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PubMed2006

Self-reported aggression and the perception of anger in facial expression photos.

The author's purpose in this study was to assess the relationship between self-reported aggression and "seeing" anger in others. Eighty-four undergraduate participants completed a self-report questionnaire about their own aggression (i.e., aggressive attitude, verbal aggression, and physical aggression), as well as measures of resiliency and locus of control. They also responded to a series of photographs depicting facial expressions of happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotions. The results indicated that individuals reporting higher levels of overall aggression also misidentified anger from the facial expressions when this was not the emotion presented (errors of commission). No significant differences appeared among individuals reporting high and low levels of aggression in terms of underreporting anger (errors of omission). The author also found significant correlations among identification of anger from photographs, resiliency, and locus of control. The findings of the study have important implications for understanding the relationship between aggression and one's perception of anger in others.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Anger and coronary calcification in individuals with and without risk factors of coronary artery disease.

The authors investigated the relationship between anger and the calcification of the coronary artery in individuals with and without risk factors for coronary artery disease in Korea. Sixty-one subjects with risk factors of coronary artery disease and 31 subjects without risk factors were enrolled in this study. Electron Beam Computed Tomography was used to measure the calcium level of coronary artery. The anger expression scale was used to measure the anger levels. The anxiety, depression, hostility, and somatization subscales of the symptom checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R) and the global assessment of recent stress (GARS) scale were used to assess the psychopathology and perceived stress. The logistic regression analysis results showed that only the anger-total score was significantly associated with the coronary calcification regardless of the risk factors. These results suggest that anger plays an important role in the calcification of the coronary artery.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Prediction on the negative outcomes of anger in female adolescents].

PURPOSE: This study was designed to construct a structural model for explaining negative outcomes of anger in female adolescents. METHOD: Data was collected by questionnaires from 199 female adolescents ina female high school in Seoul. Data analysis was done with SAS for descriptive statistics and a PC-LISREL Program for Covariance structural analysis. RESULT: The fit of the hypothetical model to the data was moderate, thus it was modified by excluding 7 paths and adding free parameters to it. The modified model with the paths showed a good fit to the empirical data(chi2=5.62, p=.69, GFI=.99, AGFI=.97, NFI=.99, NNFI=1.01, RMSR=.02, RMSEA=.00). Trait anger, state anger, and psychosocial problems were found to have a significant direct effect on psychosomatic symptoms. State anger, psychosocial problems, and learning behaviors were found to have direct effects on depression of female adolescents. CONCLUSION: The derived model is considered appropriate for explaining and predicting negative outcomes of anger in female adolescents. Therefore, it can effectively be used as a reference model for further studies and is a suggested direction in nursing practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

[Japanese anger expression styles and their interpersonal influence].

The purpose of the present study was to investigate Japanese anger expression styles and their influence on interpersonal relationships. In the initial study, 239 undergraduates were asked to complete a questionnaire which assessed seven distinct anger expression styles. The results indicated that the participants most often employed three anger expression styles including hyojo-kucho (nonverbal), tohmawashi (implicit), and itsumodori (none). In the second study, 162 undergraduates were asked to watch these three anger expression styles portrayed on videotape. Participants rated the degree to which the actor in the videotape felt angry and their impressions toward male or female actors in either higher, lower, or equal status, same-sex situations. The findings indicated that the effect on interpersonal relationships varied across the three different expression styles. This study has important implications for understanding Japanese anger expression in interpersonal, and perhaps cross-cultural, relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[The influences of narcissism on the justifiability evaluation of anger expression].

In this study, we examined the relationship between the level of narcissism and justifiability evaluation of anger expression. Participants, 313 students, were asked to rate the justifiability of a variety of anger expressions by them as suffering victims, and answer the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-Short Version (NPI-S). Results indicated that the higher the sense of superiority and competence, which was an aspect of personality, the more justifiable they felt their unilateral expression of anger was. In contrast, the higher the need for attention and praise, another aspect, the less justifiable they felt their unilateral expression was. It was suggested, however, that individuals who had higher need for attention and praise tended to appraise suffering situations as severer, indicating that they would potentially evaluate anger expression as more justifiable. The results suggested that narcissism directly and indirectly involved in the justifiability evaluation of anger expression.

Anger↗
PubMed1999

Age and anger.

Are older people less angry? I propose that age differences in roles, personal and social circumstances, the sense of control, health, and socio-emotional outlook explain the association. I use data from a 1981 representative sample of 951 physically disabled individuals from Southwestern Ontario, Canada and a 1996 national probability sample of 1,450 U.S. respondents--the General Social Survey (GSS). Both surveys show a negative association between age and anger. In the Ontario sample older people are more likely to occupy widowhood and retirement roles, live with fewer people, have less interpersonal estrangement, and have fewer life events; these characteristics explain their lower anger. Also, were it not for their lower control and worse health older people in the Ontario sample would report even lower anger. In the GSS sample, age differences in household composition, satisfaction with family life and financial circumstances, perceived time pressures in daily life, religious involvement, and socio-emotional outlook contribute to the lower anger among older adults. Collectively, my findings show that the psychosocial and structural environment--experienced differently by age--influences the risk of anger.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Anger expression and hypertension in transit workers.

One hypothesis in the literature on anger and hypertension is that a chronic tendency to suppress anger is an etiological factor in the development of hypertension. The present study assessed the relationship between anger expression and hypertension in a multicultural sample of 1,407 San Francisco bus drivers. Simple and multiple regression analyses revealed no significant differences between suppressed or expressed anger and hypertension. Thus, the results of this study do not support the hypothesis that suppressed anger is an etiological factor in hypertension.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The effect of expressing anger on cardiovascular reactivity and facial blood flow in Chinese and Caucasians.

Blood pressure, heart rate, and changes in facial and finger blood flow were monitored in 24 male Chinese and 24 male Caucasians while they described anger-provoking incidents and read out neutral material, either loudly and rapidly or softly and slowly. Describing the incidents loudly and rapidly heightened anger ratings and enhanced digital vasoconstriction but not blood pressure or heart rate; however, anger enhanced blood pressure during soft, slow speech. Facial blood flow increased during anger expression, irrespective of speech style, but decreased when neutral material was read out. The findings suggest that an increase in facial blood flow reduces peripheral vascular resistance during anger expression, and that baroreflexes attenuate increases in heart rate and blood pressure. Racial background did not influence subjective reports or physiological responses, possibly because the procedure did not draw strongly enough on cultural taboos.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Anger and aggression among Filipino students.

This paper describes the extent of anger and aggression in a sample of secondary school students in the southern Philippines. A total of 650 students in both public and private schools completed a self-report survey of levels of anger and aggression, and homeroom teachers rated them on aggression. Results indicated that their overall levels of aggression and anger were average. Students in private schools had higher overall aggression and anger compared to students in public schools. Teachers rated males as having a higher level of aggression compared to females. Self-reported anger and aggression were significantly higher among older students, but teachers rated them as being less aggressive. The implications of these findings for intervention and future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Anger--how to deal with it on the job.

Anger is not always, and does not always have to be, negative; however, anger in the workplace is often an obstacle to efficiency and negatively affects the work environment. Anger can force the manager to deal with irritants that have been avoided and can result in constructive change. Aside from impairing logical thinking, anger negatively affects problem solving by creating emotional barriers between individuals. Appropriate intervention into anger can enhance not only the manager's personal feelings of well-being but also the health of the organization.

Anger↗
PubMed1989

Personal responsibility antecedents of anger and blame reactions in children.

The potential cognitive basis for anger in children was investigated by having 5-, 6-, 9-, 11-, and 15-year-old children offer moral evaluations and anger judgments about 8 incidents of property damage that differed in terms of the perpetrator's personal responsibility. Personal responsibility was manipulated by varying the events in terms of 3 dimensions: avoidability, intentionality, and motive acceptability. Results showed that these dimensions similarly affected children's moral- and anger-related judgments. Children's use of the personal responsibility dimensions was also associated with giving lower anger judgments, which suggests that anger instigation to property damage is moderated by the ability to take a normative perspective on transgressions.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

[Infant characteristics and anger reduction].

Konrad Lorenz first suggested in 1943 that certain physical and behavioral characteristics common to infants (babyishness) serve as cues to attract adult attention and care as well as to decrease the likelihood of aggression. The present study was designed to determine whether the visual stimuli of a baby's face alone are sufficient to reduce anger. The subjects were 60 female students between 18 and 30 years of age. Anger was evoked by setting unsolvable tasks and by noise and maintained by adequate instructions and by continuing noise. Three procedures of measurement (heart rate, retrospective self-report, and interpretation of facial affect by two observers) were designed to show the reactions of the subjects viewing photos of babies and adults. We found a slight increase in heart rate to be an expression of happiness and a massive acceleration to be an expression of anger. The self-report measures and interpretation of facial affect supported the hypothesis that there is a more positive response to infants than to adults, and to cute babies also a more positive one than to less attractive infants. We found weak evidence that babyishness reduces anger. As a consequence of the length of the experiment, subjects who should not be aroused became angry. Thus, it was possible to register a reduction of anger as reaction to cute infants.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

The role of the experience and expression of anger and anxiety in elevated blood pressure among black and white adolescents.

Differences between black and white adolescents in the experience and expression of anger and anxiety, traditional risk factors for hypertension, and blood pressure were examined among adolescents enrolled in a health science course in Tampa, Florida. Relationships between blood pressure and anger/anxiety and traditional risk factors were also examined. Black adolescents of both genders experienced feelings of anxiety more frequently and with greater intensity than did their white counterparts. Although black and white adolescents did not differ in their ability to experience anger, blacks experienced more intense reactions in situations involving unfair criticism and time pressure. More importantly, black males and females suppressed the expression of their anger more often than did their white counterparts. The blood pressure of black adolescent males and females was found to be significantly higher than their white counterparts. Blacks were also more likely to have a family history of hypertension, but were less likely to smoke cigarettes. Racial differences on other risk factors were found only among black females who were heavier and consumed more salty junk foods than white females. Although a number of the personality and risk factor measures were significantly correlated with blood pressure, measures of suppressed anger were more strongly correlated with blood pressure for both black and white adolescents. Findings from the multiple regression analyses showed that suppressed anger was the best independent predictor of blood pressure for all groups except white females. Overall, the findings from this study demonstrate that adolescents with elevated blood pressure can be identified by emotional/psychological factors, which are predictive of high blood pressure for both blacks and whites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Anger].

Anger is universal, its variations in the human species well documented. Under certain conditions, it can even work in our favor. Here, the author examines how we manage anger, its positive and negative aspects, as well as its manifestations--biological and in the form of bodily expressions. Through intellectualizing our anger, she says, we rationalize it. Yet when we act solely out of emotion, we increase our vulnerability. The author suggests appropriate means of expressing our anger and of accepting the anger of dying patients.

Anger↗
PubMed1988

Anger expression and life stress among blacks: their role in physical health.

This study examines the relationship between anger expression and life stress in a nationally representative sample of black adults. Recent research of mostly white subjects has shown that anger-hostility, one of the components of the Type A behavioral pattern, is an important predictor of health problems. The findings of the present inquiry indicate that anger-hostility is an important predictor of life stress, and that people with higher levels of anger conflict are more likely to experience negative life events. Moreover, negative life events and anger are shown to be independent predictors of health problems among blacks. The implications of these results for future studies of the health of black Americans are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Responses of physically abused and nonabused children to different forms of interadult anger.

Responses to various forms of interadult anger were examined in 2 groups of 6-11-year-olds: 44 low-SES children with a history of physical abuse and exposure to interspousal aggression, and 44 low-SES children exposed to interspousal aggression but with no history of physical abuse or other child maltreatment. Children were presented with videotaped segments of adults in angry and friendly interactions. Angry segments varied on (a) the type of anger expression (nonverbal, verbal, verbal-physical), and (b) whether anger was resolved. In general, physically abused children reported greater fear than nonabused children in response to all forms of interadult anger. Moreover, abused children appeared particularly sensitive to whether anger between adults was resolved. Findings are discussed with regard to factors that may mediate relations between exposure to family violence and the development of psychopathology in children from highly aggressive home environments.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

Effect of methylphenidate on brain injury-related anger.

Anger and temper outbursts can be serious clinical problems after brain injury. This study used a randomized, pretest, posttest, placebo control group, single-blind design to evaluate the therapeutic usefulness of methylphenidate to control brain-injury-related anger. The 38 subjects in the study were young adult males who had sustained serious brain injuries and who were beyond the period of rapid, spontaneous recovery. The subjects were divided into two groups, one that received 30 mg of methylphenidate per day and the placebo control group. A comparison of the drug group with the placebo group before and at the end of the six-week treatment period on all the anger outcome measures analyzed simultaneously with multivariate analysis indicated a significant drug-by-time interaction effect, F(4.33) = 5.29, p = .002, demonstrating the therapeutic effect of methylphenidate on anger. The study found that drug responders could be predicted by pretreatment level of anger with a .09 probability of misclassification. Methylphenidate also significantly reduced impairment on all of the general psychopathology outcome measures (F[3.31] = 5.42, p < .01). The drug improved memory for those subjects in the treatment response group but did not result in changes on measures of attention, nor did it have an effect on a checklist of subjective side effects, suggesting that it has minimal or absent cognitive toxicity and is likely to be tolerated well by individuals with brain injuries.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

The role of blame, distress, and anger in the hypermasculine man.

Research has demonstrated an association between the hypermasculine personality pattern and a history of sexually aggressive behavior. This study was conducted to examine emotions experienced by hypermasculine or macho men when prevented from attaining a goal relevant to their sense of attractiveness and sexuality by a woman. It was hypothesized that macho males would respond to high and moderate threats to their masculine identity with greater blame and anger than nonmacho males. Macho men's blame was hypothesized to mediate the transformation of negative emotions such as distress into anger. After screening with the Hypermasculinity Inventory, 34 high hypermasculine and 36 low hypermasculine men were assigned to one of three experimental conditions in which the feedback received from a female partner was either highly threatening, moderately threatening, or neutral in nature. Measures of emotion and blame were collected after the men received their feedback. Results of the study indicated that macho and nonmacho men differed only in the moderate threat condition. Macho men in this condition reported greater anger yet less blame than the nonmacho men. The pattern of results is most consistent with Berkowitz's cognitive-neoassociationistic model of emotion, which does not require blame for anger to occur, as does Lazaru's cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. Results of the study suggest that anger in macho men is associated with the level of surprise in a situation.

Adult↗