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PubMed2005

Cutaneous Mechanical Stimulation Regulates Ovarian Blood Flow via Activation of Spinal and Supraspinal Reflex Pathways in Anesthetized Rats.

The reflex effects of noxious mechanical stimulation of a hindpaw or abdominal skin on ovarian blood flow, and the reflex pathways involved in those responses were examined in anesthetized rats. Blood flow in the left ovary was measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter, and the activity of the left ovarian sympathetic nerve and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the common carotid artery were recorded. Stimulation of the left or right hindpaw for 30 s produced marked increases in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity and MAP. Ovarian blood flow slightly decreased during the stimulation and then slightly increased after the stimulation. After the left ovarian sympathetic nerves were severed, the same stimulus produced a remarkable monophasic increase in ovarian blood flow that was explained by passive vasodilation due to a marked increase in MAP. After spinal transection at the third thoracic (T3) level, the responses of MAP, ovarian sympathetic nerve activity, and ovarian blood flow to hindpaw stimulation were nearly abolished. Stimulation of the abdomen at the right or left side for 30 s produced slight increases in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity and MAP. Ovarian blood flow slightly decreased during the stimulation and then slightly increased after the stimulation. After the ovarian sympathetic nerves were severed, the response of the ovarian blood flow changed to a monophasic increase due to an increase in MAP. After spinal transection, stimulation of the left abdomen produced a moderate increase in MAP, a remarkable increase in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity and a slight decrease in ovarian blood flow during the stimulation. In contrast, stimulation of the right abdomen produced a smaller response in ovarian sympathetic nerve activity during the stimulation while it increased the MAP to a similar degree. Ovarian blood flow slightly increased after the end of stimulation, which was explained as passive vasodilation due to the increase in MAP. In conclusion, stimulation of somatic afferents affects ovarian blood flow by inducing changes in ovarian sympathetic nerve activities and blood pressure. When stimulation was applied to a hindpaw whose segment of afferent input is far from the segment of the ovarian sympathetic nerves, it took a supraspinal reflex pathway. However, when stimulation was applied to the abdomen whose spinal segment of the afferent is close to the segment of the ovarian sympathetic nerve output, there are spinal segmental reflex pathways. The present results demonstrate that spinal reflexes depend on the laterality of the stimulus, while supraspinal reflexes do not depend on the laterality of the stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Electrophysiological mechanisms and determinants of vagal maneuvers for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

BACKGROUND: The vagal maneuvers used for termination of paroxysmal supraventricular reentrant tachycardia (PSVT) appear to involve more complex mechanisms than we have known, and further study should be done to explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: In this study, 133 patients with PSVT and 30 age- and sex-matched control subjects were included. We assessed the effects of different vagal maneuvers on termination of PSVT and compared baroreflex sensitivity and beta-adrenergic sensitivity between the patients with PSVT and control subjects. Out of 85 patients with atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT), vagal maneuvers terminated in 45 (53%). Of these, 28 (33%) terminated in the antegrade limb and 17 (20%) terminated in the retrograde limb. Out of 48 patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), vagal maneuvers terminated the tachycardia in the antegrade slow pathway (14%) or in the retrograde fast pathway (19%). Baroreflex sensitivity was poorer but isoproterenol sensitivity test better in patients with AVNRT. Poorer antegrade atrioventricular node conduction properties and better vagal response determined successful antegrade termination of AVRT by vagal maneuvers. Poorer retrograde accessory pathway conduction property but better vagal response determined successful retrograde termination of AVRT. Better sympathetic and vagal response associated with poorer retrograde atrioventricular node conduction determined retrograde termination of AVNRT by the Valsalva maneuver. CONCLUSIONS: Both the vagal response and conduction properties of the reentrant circuit determine the tachycardia termination by vagal maneuvers. Improved understanding of the interaction of autonomic and electrophysiological mechanisms in maintaining or terminating PSVT may provide important insight into the pathophysiology of these two tachycardias.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Role of tachykininergic and cholinergic pathways in modulating canine gastric tone and compliance in vivo.

Acetylcholine and tachykinins act as co-transmitters along excitatory pathways at different gut levels. Since cholinergic pathways are involved in maintaining gastric tone during fasting, our aim was to study the possible role of tachykininergic pathways in modulating canine gastric tone and compliance in vivo by using selective tachykinin receptor antagonists. In four fasting, conscious dogs, we characterized the pressure-volume relationship in the proximal stomach by using a barostat. We increased the pressure of the intragastric bag by 2 mmHg increments every 3 min, starting from a baseline value of 2 up to 12 mmHg. Drug effects were investigated by studying pressure-volume relationships before and 15 min after intravenous (i.v.) administration of SR140333, SR48968, or SR142801 (respectively, NK (1)-, NK (2)-, and NK (3)-receptor antagonist, each at the dose of 1 mg kg (-1)) or atropine (100 microg kg (-1)). Pressure-volume curves were fitted by nonlinear regression analysis. Before drug administration, the curve that best fitted the pressure-volume relationship was exponential. SR140333, SR48968 and SR142801 did not affect baseline gastric tone or the gastric pressure-volume curve at any distension level. At a distending pressure of 6 mmHg, the Delta volumes obtained after administration of SR140333, SR48968 or SR142801 vs control were 65 +/- 28, 27 +/- 26, 14 +/- 20 ml, respectively. The same was true even when all three antagonists were administered together to achieve simultaneous blockade of all three tachykinin receptor subtypes. Atropine increased baseline gastric volume (Delta volume = 237 +/- 15 ml; P< 0.01) and significantly (P< 0.0001) shifted the pressure-volume curve to the left. After atropine, a linear equation best fitted the pressure-volume curve. We conclude that tachykininergic pathways are not involved in modulating canine gastric tone and compliance during fasting, whereas cholinergic pathways play a major role not only in maintaining gastric tone, but also in modulating the compliance of the proximal stomach to a distending stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Phox2b controls the development of peripheral chemoreceptors and afferent visceral pathways.

We report that the afferent relays of visceral (cardiovascular, digestive and respiratory) reflexes, differentiate under the control of the paired-like homeobox gene Phox2b: the neural crest-derived carotid body, a chemosensor organ, degenerates in homozygous mutants, as do the three epibranchial placode-derived visceral sensory ganglia (geniculate, petrosal and nodose), while their central target, the nucleus of the solitary tract, which integrates all visceral information, never forms. These data establish Phox2b as an unusual 'circuit-specific' transcription factor devoted to the formation of autonomic reflex pathways. We also show that Phox2b heterozygous mutants have an altered response to hypoxia and hypercapnia at birth and a decreased tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the petrosal chemosensory neurons, thus providing mechanistic insight into congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, which is associated with heterozygous mutations in PHOX2B.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1986

Neural control of human airways in health and disease.

Several aspects of airway function are under autonomic control: airway smooth muscle tone, submucosal gland secretion, epithelial cell function, bronchial vascular tone and permeability, and probably secretion from mast cells and other inflammatory cells. Neural control of human airways is more complex than previously recognized. In addition to afferent nerves and cholinergic adrenergic mechanisms (including circulating catecholamines), there are nonadrenergic, noncholinergic nerves that may be both excitatory and inhibitory. The neurotransmitters of this third nervous system are uncertain, but there is some evidence that neuropeptides may be involved. Several neuropeptides have recently been identified in human airways and, although they have potent effects, their pathophysiologic role is uncertain. There is much evidence that autonomic control of the airways may be abnormal in airway disease, particularly in asthma, but the precise role of neural mechanisms in the pathogenesis of air-flow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness remains to be defined.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1999

Caverno-pudendal nervous communicating branches in the penile hilum.

Classically, the peripheral neural pathways for erection are proerectile, issuing from the parasympathetic sacral fibres, and antierectile from the thoracolumbar sympathetic trunk. The cavernous nerves as terminal branches of the pelvic plexus convey the parasympathetic fibres to the penis. The pudendal nerve conveys sensory fibres from the penis and somatic fibres to the bulbos-pongiosus and ischiocavernosus striated mm. In animals, it has been demonstrated that the dorsal nerve of the penis contains sympathetic fibres. These findings suggest that communicating branches exist between the cavernous nerves and the dorsal nerve. Our aim in this study was to demonstrate the presence of such connections in man. We dissected 20 fresh male cadavers. The pelvic plexus and pudendal nerves were dissected to identify their terminal branches and connections. Histologic study was performed. Our results showed evidence of communicating nervous branches between the cavernous nerves and the dorsal nerve of the penis. Several variants existed concerning the number and type of connections. The presence of such communicating branches proves that the supralevator and infralevator neural pathways communicate and suggest the possibility of a kind of plasticity of the nervous supply of penile erection. Further studies are needed to identify the nature of these communicating branches.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Role of cholinergic and adrenergic pathways of the medial septal area in the water intake and pressor response to central angiotensin II and carbachol in rats.

In the present study, we investigated the effect of previous injection of either prazosin (alpha 1-adrenergic antagonist) or atropine (muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) into the medial septal area (MSA) on the pressor and dipsogenic response induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of carbachol (cholinergic agonist) and angiotensin II (ANGII) in rats. The pressor and dipsogenic responses to ICV carbachol (7 nmol) were reduced after previous treatment of the MSA with atropine (0.5 to 5 nmol), but not prazosin (20 and 40 nmol). The dipsogenic response to ICA ANGII (25 ng) was reduced after prazosin (40 nmol) into the MSA. The pressor response to ICV ANGII was not changed either by previous treatment of the MSA with prazosin or atropine. The present results suggest a dissociation among the pathways subserving the control of dipsogenic and pressor responses to central cholinergic or angiotensinergic activation.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1996

M1 muscarinic receptor-induced facilitation of ACh and noradrenaline release in the rat bladder is mediated by protein kinase C.

1. [3H]Noradrenaline (NA) AND [14C]acetylcholine (ACh) released by electrical field stimulation were measured simultaneously in strips from the body of rat urinary bladder. 2. [3H]NA and [14C]ACh release was greater during continuous stimulation (CS; 10 Hz, 100 shocks) or in the presence of eserine than during intermittent train stimulation (IS; 10 Hz, 10 shocks every 5 s, 10 times). Atropine (1 microM) or pirenzepine (0.05-0.1 microM) blocked the CS- or eserine-facilitated release. 3. The protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol dibutyrate (PDB; 0.05 and 0.5 microM) increased the release of both [3H]NA and [14C]ACh in a concentration-dependent manner. Atropine blocked the PDB-induced facilitation of ACh release but not the facilitation of NA release. 4. The protein kinase A (PKA) activator 8-Br-cAMP did not affect ACh release but enhanced NA release. 5. The PKC inhibitor H-7 (50-100 microM) inhibited the CS- or eserine-facilitated release of both ACh and NA, but did not affect the non-facilitated release evoked by IS. H-7 also inhibited 0.5 microM PDB-induced facilitation of ACh release but not NA release. 6. Down-regulating PKC by pretreatment for 30 min with 5 microM PDB decreased the facilitated release of ACh and the eserine-induced facilitation of NA release. 7. Electrically evoked contractions of the bladder strips exhibited a biphasic response to PDB (2.5 microM), which consisted of an initial enhancement of the peak amplitude and area followed after 20 min by an inhibition of contractions. H-7 inhibited the electrically evoked contractions in a dose-dependent fashion. 8. It is concluded that a phospholipase C-PKC signal transduction pathway is essential for muscarinic receptor-induced facilitation of ACh and NA release but is not involved in the non-facilitated release of transmitters in the rat urinary bladder.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Histochemical demonstration of peripheral autonomic innervation in canine nasal mucosa by retrograde axonal transport of horseradish perioxidase.

The peripheral autonomic nervous pathways of the nasal mucosa in dogs were investigated by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method. HRP was applied to the nasal mucosa, caudal nasal nerve, ethmoidal nerve, vidian nerve and pterygopalatine ganglion in 20 dogs, and retrogradely labelled neurons were observed in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and the pterygopalatine ganglion (PPG) by the blue reaction method. It was suggested that the vidian nerve, the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve, the caudal nasal nerve, the pterygopalatine nerve and the ethmoidal nerve contained the postganglionic sympathetic fibres which originated in SCG and terminated in the nasal mucosa. Moreover, other sympathetic pathways, such as those around the blood vessels, were also suggested to be a main route. It was suggested that the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers originating in PPG travelled along the caudal nasal nerve and the ethmoidal nerve.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The localization of sympathetic and vagal neurones innervating the carotid sinus in the rabbit.

The distribution of neurones innervating the carotid sinus of the rabbit was determined by inserting chips of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the adventitial layer of the carotid sinus. Labelled neurones were found in the superior cervical ganglion, along the cervical sympathetic trunk and in the nodose ganglion (mean counts of 1876, 139 and 232, respectively). No labelled neurones were located in the middle cervical ganglion or the stellate ganglion. Within the superior cervical ganglion, the fraction of labelled neurones found in equal longitudinal quadrants of the ganglion were, from rostral to caudal, 2%, 12%, 42% and 44%. Thus the majority of neurones were located in the caudal region of the superior cervical ganglion. The primary pathway for sympathetic fibres innervating the carotid sinus was shown to be in branches of the external carotid nerve. The greatest number of labelled neurones in the nodose ganglion were located in the most rostral quadrants of the ganglion.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pelvic nerve plexus trauma at radical and simple hysterectomy: a quantitative study of nerve types in the uterine supporting ligaments.

OBJECTIVE: Using neuropeptide and enzyme markers to autonomic nerves, we sought to demonstrate and quantify the nerve types contained within the uterosacral ligaments (USLs) and cardinal ligaments (CLs) that are divided during radical hysterectomy (RH). METHODS: Cross-sectional biopsies were collected from the lateral third of the USL and the CL in 24 women who had an RH for cervical cancer, and from the uterine insertion of these ligaments in 11 women who had a simple hysterectomy for benign disease. We applied indirect immunofluorescence with FITC-conjugated secondary antibodies, using polyclonal primary antibodies to neuropeptide markers that predominate within somatic and autonomic nerves, to show different populations of the following nerve types within the biopsies: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) for sympathetic nerves; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) for parasympathetic nerves; substance P (SP) for nociceptive and sensory-motor nerves; and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) for sensory and sensory-motor nerves. The percentage area of immunoreactivity (PAI), determined by a computer-assisted image analyzer attached to a fluorescent microscope, was used as an objective quantitative measure of nerve density. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the composition and spatial arrangement of nerve fibers in the ligaments. RESULTS: The PAI was greater for all markers tested in both the USL and CL (P <.001) in RH compared with simple hysterectomy biopsies. For RH specimens, the PAI was greater for the sympathetic, sensory, and sensory-motor nerve markers in the USL compared with the CL (P <.01), but the PAI for VIP was similar (P >.05). Conversely, excluding the large trunks and associated ganglia, the free nerve fiber PAI in the CL was greater than that of the USL for all nerve markers (P <.001). The staining of peripheral autonomic ganglia and associated fibers, for NPY and TH, indicates that some sympathetic nerves are preganglionic with their cell bodies within the pelvic plexus. CONCLUSIONS: Significantly more autonomic nerves are transected in the more lateral division of the uterine supporting ligaments during a radical hysterectomy than during a simple hysterectomy. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, sensory, and sensory-motor nerve types are present within the CL and USL. The proportions of each nerve type differ between the two ligaments, and sympathetic nerves in the USL are the single largest nerve type. The uterine supporting ligaments are a major pathway for autonomic nerves to the pelvic organs.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1995

Possibility of postprandial electrogastrography for evaluating vagal/nonvagal cholinergic activity in humans, through simultaneous analysis of postprandial heart rate variability and serum immunoreactive hormone levels.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate changes in postprandial electrogastrography (EGG) from the neurohormonal mechanisms. METHODS: We measured EGG indices [frequency amplitude of normal 3-cpm (EGG-3 cpm)], high frequency amplitude of heart rate variability which has reflected cardiac parasympathetic tone, and several serum immunoreactive (ir)-hormone levels in 12 fasted male volunteers (mean age 25.3 yr). RESULTS: Immediately after the liquid food intake (250 kcal), a transient decrease in EGG-3 cpm frequency (from 0.045 +/- 0.001 Hz to 0.040 +/- 0.001 Hz; p < 0.05) accompanied by an increase in high frequency amplitude (from 31.05 +/- 3.45 ms to 39.10 +/- 4.08 ms; p < 0.05), and a serum immunoreactive gastrin level increase (from 38.72 +/- 4.92 pmol/L to 54.00 +/- 10.45 pmol/L; p < 0.05) and an immunoreactive somatostatin level decrease (from 15.00 +/- 0.43 pmol/L to 13.70 +/- 0.46 pmol/L; p < 0.01) were observed, suggesting vagal excitement. EGG-3 cpm amplitude and serum immunoreactive human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) levels significantly increased soon after ingestion, and these changes lasted for 30 min. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between changes in EGG-3 cpm amplitude and those in serum immunoreactive hPP levels during the postprandial periods (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the reports that a cholinergic, nonvagal pathway is of major importance in food-stimulated hPP release, the present results suggest that postprandial changes in EGG-3 cpm frequency and amplitude might be a good tool for evaluating not only vagal but also nonvagal cholinergic activity in the human gut.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effect of adrenergic and nitrergic blockade on experimental ileus in rats.

1. In a rat model of experimental ileus, the effect of blockade of adrenergic and nitrergic neurotransmission was studied on the intestinal transit of Evans blue. 2. Ether anaesthesia and skin incision had no influence on the transit. Laparotomy significantly inhibited the transit of Evans blue. This inhibition was even more pronounced when the small intestine was manipulated. 3. Reserpine (5 mg kg-1), a drug that blocks adrenergic neurotransmission, completely reversed the inhibition of the transit induced by laparotomy but only partially reversed that induced by laparotomy with manipulation of the small intestine. 4. N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 5 mg kg-1), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, completely reversed the reserpine-resistant inhibition induced by laparotomy with manipulation of the small intestine. The effect of L-NOARG was prevented by concomitant administration of L-arginine. L-Arginine itself slightly, but significantly enhanced the inhibition. S-methylisothiourea and aminoguanidine, selective inhibitors of the inducible NO synthase, had no effect on the transit after the three operations. 5. Treatment of the rats with reserpine plus L-NOARG had no additional effect on the transit after laparotomy as compared to reserpine alone. However, reserpine plus L-NNA completely reversed the inhibition of the transit induced by laparotomy with manipulation of the small intestine. 6. These findings support the involvement of adrenergic pathways in the pathogenesis of ileus and suggest that the additional inhibitory effect of mechanical stimulation results from an enhanced release of NO by the constitutive NO synthase.

Adrenergic Antagonists↗
PubMed1982

Isolation of an autonomously replicating DNA fragment from the region of defective bacteriophage PBSX of Bacillus subtilis.

We have isolated a 5.4-kilobase fragment of Bacillus subtilis DNA that confers the ability to replicate upon a nonreplicative plasmid. The B. subtilis 168 EcoRI fragment was ligated into the chimeric plasmid pCs540, which contains a chloramphenicol resistance determinant from the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pC194 and an HpaII fragment from the Escherichia coli plasmid, pSC101. A recE B. subtilis derivative, strain BD224, is capable of maintaining this DNA as an autonomously replicating plasmid. In rec+ recipients, chloramphenicol-resistant transformants do not contain free plasmid. The plasmid is integrated as demonstrated by alterations in the pattern of chromosomal restriction enzyme fragments to which the plasmid hybridizes. The site of plasmid integration was mapped by PBS1-mediated transduction to the metC-PBSX region. A strain was a deletion in the region of defective bacteriophage PBSX differs in the hybridization profile obtained by probing EcoRI digests with this cloned fragment. This same deletion mutant, though proficient in normal recombinational pathways, permits autonomous replication of the plasmid apparently owing to the lack of an homologous chromosomal region with which to recombine. We believe that, like E. coli. B. subtilis contains at least one DNA fragment capable of autonomous replication when liberated from its normally integrated chromosomal site and that this cloned DNA fragment comes from the region of defective bacteriophage PBSX.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed1996

[Neurocardiogenic syncope: its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment].

Neurocardiogenic syncope seems to be the most common cause of syncope. It is believed to be triggered by paradoxical autonomic reflexes, beginning in the ventricular mechanoreceptors of the heart, modulated by the brain stem and terminating in the autonomic efferent pathways (parasympathetic stimulation with bradycardia or asystole and sympathetic inhibition with severe hypotension). Tilt test has been used recently, as a safety and effective tool to identify subjects prone to syncope. Although the pathophysiology of this syndrome is not completely understood, pharmacological therapeutics seems very effective in resolving symptoms.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed1983

Role of vasopressin in cardiovascular regulation.

Although we are just beginning to appreciate the potential role that arginine vasopressin (AVP) could play in the normal regulation of arterial pressure, a number of points appear already relatively well established. There is now little doubt that AVP can exert significant vasoconstrictor actions at physiological plasma concentrations, although in normal states, AVP-induced elevations of total peripheral resistance do not raise arterial pressure because of strong reflex suppression of cardiac output. It is also clear that AVP can be released in sufficient amounts in hypovolemic states to contribute significantly to the normalization of arterial pressure by direct vasoconstriction. The interaction of AVP with autonomic reflex pathways and the enhancement of baroreceptor reflex gain appear to be an important way in which AVP can also contribute to the short-term stabilization of pressure. Finally, the rapid reflex suppression of AVP and the withdrawal of antidiuretic actions in response to volume loading may serve as another mechanism whereby AVP participates in arterial pressure stabilization.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Brainstem auditory evoked responses and CT findings in multiple system atrophy.

Brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAERs) and CT findings were comparatively studied in 11 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome and 10 patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy. The I-III interpeak latencies (IPLs) were prolonged in 6 patients with Shy-Drager syndrome and in 6 patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy. Mean values of the I-III IPLs were 2.54 +/- 0.28 ms (Shy-Drager syndrome) and 2.62 +/- 0.15 ms (olivopontocerebellar atrophy). In each disease, the I-III IPLs correlated well with the degree of the pontine atrophy estimated from the CT scan. The patients with Shy-Drager syndrome could be clinically divided into two varieties. In addition to autonomic dysfunction, one variety (4 patients) was linked with parkinsonism, and the other (7 patients) with signs of multiple nervous systems involvement. Prolongation of I-III IPLs and pontine atrophy were noted in 6 out of the latters patients, whereas the former patients did not show such abnormalities. The combination of BAERs and CT scan provides useful clinical information on multiple system atrophy.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

[New aspects of the autonomic innervation of human nasal mucosa].

The neuropeptide Substance-P (SP) was found in clinically normal and chronically inflamed hyperplastic human nasal mucosa. SP is the transmitter substance in afferent neurons and causes oedema, as animal experiments have shown, via local and central reflexes as well as vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction and glandular hypersecretion. The study proved the existence of peptidergic nerve fibres besides adrenergic and cholinergic fibres in human nasal mucosa. The result of the study and its presumable pathophysiological meaning is discussed.

Acetylcholine↗