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PubMed2000

An outbreak of type C botulism in 12 horses and a mule.

A USDA Early Response Team investigated deaths of several horses and a mule in northern Arizona at the request of local animal health officials. Thirteen animals (12 horses and 1 mule) housed at 5 facilities in a 7.4 square mile area died between August 1998 and January 1999. Clinical signs consisted of muscular weakness that rapidly progressed to lateral recumbency. Ten animals had paresis of the tongue, throat, or lips. Affected animals appeared alert and were interested in eating and drinking, even while recumbent. All 13 animals were euthanatized. Clostridium botulinum type C was isolated from feces or intestinal contents from 3 affected horses. Preformed toxin was detected in samples of soil and bird droppings collected from a nearby horse burial site. It was hypothesized that the outbreak was a result of birds, presumably ravens, feeding at the burial site and at horse facilities in the area that transferred toxin to the affected animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Consuming the dead: a Kleinian perspective on death rituals cross-culturally.

The author argues that Melanie Klein's theories of mourning shed light on certain funerary practices encountered widely in ethnographic literature, namely 'second burial'. Pointing out that the death of a loved person is experienced in fantasy as the destruction of the internalised mother imago, the author shows how various Kleinian processes involved in infantile fears of maternal loss--such as persecutory anxiety, guilt, depression, and attempts at reparation--are clearly expressed in rituals of mourning cross-culturally. The argument is illustrated with two extensive case studies, Bali (Indonesia) and the Mekeo of coastal Papua New Guinea. A number of other cultures are considered briefly to indicate the relevance of Kleinian theory to the symbolism of death rituals more broadly, including the role played by sorcery and witchcraft beliefs, fears of malevolent ghosts, repeated re-burial, mortuary gift exchange, cremation, mortuary cannibalism, and the denial of death in modern western funeral rites.

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1999

[Etiology and treatment of penoscrotal skin defects].

OBJECTIVE: The influence of the type and extent of debridement on survival of patients with Fournier's gangrene and the efficacy of reconstruction with grafts and residual skin are analyzed. METHODS: The study comprised 43 patients; 35 Fournier's gangrene, 7 trauma and one tumor. The patients with gangrene were treated by debridement, drainage, amputation and antibiotics. Cutaneous grafts and residual skin were used to repair the defect in a second stage procedure. No testicular avulsion was found in the trauma cases. The penile and scrotal injuries were sutured. One burial and one local flap were performed in two penoscrotal avulsions. Skin from the penis was used to repair partial scrotal defects and grafts were applied on the penis. RESULTS: Mortality (21%) was high in partially debrided Fournier's gangrene, penis amputation and in cases undergoing only drainage. Skin grafts for total loss of penoscrotal cover and penile skin flaps for partial scrotal defects achieved good results. Tension suture was unfavorable in the penis, but was well-tolerated in the scrotum. Burial and local skin flaps were not good solutions. Poor results were obtained by conserving residual skin and grafting only the defect. CONCLUSIONS: Early, wide and repeated debridement procedures reduced the mortality in patients with gangrene, and the best results of reconstruction were obtained with split-thickness skin grafts for total loss of penoscrotal cover and penile skin flaps for partial defects of the scrotum.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Comparative analysis of bone mineral composition in human archeological material taken from different regions of Poland].

The actual paper presents the method and results of studies covering the mineral composition of the skulls of humans in the archaeological material stemming from different regions of Poland. The concentration of fluoride, zinc, iron, manganese, lead, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus was determined in 248 skulls. Distribution of individual burial sites providing the study material is presented in Fig. 1. The material was divided into four groups in relation to the place of deposition and in relation to the soil composition. Macro-, microelements determined by the method of atom absorption, phosphate by colourometric method, fluoride by potentiometric method. It has been disclosed that the bony material at the burial site is subjected to processes of fossilisation--replacing the organic matter by mineral one under definite soil conditions. The soil composition is the factor that influences the mineral composition of the bones in case of the following elements: zinc, manganese, lead, magnesium (Tab. 1). No influence was exerted by components contained in the soil on the determined concentrations of fluoride and iron in bones being explored from human skulls originating from archaeological excavation, undergo dynamic transformations in their mineral composition during their deposition in the soil. With the lapse of the time the content of fluoride (Tab. 2), magnesium (Tab. 7), calcium (Tab. 8), phosphate (Tab. 9) increases, while that of zinc (Tab. 3), iron (Tab. 4), manganese (Tab. 5) and lead (Tab. 6) decreases. The end concentration of elements in the archaeological bony material results from the following processes, namely: Cumulation, the example of which is the change in the concentration of fluoride, washing out the components of bone into the soil, to which the compounds of iron and manganese are subjected, compensations of concentrations of the bone soil border. That process took place in the case involving the changes in concentration of zinc, lead, magnesium, calcium and phosphate.

Archaeology↗
PubMed2001

Yesterday's hair--human hair in archaeology.

Hair removed from archaeological burials can tell us a lot about the diet and lifestyle of our ancestors--information that may survive because of the unique biology of hair formation. But hair is also biodegradable and the effects of time and burial conditions can result in conflicting evidence of past lives.

Archaeology↗
PubMed2002

Sensitivity of an infaunal amphipod, Eohaustorius estuarius, to acute waterborne exposures of 4-nonylphenol: evidence of a toxic hangover.

Three independent trials were conducted using mortality and burial as endpoints. Amphipod mean lethal concentration to 50% (LC50) was 227 microg/L. One-hour burial as a sublethal endpoint increased the sensitivity of the toxicity test by 40%; however, most amphipods that survived exposure were able to recover within 24 to 48 h. This toxic hangover was dose-dependent.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[A sketch of history of the European tanatopraxis].

Tanatopraxis is an intentional action aiming to stop all the processes, which lead to a complete decomposition of a body after death. The words embalmment or mummification makes us think about cultures of the ancient Egypt or pre-Columbian America and not about burials of Indo-European nomads or Chinese aristocrats. Meanwhile practices aiming to protect mortal remains against a destructive force of death were known in Europe very long ago. We can see it in paludal burials of the Iron Age and in some testimonies of the ancient epochs. Interventions, which could materially retard decomposition of a body, had been rather generally practiced from the Middle Ages. More practical than religious reasons justified it, but the latter cannot be overlooked. The religious background of such actions can be seen in the custom of embalming mortal remains of popes or kings of France. It was in Europe where the preservation of crops had started to be treated as a scientific problem, and we can see it for the first time in the Renaissance. Together with a development of medical knowledge and especially of anatomy and preparations, a great progress both in methods and substances used for embalming, took place. Ruysh and Holmes in the 17th century, the Hunter brothers in the 18th century and Gannal and Holmes in the 19th century are the milestones in the history of tanatopraxis in Europe. Foundation of the French Institute of Tanatopraxis (IFT) has crowned the many hundred years old experience in the field.

Death↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biomedical waste management in the Regional Hospital Center of Ziguinchor].

To make the hospital environment healthier for those it serves, the management of biomedical waste (BMW) was studied in the Ziguinchor Regional Hospital Center (RHC) in Senegal from 1 March through 15 March, 2000. The RHC incinerator had stopped operating in 1993. Problems in BMW management were observed at all levels. Neither identification nor sorting took place during collection. Waste bins were exposed everywhere. Workers, rather than carrying waste bins on their back or head, used rolling tables. BMW ended up in a shallow open pit where they were periodically burned. Workers collected, stored, and transported BMW without any type of protection (gloves, boots, masks, aprons, etc.). The principal determinants of this poor management appear to be inadequate funding and training for the cleaning staff, the staff's failure to realize the dangers, and their use of non-standardized practices, due to the absence of BMW policies. BMW management at Ziguinchor RHC must be corrected. Protective equipment must be used systematically. Similarly, standardized practices must be applied to the decontamination of used objects, the identification and sorting at the source, the recovery and recycling of all objects with any remaining value, and the correct storage of BMW. This waste must be transported under high security from its place of storage to its final disposal site. Deep burial has been selected as the most feasible method of disposal under current conditions. A year-long program has been proposed towards this end. Strategies include training, information, motivation, equipment, supervision and evaluation. The budget to implement this program is CFA 5,423,454 francs, distributed between training (22%), equipment (40%), construction of the pit, and follow-up (38%). The tasks are distributed between a public health doctor, department supervisors, and cleaning staff. The follow-up will include three quarterly inspections, at 3, 6, and 9 months and an evaluation at the end of the program. The effect of the program will be judged by the disappearance of unlawful dumping due to the disposal of all BMW in the RHS's deep burial pit.

Hospitals↗
PubMed2004

Field paleoradiography of skeletal material from the early classic period of Copan, Honduras.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a radiographic evaluation of the skeletal remains of 2 elite individuals from the Early Classic Period of Copan, namely, K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' (Hunal Burial 95-2), founder of the Early Classic Dynasty, and the primary female interment from the Motmot tomb (Burial 37-8). Our aims were to document pathologies and subsequent changes in long-bone density resulting from physiologic or functional adaptations, such as disuse atrophy. METHODS: Standardized anteroposterior and mediolateral radiographs were obtained using a portable veterinary x-ray unit and Polaroid film. Orthogonal radiographs were used to estimate the cross-sectional biomechanical properties of the long bones. RESULTS: In the case of Yax K'uk' Mo', it appears that there was trauma-induced disuse atrophy of the right forearm resulting in an accelerated loss of cortical bone in the right humerus relative to the left humerus. The restructuring of this individual's left shoulder girdle probably resulted in radical structural and functional changes. Although this fracture could have contributed to degenerative changes and paralysis, there was no evidence of disuse atrophy in the left upper limb. The gracile Motmot skeleton showed no signs of osteoporosis, osteopenia or disuse atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: The use of radiography in the assessment of the skeletal material described here vastly increased our ability to document the pathologic processes that affected these centuries-old individuals during their lifetimes. In addition, the use of radiographs allowed us to expand our understanding of how these processes may have affected biomechanics and, subsequently, long-bone geometric properties.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2004

The belated autopsy and identification of an eighteenth century naval hero--the saga of John Paul Jones.

John Paul Jones, the "Father of the American Navy," is known for the battletime assertion that he had "not yet begun to fight." His central role in a triumph of scientific forensic identification more than a century after his death is less known. John Paul Jones died in 1792 and was buried in Paris, France. The location of his grave was lost over time and a search for his corpse began in 1899. Remains matching his physical characteristics and circumstance of burial were discovered in 1905 and returned to the United States for a hero's burial. Some questioned the identification at the time and the major source of identifying information has since been shown to contain false information. The published forensic literature fails to address existing critiques of the identification. We provide a substantive analysis and conclude that the available evidence supports the identification of the unknown remains as those of John Paul Jones.

Autopsy↗
PubMed2003

Possible human sacrifice at the origins of Rome: novel skeletal evidences.

Recent archaeological excavations at the Carcer/Tullianum, in the Roman Forum, allowed the unexpected recovery of human burials associated with the very early foundations of the monument, at the beginning of the iron age. The study of these burials resulted in interesting paleopathological discoveries, concerning the skeleton of a strongly-built male, radiocarbon-dated between 830 and 780 BC. The telltale posture of the skeleton and the presence of a massive perimortal blunt force trauma of the skull shed light on the mode and circumstances of the death of this subject, and are suggestive of ritual sacrifice. The archaeological, mythological and historical backgrounds, combined with the paleopathological evidence, help us to get a glimpse of life and death at the origins of Rome.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1992

[New perspectives of avalanche disasters. Phase classification using pathophysiologic considerations].

This study comprises an analysis of the data on 332 persons totally buried by avalanches in Switzerland between 1981 and 1989. The survival rate was calculated with the aid of a computer-assisted estimation procedure according to Turnbull. The curve pattern was interpreted according to pathophysiological considerations, on the basis of which the time course of the battle for survival was divided into 4 phases: 1) Survival phase: until 15 minutes after burial under the snow masses. The survival probability amounts to 93% and is, thus, higher than so far assumed. Almost all those buried survived this period of the time provided they were not fatally injured and received first aid. 2) Asphyxia phase: duration of burial under the avalanche from 15 to 45 minutes. The probability of survival sank dramatically during this period from 93% to about 25% (fatal kink of the survival probability curve). Those buried under the snow without an air pocket die of acute asphyxia (the point of no return) and the mortality rate reaches its maximum in this phase. 3) Latent phase: the period as from 45 minutes following the avalanche until the time of rescue. This phase is survived only in the presence of an air pocket. With sufficient oxygen reserves and freedom of thoracic movement a "phase of relative safety" occurs, whereby the survival probability diminishes further only slowly. The first deaths due to hypothermia arise after 90 minutes. 4) Rescue phase: from the time of extrication from the snow until arrival in hospital. There is an increased risk of a fatal outcome during the rescue procedure and immediately afterwards through augmented hypothermia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Asphyxia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cremation plant planning and related hygienic-sanitary aspects].

The number of cremators is set to grow in Italy owing to current increasing demand for cremation, as a system of burial as well as a system of disposal of non-decomposed human remains resulting from operations of exhumation (as provided by the Circular No. 10 of 31 July of 1998 of the Ministry of Health). Some indications on how town planners need to size up the cremation plant with regard to its capacity to face cremation demand, in order to avoid any hygienic-sanitary inconveniences are given. As a matter of fact, for planning the demand for cremation from Circular No. 10 of 31 July of 1998 it is necessary to assess the decomposition time in burial sites.

Exhumation↗
PubMed2006

The role of monitored natural recovery in sediment remediation.

The long-term goal of monitored natural recovery (MNR) is to achieve ecological recovery of biological endpoints in order to protect human and ecological health. Insofar as ecological recovery is affected by surface-sediment-contaminant concentrations, the primary recovery processes for MNR are natural sediment burial and contaminant transformation and weathering to less toxic forms. This paper discusses the overall approach for effective implementation of MNR for contaminated sediment sites. Several lines of evidence that may be used to demonstrate natural recovery processes are summarized, including documentation of source control; evidence of contaminant burial; measurement of surface sediment mixing depths and the active sediment benthic layer; measurement of sediment stability; contaminant transformation and weathering; modeling sediment transport, contaminant transport, and ecological recovery; measuring ecological recovery and long-term risk reduction; knowledge of future plans for use and development of the site; and watershed and institutional controls. In general, some form of natural recovery is expected and should be included as part of a remedy at virtually all contaminated sediment sites. Further, MNR investigations and an understanding of natural recovery processes provide cost-effective information and support the evaluation of more aggressive remedies such as capping, dredging, and the use of novel amendments. The risk of dredging or capping may be greater than the risk of leaving sediments in place at sites where capping or dredging offer little long-term environmental gain but pose significant short-term risks for workers, local communities, and the environment.

Ecology↗
PubMed2006

[Migration and transformation of marine carbon and related chemical driving factors].

The study showed that the migration and transformation of marine carbon had a close relation with the biogeochemical processes driven by various chemical factors. The growth and decline of nutrient concentration, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), redox potential (Eh), SO4(2-), and sulfur potential (Es) could change marine chemical environment, and thus, affect the migration and transformation of marine carbon. When the nutrient supply was adequate to the nutritional demand of phytoplankton, CO2 was conveyed to deep sea through photosynthesis and organic matter oxidation, which caused the decrease of sea water Pco2 and the increase of sea-air CO2 flux and organic carbon output, making the sea area as a CO2 sink. But, the increasing acidification of marine environment caused by CO2 dissolution and organic matter degradation brought about the solubility augmentation of carbonate in seawater. Moreover, the mineralization of organic carbon was coupled with the changes of DO, Eh, SO4(2-) and Es, and the deposition and burial process of carbon in sediments. In sea water body, high DO and high Eh accelerated the transformation from inorganic carbon to organic carbon, while in sediment, high SO4(2-) was adverse to the burial of organism with low DO and low Eh.

Carbon↗
PubMed1991

[Some cholera graveyards in western Norway].

The Norwegian provisional regulations from 1832 for the control of cholera included detailed directions for the burial of cholera victims. How these directions for graveyards were followed up has been studied in the context of the cholera epidemic in Western Norway in 1848-49. In Bergen an ordinary graveyard was used for burying cholera victims at the beginning of the epidemic, while all later burials took place in a graveyard for cholera victims only. 549 victims were buried here. On the island of Sotra the majority of the cholera victims were buried in three cholera graveyards, and further south in the county several small graveyards were planned or laid out. In general, the directions for cholera graveyards were followed. The cholera graveyard in Bergen was levelled over one hundred years ago, while several other cholera graveyards in Western Norway still exist as reminders of the epidemic.

Cholera↗
PubMed1991

[Post-mortem cesarean sections in Puerto Rico, 1805-1807].

The idea of saving an infant by incising the abdomen of the recently deceased mother was first put into practice in ancient times, and the Catholic Church endorsed its use to provide baptism for the infant's soul. The practice received official support in Madrid in 1804 with a Real Cédula (royal order) of Charles IV to the civilian and ecclesiastic officials of the Indies and the Philippines. This operation was used, before the cédula, in Spain, Mexico, Venezuela and Peru, but in Puerto Rico this order seems to have provoked the practice of post-mortem caesarean section. In a review of burial records of the San Juan cathedral for 1797 to 1814, one such operation is mentioned (1807), but the records of Cayey (a town in the mountains) from 1801 to 1812 show three cases (1805-6). We transcribe here (with modern spelling) the cédula and burial certificates, and we then comment on their significance.

Cadaver↗