--dynamic body. Conclusion, the students carry from their reality common sense knowledge for "dirt" and "clean" when representing their own body. When experiment to "touch" humors and perceives the client bad odors, even of symbolic way, their reactions are different and re-extend a cultural and scientific knowledge.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment of a hospital bath chair: an ergonomic approach].

A high rate of musculoskeletal disorders in members of the nursing team is observed in the literature. The use of special devices such as the bath chair has reduced the risk of back injuries in these workers and has also provided the patient with greater safety as well as comfort. The aim of the present study was to assess the ergonomic characteristics of a bath chair utilized in a hospital Separate questionnaires were applied for the nurses and the patients. The bath chair accessories presented several ergonomic problems. The perceived physical exertion according to the Borg-CR10 Scale indicated that a high level of exertion was required to manipulate the equipment (8.33).

Baths↗
PubMed1995

Thermal responses of 6- to 8-year-old children during immersion of their legs in a hot water bath.

Twenty-three children (12 boys and 11 girls) and 13 female students served as the subjects in summer. The children were from six to eight years old. The subjects were seated in a hot room of 30 degrees C and their legs were immersed in bath water of 42 degrees C for 30 minutes. Total sweat rate, local sweat rate on the back, rectal temperature, skin temperatures at eight sites, heart rate and blood pressure were measured during the experiments. Total sweat rate of both groups was similar, but local sweat rates of the children were significantly smaller than those of the students. Although the degree of increase in rectal temperature from immersion in the hot bath were similar, the increases of heart rate and skin temperatures on the thigh and forearm were greater in children. These results suggest that the thermoregulatory ability of children during heat exposure is similar to that of young female adults. However, it is found that for heat loss, children resort more to vasodilation than sweating during heat exposure as compared to adults. The children were divided into two groups according to whether the children were exposed to air cooling systems in summer in their infancy or not. There was no significant inter-group differences in physiological responses during immersion in the hot water bath. It is found that the ability of Japanese children to tolerate heat was not reduced distinctly by the frequent use of an air cooling system in infancy.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of the thermal conditions of the dressing room and bathroom on physiological responses during bathing.

The effects of the thermal conditions of the dressing room and bathroom on the physiological responses during bathing were assessed. Six female students participated in this experiment. Three climate chambers were used as a living room, a dressing room and a bathroom. The living room was thermoneutral and maintained at 25 degrees C, while the thermal conditions of the dressing room and bathroom were as follows: (A) cold (10 degrees C), (B) cool (17.5 degrees C) thermoneutral (25 degrees C). The subjects wore standard clothing (0.65 clo). Heart rate (HR), blood pressure, rectal (Tre) and skin temperature, and subjective thermal sensation were recorded. 1) Marked increases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) after undressing and redressing in the dressing room and during washing were observed under the cold conditions. 2) A significant negative correlation was found between the dressing room temperature and increased SBP compared to before bathing (r = -0.684, p < 0.01, n = 18). 3) After exposure, mean skin temperature (Tsk) showed marked differences among the three conditions despite the rest taken under the same thermal conditions. 4) A significant negative correlation was found between Tsk and the increase in SBP of after undressing relative to that before bathing (r = -0.695 p < 0.01, n = 18). These findings suggested that 25 degrees C was the most appropriate temperature for the bathroom and dressing room, since the increase in blood pressure was minimum and subjective thermal sensation was neutral (neither cool nor warm) to warm under this thermal condition, and 17.5 degrees C at which the increase in blood pressure was within the physiological fluctuation range (+/- 10 mmHg) is the minimum tolerable temperature.

Adult↗